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This study aimed to evaluate the forage production characteristics of Japanese papaya (Cnidoscolus aconitifolius) as a potential feed source for ruminant livestock. The research employed a case study approach through direct field observations on four mature Japanese papaya plants naturally grown as living fences in Malang City. Measured variables included the diameter of the main branch, number and length of sub-branches, forage yield, and nutrient composition. Data were analyzed using correlation and simple linear regression to determine the relationship between plant structure and forage productivity. The results indicated that the diameter of the main branch showed a strong positive correlation with the number and length of sub-branches, as well as with forage yield and nutrient content (DM, OM, CP, CF, and EE). Regression analysis confirmed that larger branch diameters were consistently associated with higher forage production and better nutrient values. These findings suggest that the diameter of the main branch can serve as a reliable indicator for estimating the forage yield and nutritional potential of Japanese papaya, providing a practical tool for its use in sustainable ruminant feed management.

Importance of gut microbiota during neurodevelopment has increased, as has the potential relationship between the gut microbiota and (ASD). Complex associations between gut microbiota and ASD are explored here, including significant pathways such as immune modulation, neurotransmitter control, and gut-brain axis signaling. Based on available data, individuals with ASD possess distinctive microbial signatures that are characterized by reduced diversity and altered abundance of specific bacterial species. Such modifications could be related to symptoms of the behavioral nature, neuroinflammatory, as well as gastrointestinal. ASD growth as well as severity could be influenced by the composition of microbiome, depending on genetic, nutrition, microbial exposure during the earliest phases, as well as antibiotic use. Additional therapies based on the microbiome that presented the potential to alleviate the symptoms related to ASD include the use of probiotics, prebiotics, diet modification, as well as fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT). Still, establishing the causal associations, standardizing the procedure of handling the patients, as well as solving the problem related to the manipulation of microbiome, are still challenging activities, though. Large-scale, long-term studies need to be the core agenda of subsequent research, so that specific microbial signatures associated with ASD will be clearly defined, as well as tailored therapies that address the microbiome will be developed. Understanding more about the role that the microbiota plays during ASD may open up the diagnosis as well as the therapy based on the entirely new concepts, something that will ultimately benefit the patients who possess the disorder.

Blood transfusion requires the availability of high-quality blood, which is determined, among others, by the donor's hemoglobin (Hb) level. One factor that may affect Hb is sleep quality. Objective: This study aims to determine the relationship between sleep quality and hemoglobin levels among prospective blood donors at UDD PMI South Sulawesi Province in 2025. Methods: An observational analytic study with a cross-sectional design was conducted involving 100 respondents selected using purposive sampling. Sleep quality was assessed using the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI), while Hb levels were measured using a hemoglobinometer. Data analysis was performed using the Chi-Square test with a significance level of p ≤ 0.05. Results: The majority of respondents (75%) had good sleep quality, while 25% had poor sleep quality. Normal Hb levels (12.5–17 g/dL) were found in 96% of respondents, while 3% were low and 1% were high. The Chi-Square test showed a significant relationship between sleep quality and Hb levels (p = 0.050). Conclusion: Good sleep quality is significantly associated with normal hemoglobin levels in prospective donors. Educational programs about healthy sleep patterns before donation are necessary to improve donor eligibility and ensure a safe blood supply.

Malaria is a global health problem, especially in tropical countries like Indonesia. Papua, with 14,586 cases, and Jayapura City in 2023 had 29,938 cases. This is due to nocturnal activities, knowledge, and preventive measures, which contribute to the high incidence of malaria. The purpose of this study was to identify factors associated with malaria incidence at Bhayangkara Hospital Class II, Jayapura. This research was an analytical study with a cross-sectional design. Data collection was conducted using a questionnaire. A total of 82 respondents were recruited using a simple accidental sampling technique. The data obtained were statistically analyzed using the chi-square test. Based on the analysis results, it was found that of the 82 respondents, the characteristics of the respondents were mostly aged > 20 years (74 people (90.2%), male (48 people (58.5%) and unemployed (53 people (64.6%). There was a significant relationship between nighttime activities and malaria incidence at Bhayangkara Hospital Level II Jayapura. (p-value 0.015 <α (0.05). There was a significant relationship between knowledge and malaria incidence at Bhayangkara Hospital Level II Jayapura (p-value 0.000 <α (0.05). There was a significant relationship between malaria prevention measures and malaria incidence at Bhayangkara Hospital Level II Jayapura (p-value 0.008 <α (0.05). Nighttime activities, knowledge and malaria prevention measures were significantly associated with malaria incidence.

Indonesia's tax ratio remains below the 15 percent threshold recommended by the International Monetary Fund (IMF), reflecting a significant gap in tax revenue collection. This low ratio may indicate the presence of aggressive tax planning strategies, including tax avoidance practices, particularly among multinational enterprises. This study aims to empirically examine the relationship between multinationality, transfer pricing aggressiveness, and the use of tax havens on tax avoidance. The research focuses on manufacturing companies listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange (IDX) during the period 2019–2023. A total of 64 companies were selected as samples through purposive sampling based on specific criteria, including the availability of relevant financial data and disclosure of international operations. The variables analyzed include the degree of multinationality, transfer pricing aggressiveness as proxied by related party transactions, and involvement with tax haven jurisdictions. The dependent variable, tax avoidance, is measured using the effective tax rate (ETR) approach. Data were processed and analyzed using multiple linear regression analysis with the aid of STATA version 17. The findings of the study reveal that multinationality and transfer pricing aggressiveness do not have a significant relationship with tax avoidance. In contrast, the use of tax haven countries is positively associated with tax avoidance, suggesting that firms utilizing tax havens are more likely to engage in practices that reduce their tax liabilities. These results have implications for tax authorities in identifying and addressing high-risk corporate behaviors related to offshore financial structures. The study contributes to the literature on international taxation by providing empirical evidence from a developing country context.

Oxidative stress-induced apoptosis and chromatin instability are usually associated with male infertility and undermine the sperm DNA integrity. Recently, Vitamin K₂ (menaquinone) became a bioactive compound whose regulation action can be found in both apoptosis and transcriptional signaling. This study examines how Vitamin K₂ can be protective in the regulation of apoptotic pathways and stability in sperm chromatin by an integrative experimental and in silico analysis. Vitamin K₂ levels, DNA fragmentation level of infertile men's serum and semen samples (Aniline Blue), and the expression levels of apoptosis-associated genes (BAX, BCL-2, and CASP-3) in the samples were examined by qRT-PCR. The characterization of Vitamin K₂ binding affinity to apoptotic proteins was done using dynamics simulations. Findings showed that high levels of Vitamin K₂ had a significant positive correlation with reduced levels of DNA fragmentation and good control of apoptotic genes with reduced BAX and CASP-3 and increased expression of BCL-2. In general, the results indicate Vitamin K₂ as a potential regulator of sperm death and chromatin integrity that provides new therapeutic understanding on how male infertile patients can be treated.

Rice production remains a strategic component in supporting local food security, yet its performance is strongly influenced by the heterogeneity of farmers' characteristics. This study aims to describe the characteristics of rice farmers in Tonra District and analyze their implications for the formulation of agricultural extension programs. Using a descriptive quantitative approach with 100 respondents selected proportionally from eleven villages, the research examines key variables including land size, seed use, fertilizer application, age, education level, and farming experience. The findings reveal clear variations in productivity among farmers, where higher production is generally associated with larger landholding, optimal input use, productive age groups, higher educational attainment, and moderate farming experience. These patterns highlight how farmers' demographic and agronomic characteristics shape their management capacity and adoption of recommended practices. The study emphasizes that extension programs must be designed based on farmers’ actual profiles to enhance relevance and effectiveness. Tailored strategies—such as visual communication for low-education groups, mechanization support for senior farmers, and input-use optimization training—are necessary to improve productivity outcomes. The results provide an important basis for developing more targeted, responsive, and sustainable agricultural extension programming at the district level.

This study examines job satisfaction among outsourcing employees in the Pelayanan Teknis Timur (PTT) Division of PDAM Surya Sembada Surabaya, with particular attention to the effects of workload and work environment. PDAM Surya Sembada Surabaya, a company specializing in the processing and distribution of clean water in Surabaya, frequently encounters job dissatisfaction attributed to excessive workload and suboptimal work conditions. A quantitative research design was implemented, utilizing structural equation modeling (SEM) with SmartPLS software for data analysis. Saturated sampling was applied, resulting in a sample of 57 respondents. The findings indicate that increased workload tends to reduce job satisfaction, while improvements in the work environment are associated with higher job satisfaction.

Early mobilization is an important component of postpartum care that may influence the speed of uterine involution. Delayed uterine involution can increase the risk of postpartum complications, including hemorrhage and prolonged recovery. This study aimed to analyze the relationship between early mobilization and uterine involution among postpartum mothers at Gandasuli Public Health Center. An analytical observational study with a cross-sectional design was conducted from September to November 2025. The study population consisted of 56 postpartum mothers, selected using a total sampling technique. The independent variable was early mobilization, categorized based on the type of activity performed, while the dependent variable was uterine involution assessed through uterine fundal height reduction. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and Kendall’s tau-b correlation test. The results showed that most respondents practiced early mobilization, particularly standing and walking, and the majority experienced rapid uterine involution. Bivariate analysis revealed a statistically significant relationship between early mobilization and uterine involution (τ = -0.321; p = 0.010). In conclusion, early mobilization is significantly associated with faster uterine involution among postpartum mothers. Promoting early mobilization should be emphasized as part of routine postpartum care to support maternal recovery.

Dysregulation of the immune system is associated with many medical conditions, including: Cardiovascular disease, diabetes, cancer. Most popular model today. In biomedical research, rodents, despite the many advantages they offer, there are also many drawbacks to its use. Recently, another in vivo model, the chicken Embryos and their chorioallantoic membranes are resurfaced for a variety of uses. This model includes cost-effectiveness, time-efficiency, Easier to use. This review describes how to use chicken embryos. As a model for immune-based research because it gradually develops the embryonic immune system, Systems functionally similar to humans. This study examined mainly intended to describbe the immune system of birds, highlighting the differences and similarities with the human immune system A system containing a repertoire of lymphoid tissue, immune cells, and other important functions. A literature search was carried out systematically through the PubMed, NCBI, Google Scholar databases using keywords, namely, “Chicken embryo model, Perspective, Novel and relevant models Immunity, based research”. Based on these keywords, 21350 articles were obtained and 50 articles that meet the inclusion and exclusion criteria were selected. Those helped to describe general in-ovo immune ontogeny. Future studies are suggested to better tailor the use of chicken embryo models for testing carrying out specific experimental hypotheses or preclinical studies.

Emesis gravidarum is a common condition experienced by pregnant women during the first trimester and can negatively affect maternal comfort, nutritional intake, and overall pregnancy well-being. Various biological and psychosocial factors are believed to influence its occurrence, including pregnancy interval and the level of family support. This study aimed to analyze the relationship between pregnancy interval and family support with the incidence emesis gravidarum among first-trimester pregnant women. A quantitative analytic study with cross-sectional design was conducted involving 30 pregnant women in their first trimester. Data were collected using structured questionnaires to assess pregnancy interval, family support (emotional, informational, instrumental, and appraisal support), and the incidence of emesis gravidarum. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS, including univariate analysis to describe respondent characteristics and bivariate analysis using the Chi-square test to determine the relationships between variables, with a significance level set at p < 0.05. The results showed that short pregnancy intervals were significantly associated with a higher incidence of emesis gravidarum. In addition, pregnant women who reported low levels of family support were more likely experience moderate severe emesis gravidarum compared to those receiving adequate support. Statistical testing confirmed that both pregnancy interval and family support had significant relationship with the occurrence of emesis gravidarum. In conclusion, pregnancy interval and family support are important factors influencing the incidence of emesis gravidarum in the first trimester. Strengthening family involvement and promoting optimal pregnancy spacing are recommended as part of comprehensive antenatal care to reduce pregnancy discomforts and improve maternal health outcomes.

Background: Early marriage remains prevalent among adolescents aged 15–19 years, a period during which individuals are often medically and psychologically unprepared to assume marital responsibilities. Decisions to marry early are influenced by internal factors such as psychological readiness, emotional maturity, and critical thinking ability, as well as external factors including family pressure, cultural norms, and economic challenges. Objective: This study aims to explore the factors influencing adolescents' decisions to engage in early marriage and examine its impacts on their lives. Method: This research employed a qualitative descriptive design. A purposive sampling technique was used to select 10 adolescents who had experienced early marriage. Data were collected through in-depth interviews and document review, and analyzed thematically. Results: The primary factors contributing to early marriage in Delu Depa Village, Kodi Bangedo District, were premarital pregnancy (2 cases), economic hardship (4 cases), and limited educational attainment (4 cases). The consequences included psychological, health, and social impacts. Psychologically, participants reported experiencing stress, anxiety, and depression. Health-related risks included complications associated with immature reproductive organs, such as premature birth, obstructed labor, and preeclampsia. Social impacts included stigma, limited social interaction, school dropout, and employment in low-skilled jobs to fulfill daily needs. Conclusion: Early marriage poses significant risks to adolescents' psychological well-being, physical health, and social functioning. Strengthened preventive efforts and targeted interventions are needed to reduce its prevalence and mitigate negative consequences.

Diabetes mellitus (DM) is increasingly prevalent globally, including in remote areas such as Bajo Indah Village in the Soropia District of Konawe Regency, Southeast Sulawesi. This community service project aims to monitor blood sugar levels to prevent the onset of diabetes mellitus and facilitate early detection in the region. Obtaining licenses, collaborating with local officials, and preparing medical supplies constituted the employed techniques. The implementation stage involved outreach, interactive counseling, and blood sugar testing with a portable glucometer. Seventy-five individuals participated in the event on July 7, 2025. The findings indicated that 55 individuals (73.3%) exhibited normal blood sugar levels (≤ 140 mg/dL), while 20 individuals (26.7%) presented elevated levels (140–199 mg/dL). The findings indicate that individuals with elevated or diminished blood sugar levels require increased attention. Continuous education and referrals to healthcare facilities for additional treatment can mitigate complications associated with diabetes mellitus.

Edema is a common physiological complaint experienced by pregnant women, particularly during the third trimester, which may affect maternal comfort and daily activities. Prenatal exercise is considered a safe, non-pharmacological intervention that can improve maternal circulation and reduce fluid retention. This study aimed to analyze the relationship between the frequency of prenatal exercise and the incidence of edema in third trimester pregnant women in the working area of Benoa Public Health Center. A cross-sectional analytical design was employed, involving 30 pregnant women selected using purposive sampling. Data were collected through structured questionnaires and physical examination to assess the presence of edema, while the frequency of prenatal exercise was categorized into regular (≥3 sessions per week) and irregular (<3 sessions per week). Descriptive statistics summarized participant characteristics, and the Chi-square test was used to evaluate the association between prenatal exercise frequency and edema, with a significance level of p < 0.05. The results indicated that 26.7% of women who exercised regularly experienced edema, compared to 66.7% of those who exercised irregularly. Statistical analysis confirmed a significant relationship between exercise frequency and edema occurrence (χ² = 5.33, p = 0.021). These findings suggest that consistent participation in prenatal exercise is associated with a lower incidence of edema among third trimester pregnant women. Integrating structured exercise programs into routine antenatal care is recommended to enhance maternal well-being, prevent pregnancy-related discomforts, and support overall health during late pregnancy.

Hyperemesis gravidarum is a condition of severe nausea and vomiting during pregnancy that can cause serious physical and psychological effects on pregnant women. In addition to biological and hormonal factors, psychological aspects such as anxiety are thought to play an important role in the occurrence of hyperemesis gravidarum. This study aims to analyze the relationship between the level of anxiety in pregnant women and the occurrence of hyperemesis gravidarum. The study uses a quantitative approach with an analytical observational design through a cross-sectional method. The study sample consisted of 30 pregnant women in their first trimester who were selected using purposive sampling. Anxiety levels were measured using a standardized anxiety questionnaire and categorized as moderate and severe anxiety, while the incidence of hyperemesis gravidarum was determined based on complaints of excessive nausea and vomiting and clinical data. Data analysis was performed univariately and bivariately using the Goodman–Kruskal tau test with a significance level of 0.05. The results showed that most respondents experienced moderate to severe anxiety, and some respondents experienced hyperemesis gravidarum. Bivariate analysis showed a significant and very strong relationship between anxiety levels and the incidence of hyperemesis gravidarum. These findings indicate that the higher the anxiety level of pregnant women, the greater the likelihood of hyperemesis gravidarum. The conclusion of this study confirms that anxiety is an important psychological factor associated with the occurrence of hyperemesis gravidarum. Therefore, the integration of anxiety screening and management into antenatal care is essential as part of a comprehensive, mother-centered approach to pregnancy care

This study aims to describe the level of anxiety, stress, and depression in women undergoing In Vitro Fertilization (IVF) program and to see the distribution of psychological disorders based on sociodemographic characteristics and the stage of IVF program undertaken. The design of this study was descriptive quantitative with purposive sampling technique on 28 women who were undergoing IVF cycles in infertility clinics in Yogyakarta Special Region. Data were collected online through a questionnaire containing Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale (HARS), Perceived Stress Scale (PSS), and Beck Depression Inventory-II (BDI-II) instruments. Descriptive analysis showed that most respondents experienced moderate anxiety (42%), mild stress (38%), and mild depression (36%). The analysis also showed that sociodemographic characteristics, such as age older than 35 years, non-working employment status, and low education, had a higher tendency towards psychological disorders. In addition, certain phases of IVF, such as the waiting phase after embryo transfer, appeared to be associated with increased levels of anxiety and stress. This study emphasizes the importance of more intensive psychological support, especially for women who are in the more stressful stages of IVF, as well as for those with sociodemographic risk factors that increase their vulnerability to psychological disorders.

Work fatigue is one of the factors that contribute to decreased productivity and increased risk of occupational accidents. This study aims to analyze various factors associated with work fatigue among production workers at PT. X in 2025. The research employed an analytical quantitative design with a cross-sectional approach. The sample consisted of 53 respondents selected using total sampling. Data were collected through questionnaires covering worker characteristics (age, nutritional status, medical history, smoking habits, years of service, and work stress) as well as levels of work fatigue. Data analysis was conducted using the chi-square test. The findings revealed that 56.6% of workers experienced high levels of fatigue. There were significant associations between age (p=0.023; PR=1.836), nutritional status (p=0.021; PR=1.786), medical history (p=0.025; PR=1.789), smoking habits (p=0.039; PR=1.706), years of service (p=0.015; PR=1.912), and work stress (p=0.032; PR=0.574) with work fatigue. The results indicate that workers who are at-risk age (≥35 years), have abnormal nutritional status, a history of illness, smoking habits, and longer years of service are more likely to experience work fatigue. However, high work stress showed a negative relationship, suggesting a protective effect against fatigue. In conclusion, there is a relationship between age, nutritional status, medical history, smoking habits, years of service, and work stress with work fatigue among production workers at PT. X.

Bell's Palsy is a sudden onset of peripheral facial nerve paralysis that is generally unilateral. This condition is characterized by facial muscle weakness, asymmetry, difficulty closing the eyes, and facial expression disorders. Associated risk factors include exposure to cold temperatures and the habit of chewing ice cubes, which can trigger vasospasm of the blood vessels and inflammation of the facial nerve.  Physiotherapy management is important to accelerate recovery, prevent complications such as synkinesis and contractures, and improve the patient's quality of life. This study aims to describe the implementation of physiotherapy in cases of Bell's Palsy at PKU Muhammadiyah Selogiri Hospital and evaluate the effectiveness of physiotherapy intervention on the recovery of facial function in patients. A case report was conducted on a 41-year-old female patient diagnosed with right-sided Bell's Palsy. The examination included anamnesis, static and dynamic inspection, palpation, basic movement examination, sensory examination, and assessment using the House-Brackmann Facial Grading System (HBGS). Physiotherapy interventions were given three times a week, including Infra Red (IR), Transcutaneous Electrical Nerve Stimulation (TENS), light massage, facial exercises (raising eyebrows, closing eyes, blowing, smiling), and education on preventing exposure to cold. Evaluation was performed using Manual Muscle Testing (MMT) and Ugo Fisch. The implementation of physiotherapy with a combination of IR, TENS, massage, and facial exercises is effective in gradually improving the facial function of patients with Bell's Palsy. Physiotherapy also plays a role in educating patients about the prevention of recurrence related to environmental risk factors and lifestyle.

Background: Diarrhea remains one of the leading causes of morbidity and mortality among children under five in Indonesia. Household environmental conditions, such as water quality, latrine sanitation, waste management, and environmental cleanliness, are important risk factors influencing the incidence of diarrhea. Darussalam Health Center is one of the working areas with a relatively high number of diarrhea cases among children under five. Objective: This study aims to analyze the relationship between environmental factors and the incidence of diarrhea among children under five in the working area of Darussalam Health Center. Methods: This study employed an observational analytic design with a cross-sectional approach. A total of 120 children under five were selected using purposive sampling based on inclusion criteria. Data were collected through interviews using a structured questionnaire and observation of household environmental conditions. Data analysis was performed using the chi-square test and logistic regression. Results: The incidence of diarrhea among children under five was 32.5%. Environmental factors significantly associated with diarrhea were water quality (p = 0.001; OR = 3.98; 95% CI = 1.82–8.71), latrine sanitation (p = 0.004; OR = 3.21; 95% CI = 1.45–7.09), and waste management (p = 0.012; OR = 2.54; 95% CI = 1.22–5.28). Lighting and home ventilation factors were not significantly related. Conclusion: Environmental factors, particularly water quality, sanitation, and waste management, are strongly associated with the incidence of diarrhea among children under five in the working area of Darussalam Health Center.

Sharing love is a form of caring for others, especially for orphans in orphanages. On Friday 20 September 2024, we held a love sharing event by distributing green bean porridge to orphans at the Puteri Melati `Aisyiyah Orphanage in Sebengkok, Tarakan. This event aims to provide simple happiness and strengthen ties between the community and children in orphanages. Social activities such as sharing food are often considered trivial. In fact, for those living in orphanages, healthy and nutritious food is an important need that is sometimes difficult to meet regularly. By distributing green bean porridge, we not only provide nutritional intake that is beneficial for the body, but also provide happiness and new enthusiasm for the children there. This activity is a form of love that they can feel directly, both through the taste of the food they enjoy and through our presence who provides attention and care. Apart from that, green bean porridge has its own meaning in the tradition of sharing in Indonesian society. As a food that is often associated with moments of togetherness and mutual cooperation, green bean porridge is a symbol of simplicity and sincere love. When this porridge is distributed in orphanages, it is not just food, but becomes a symbol of concern from those who care about the welfare of the children there.  Social concern is an attitude of connection with humanity in general, an empathy for every member of the human community, for example female students. Community service is one of the media to hone student awareness in carrying out community service.