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Formal organizational structures are crucial for ensuring the effectiveness, efficiency, and accountability of work processes within an institution. However, many organizations still face challenges such as overlapping tasks, ineffective communication, and inadequate control mechanisms. This study aims to analyze formal organizational structure design strategies through systematic steps, implementation mechanisms, and ongoing evaluation. The research method used is a literature review, based on a review of the latest scientific sources (books, journals, and research reports) related to organizational theory and structural design. The results indicate that organizational structure design should begin with defining objectives, analyzing activities, departmentalizing, establishing hierarchical relationships, coordinating mechanisms, and evaluating. Implementation mechanisms include socialization, human resource capacity development, process integration with technology, monitoring, and change management. The literature review also confirms that alignment between strategy, structure, and business processes is a key factor in improving organizational performance. Therefore, organizational structures must be adaptive, responsive, and data-driven to face the challenges of an ever-evolving strategic environment.

The development of industrial areas has direct implications for surrounding buffer villages, including Plenen Village, which is adjacent to the Batang Integrated Industrial Estate (KITB)/Batang Industropolis Special Economic Zone (SEZ). The main issue identified is the suboptimal utilization of industrial development opportunities to improve local community welfare. This study aims to analyze the synergy between village government and industrial areas in empowering the community of Plenen Village. A qualitative approach with a case study design was employed. Data were collected through in-depth interviews, field observations, and document analysis, and were analyzed thematically. The findings indicate that synergy between the village government and industrial area has been established through program coordination, facilitation of local labor absorption, and social support via corporate social responsibility programs. However, such synergy remains partial and has not been institutionally integrated, resulting in limited impact on community empowerment. The study concludes that strengthening collaborative governance and joint planning is essential to ensure that industrial development provides more inclusive and sustainable benefits for buffer village communities.

Student resilience is an essential capacity for coping with academic, social, and psychological challenges in educational settings. One of the external factors that plays a significant role in fostering resilience is social support. This study aims to analyze the role of social support in enhancing student resilience from the perspective of Islamic educational psychology. This research employed a library research approach by reviewing and synthesizing relevant journal articles and scholarly books published between 2021 and 2025 related to social support, student resilience, and Islamic educational psychology. Data were analyzed using content analysis and thematic analysis of previous research findings. The results indicate that social support derived from family, teachers, peers, and the school environment functions as a protective factor that enhances students’ adaptive abilities, emotional regulation, and resilience in facing academic pressures. From the perspective of Islamic educational psychology, social support is integrated with Islamic values such as ukhuwah (brotherhood), ta’awun (mutual assistance), sabr (patience), and tawakkul (trust in God), which strengthen students’ resilience in a holistic manner, encompassing both psychological and spiritual dimensions. This study contributes theoretically to the development of Islamic educational psychology and provides practical implications for educational institutions in creating supportive and value-based learning environments.

Social Studies instruction at the elementary school level plays a strategic role in instilling civic values in students, thereby preparing them to behave as good citizens within the social environment. This study employed a Research and Development (R&D) method conducted in Grade IV at SDN Kebumen 02 using the ADDIE development model, which includes the stages of analysis, design, development, implementation, and evaluation. The findings indicate that the Senada song–based learning media developed using Articulate Storyline 3, which contains material on the diversity of ethnic groups and nations in Indonesia, was designed in accordance with instructional needs, received a “very feasible” rating from both content and media experts, and was proven effective as a supporting medium for Social Studies learning in improving the learning outcomes of Grade IV students, as evidenced by the results of paired t-tests and N-Gain analyses conducted in both small and large groups. This media has also proven effective in improving student learning outcomes, as tested using paired t-tests and N-Gain tests in small and large groups. These results indicate that song-based media can improve student motivation and learning outcomes in social studies.

The childfree phenomenon, the decision of married couples not to have children, is gaining increasing attention among young people, including within the Catholic Church. This choice arises in response to various modern factors, such as economic considerations, careers, personal freedom, and changing views on the meaning of family. This study aims to explore the views of young Catholics in the Semarang Vicarage on the childfree phenomenon and analyze them in light of the Catholic Church's teachings on marriage, which place procreation and education as one of the essential purposes of marriage. The study used a mixed-methods approach through the distribution of quantitative surveys and in-depth qualitative interviews. The results indicate a tension between the modern values ​​adopted by young people and the Catholic Church's teachings on openness to life. This phenomenon poses a serious pastoral challenge, particularly regarding the regeneration of the congregation and the sustainability of church life. Therefore, the Church is expected to formulate a more dialogical, contextual, and inclusive pastoral approach in accompanying young people to remain faithful to the Church's teachings without ignoring the social realities they face.

The development of the Central Government Core Area (KIPP) of the Capital City of Nusantara (IKN) is a national strategic project that has significant implications, particularly in relation to state control/domination of land.  The relocation of the national capital to the Capital City of Nusantara (IKN) has become a strategic agenda of the Indonesian government, which aims to realize equitable development and a new administrative center in Indonesia (Law Number 3 of 2022 concerning the National Capital) and has an impact on all aspects of the lives of indigenous peoples in the IKN Nusantara region, particularly in the field of land.  However, this project raises serious issues related to state control of land, especially in terms of the rights of the surrounding communities whose land is affected by the Development of the Central Government Area of the Capital City of Nusantara (KIPP IKN).  Land restitution is a central issue because it concerns the guarantee of human rights, particularly the right to ownership, access to land, and social justice (Satjipto Rahardjo, Hukum dan Masyarakat [Law and Society] (Bandung: Alumni, 2000).  This study analyzes how land restitution in the KIPP IKN development project is viewed from a human rights perspective, emphasizing the need for a balance between national development interests and the protection of citizens' rights.

The process of Christian Religious Education for early childhood must be aligned with children’s cognitive, emotional, social, and spiritual development. One of the main challenges in this learning process is interpreting biblical stories accurately while maintaining simplicity and relevance for young learners. This study aims to examine the role of hermeneutics in understanding and interpreting biblical narratives used in Christian Religious Education for early childhood. The research employs a qualitative approach through a literature review of hermeneutical studies, biblical texts, and scholarly works on early childhood Christian education. The findings indicate that narrative hermeneutics enables educators to interpret biblical texts contextually while translating theological messages into pedagogically appropriate stories for children. Through a hermeneutical approach, learning becomes more meaningful, reflective, and transformative, fostering deeper spiritual understanding in early learners. Furthermore, hermeneutics helps educators bridge the gap between the theological content of the Bible and the everyday experiences of Christian children. In conclusion, hermeneutics functions as a strategic tool in delivering biblical messages in ways that are developmentally appropriate, spiritually enriching, and relevant to the lives of early childhood learners within Christian education contexts.

This study aims to explore in depth the impact of Islamic parenting on the development of disciplinary character in early childhood. Conceptually, parenting in Islam is understood as a child-rearing method based on Islamic principles, emphasizing values of role modeling, love, responsibility, and moral development from an early age. Through this approach, parents serve as the first and foremost educators in instilling the values of discipline reflected in children’s daily behavior, both within the family and in social interactions. This research analyzes various ways Islamic parenting is applied in daily activities, including the habit of performing prayers on time, managing schedules for study and play, and implementing educational consequences in accordance with Islamic principles. The findings reveal that the consistent application of Islamic parenting patterns, combined with effective communication between parents and children, has a positive effect on the development of children’s disciplinary character. Children raised under Islamic parenting tend to have an awareness of obeying rules, valuing time, and taking responsibility for their duties and obligations. Conversely, the study also identifies challenges stemming from parents’ limited understanding of Islamic parenting concepts, as well as external environmental influences such as digital media and peer interactions that are not always aligned with Islamic values. Therefore, efforts are needed to improve literacy regarding Islamic parenting through educational activities involving early childhood education institutions, religious study groups, and parent communities. In general, the findings of this study highlight the importance of collaboration among families, schools, and communities in consistently applying Islamic parenting principles to foster children’s disciplinary character from an early age in accordance with Islamic teachings.

This study aims to describe the forms of emotional trauma experienced by adolescent victims of verbal violence in Tuntungan Village 1. The study used a qualitative approach with a case study method on three adolescents who were purposively selected based on their experiences of verbal violence in their family environment. Data collection techniques included in-depth interviews, participant observation, and documentation to obtain a comprehensive picture of the psychological condition of the research subjects. The obtained data were then analyzed descriptively qualitatively through the processes of reduction, presentation, and drawing conclusions. The results of the study indicate that verbal violence has a significant impact on the emotional health of adolescents, including decreased learning motivation, the emergence of withdrawal behavior from social environments, and the loss of a sense of security and comfort within the family. In addition, harsh, demeaning, and repetitive family communication patterns form a negative self-concept in adolescents, which has the potential to affect personality development and social relationships in the future. The findings of this study emphasize the important role of families, schools, and communities in creating a supportive environment, as well as the need for preventive efforts and psychosocial interventions to prevent and address emotional trauma in adolescents on an ongoing basis.

The development of e-commerce as part of digital transformation has changed marketing and business transaction patterns, including in the Micro, Small, and Medium Enterprises (MSMEs) sector. This study aims to analyze the implementation of e-commerce and the Quick Response Code Indonesian Standard (QRIS) payment system in increasing revenue for the Sultan Snacks MSME in Parepare City. This study used a qualitative approach with a case study method. Data collection techniques included in-depth interviews, observation, and documentation with business owners and related parties. The data obtained were analyzed using descriptive qualitative analysis techniques through the stages of data reduction, data presentation, and conclusion drawing. The results show that the implementation of e-commerce at the Sultan Snacks MSME is carried out through the use of digital platforms and social media as a means of product promotion and sales, which can expand market reach and increase the number of orders. Furthermore, the implementation of the QRIS payment system provides convenience and speed in the transaction process and helps business owners maintain more orderly financial records.

Maqasid sharia is the foundation of Islamic law that needs to be reconstructed to remain relevant to the evolving times. Globalization, technological advancements, and social changes present new challenges, such as bioethics, digital economy, and social justice, which require a response from Islamic law. This article aims to analyze the reconstruction of maqasid sharia and its impact on the development of contemporary Islamic law. The research uses a qualitative approach through literature review and normative analysis. The findings show that the reconstruction of maqasid sharia should be carried out through a contextual reinterpretation of the objectives of sharia. This approach opens up broader space for ijtihad, ensuring that Islamic law remains relevant in addressing new issues. The reconstruction aims not only to align Islamic law with contemporary developments but also to strengthen its role in achieving justice and providing ethical solutions that meet the needs of modern society. Thus, Islamic law can continue to contribute to the advancement and well-being of humanity amidst global challenges.

There has been slow development and the competitiveness of MSMEs in general is still limited. Where most MSMEs are only able to produce, but have not been able to market their products better. This weak marketing is not only a market issue, but many other aspects directly and indirectly influence it so that many MSME businesses are slow to develop. Therefore, this community service activity is carried out with a program to increase the competitiveness of MSMEs. This was carried out in Klandasan Ilir Village, Balikpapan City District, where the strengthening activity was carried out through a seminar by inviting MSMEs in RT 39 and RT 43. The target or target of this activity is MSME actors, who already have businesses or PKK cadres who want to start their businesses. Where these MSME actors still have limitations in marketing their products on social media. With this activity, it is hoped that it can develop and motivate MSME actors to develop their businesses, so that MSME products will be better known. Efforts to increase the competitiveness of MSMEs through digital transformation and branding revitalization. With digital transformation and branding revitalization, MSMEs can build their product brands and be able to compete in the market. MSMEs also provide brief training on basic product photography techniques, such as shooting from above and from the side to enhance product details. This training also helps MSMEs improve their skills in creating digital content in the form of product photos or videos.

Bullying remains a critical issue in elementary school environments and significantly affects students’ social-emotional development. The lack of confidence among students to report negative experiences often results in bullying cases remaining undetected. This study aims to describe the implementation of Padlet as a reflective digital tool to encourage students’ self-expression and to analyze students’ reflections as indicators of a safe and supportive learning climate. This research employed a descriptive qualitative approach involving 14 sixth-grade students at SD Negeri 3 Demulih. Data were collected through reflective Padlet posts, activity documentation, and thematic deductive analysis based on the Aggression Continuum Theory. The findings reveal three categories of social interaction: (1) high-risk behaviors related to dominance and indicators of bullying, (2) medium-risk interactions involving verbal teasing normalization and ambiguous conflicts, and (3) low-risk interactions indicating positive peer relations and social needs. Padlet proved effective as a safe digital space for students to express emotional experiences anonymously and facilitated early identification of potential bullying. These results highlight the importance of utilizing reflective digital platforms to foster preventive, inclusive, and psychologically secure classroom environments.

Strengthening family-based microenterprises is one strategic approach to improving the economic resilience and independence of local communities. Family microenterprises not only serve as a source of income, but also as an important instrument in maintaining the social and economic stability of households. This study aims to describe the conditions of family-based microenterprises, identify obstacles to their development, and formulate strategies for optimizing family economics in Neighborhood I of Padangmatinggi Village, Padangsidimpuan City. This study uses a descriptive qualitative approach with data collection techniques through in-depth interviews, field observations, and documentation studies. Research informants include family micro-business actors, village officials, and other related parties. The results show that family-based micro-businesses have a real contribution to increasing household income and meeting basic family needs. However, business development still faces limitations in capital, low financial literacy, limited product innovation, and minimal marketing access. Therefore, an integrated development strategy is needed that includes increasing human resource capacity, facilitating access to financing, utilizing digital technology, and institutional support from the local government to realize the sustainability of family micro-businesses.

The rapid development of information technology has increased the use of online lending services, including illegal platforms that impose excessive interest rates, misuse personal data, and employ intimidating debt collection practices. Limited legal and digital literacy has made communities more vulnerable to these risks. This Community Service Program aims to enhance the understanding of residents in Kradenan Village, Tuban Regency regarding the characteristics of illegal online loans, their social, economic, and psychological impacts, and the relevant legal protections under regulations such as the Electronic Information and Transactions Law, the Personal Data Protection Law, and OJK Regulation No. 77/2016. Through participatory legal education and interactive discussions, the program achieved full participation and improved participants’ knowledge by up to 75%. Residents became more capable of identifying illegal loan applications, recognizing data misuse risks, and understanding preventive measures and available legal remedies. This program effectively increased public awareness to use digital financial services more responsibly and avoid the dangers of illegal online lending.

Effective learning involves active student involvement. The PAIKEM (Active, Innovative, Creative, Effective, and Enjoyable Learning) model emphasizes activeness, creativity, and a fun learning atmosphere. In this model, students are invited to be directly involved in the learning process, either through discussions, questions and answers, or group work that facilitate the development of their social and cognitive skills. This article aims to examine the application of the PAIKEM learning model in improving student learning activities through a literature review of ten scientific journals indexed by Google Scholar. The results show that PAIKEM increases participation in discussions, courage to ask questions, group collaboration, and learning motivation. In addition, this model also facilitates the development of students' critical and creative thinking skills, creating a fun and challenging learning atmosphere. The implementation of PAIKEM in learning has a positive impact on improving overall student learning outcomes. Thus, the PAIKEM learning model can be an effective alternative for teachers to create more active, meaningful learning, and oriented towards the development of student competencies as a whole.

The transition period from adolescence to early adulthood is marked by a search for identity and life direction, which often triggers a quarter-life crisis among Gen Z students. This qualitative research with a case study approach explores how peer social support helps Gen Z students navigate the quarter-life crisis in the Social Youth Community. The findings reveal that students experience seven dimensions of the quarter-life crisis: difficulty in making decisions, loss of hope, negative self-perception, feeling stuck, restlessness, psychological stress, and excessive anxiety. Peer social support is manifested in three ways: affective assistance through empathetic listening, informative support through advice and guidance, and tangible help through physical presence and time commitment. The perceived benefits include feeling valued, emotional strength through care and affection, peace of mind that reduces restlessness, and an understanding of friendship networks that foster optimism. This research contributes to the development of a peer-based mentoring approach in higher education to effectively help Gen Z cope with the quarter-life crisis.

This study is motivated by the rapid development of digital technology, which has positioned social media as an essential tool for disseminating information and conducting promotion, including in the field of arts and culture. Sanggar Mahligai in Siak Regency, as an institution dedicated to preserving Malay traditional dance, utilizes social media to expand its informational reach, attract public interest, and maintain the existence of traditional arts amid modern lifestyle changes. This research aims to describe how social media is used as a medium for information dissemination and promotion by Sanggar Mahligai. The study employs a descriptive qualitative method through observation, interviews, and documentation involving the head of the sanggar, social media administrators, and followers of the sanggar’s social media accounts. The findings show that Instagram and TikTok serve as the main platforms for sharing information related to training schedules, performance activities, new member registration, and activity documentation. Visual content, the use of trending formats, and active interaction with the audience significantly increase public engagement and interest in the sanggar’s activities. These results indicate that social media plays an important role in strengthening the sanggar’s visibility, fostering two-way communication, and supporting the preservation of Malay cultural arts through consistent and strategic digital practices.  

This study examines the influence of e-commerce developments on the consumption patterns of Generation Z in Indonesia, the first generation to grow up in the digital era with widespread access to technology, the internet, and social media. Using a literature review method and a qualitative descriptive approach, this study analyzes various factors influencing Gen Z's consumption behavior through e-commerce platforms such as Shopee, Tokopedia, and TikTok Shop. The findings indicate that easy access, attractive promotions such as flash sales, and interactions through social media encourage impulsive consumer behavior. However, e-commerce also has a positive impact in the form of opportunities for the development of digital MSMEs that empower the younger generation economically. Furthermore, the COVID-19 pandemic has accelerated the adoption of online shopping, changing consumption patterns and opening new opportunities for MSMEs. The main challenge faced is the risk of impulsive buying, which can lead to financial and mental health problems. Therefore, financial literacy education and digital marketing regulations are essential to shaping healthy and sustainable consumption patterns for Generation Z. This study provides insights for the government, business actors, and the public in optimizing the benefits of e-commerce while minimizing its negative impacts.  

Advances in in vitro fertilization (IVF) technology have expanded the scope of reproductive interventions, from simply addressing infertility to enabling genetic selection of embryos through preimplantation genetic testing (PGT). This advancement not only enables the detection and prevention of severe genetic diseases, but also opens up opportunities for the selection of non-medical traits such as intelligence potential, physical characteristics, or specific polygenic scores, giving rise to the phenomenon of “designer babies.” This development presents complex bioethical issues related to human dignity, social justice, biological safety, and the right of children to have an open future. This paper aims to analyze the ethical issues of selecting non-medical characteristics of embryos in modern IVF through a literature review using a biomedical ethics framework, including the principles of autonomy, beneficence, non-maleficence, and justice. The findings show that the application of technology for non-medical purposes is still fraught with scientific risks, biological uncertainties, the potential for commercialization of humans, and the threat of socio-biological inequality. This analysis emphasizes the need to restrict the use of technology to clear medical indications, increase regulation and governance, and involve the public in policy formulation. Thus, advances in reproductive technology must be accompanied by strict ethical considerations so as not to sacrifice individual dignity and the value of justice in society.