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This study aims to analyze the impact of the geopolitical conflict between the United States, Israel, and Iran in 2026 on global macroeconomic stability and climate change dynamics. Using a qualitative approach through a Systematic Literature Review (SLR), this research synthesizes findings from various international journal articles, reports, and academic sources. The results indicate that the conflict has significantly disrupted global energy markets, leading to a sharp increase in oil and gas prices. This energy shock has triggered global inflationary pressures, reduced purchasing power, and increased economic uncertainty across both developed and developing countries. Furthermore, monetary tightening policies implemented to control inflation have created trade-offs with economic growth, increasing the risk of global recession. On the fiscal side, government interventions such as energy subsidies have helped mitigate short-term impacts but have raised concerns about long-term fiscal sustainability. In addition, the energy crisis has slowed the transition toward renewable energy, thereby exacerbating climate change risks. The study highlights the interconnectedness between geopolitical conflict, macroeconomic instability, and environmental sustainability. Therefore, coordinated global policies and integrated economic strategies are essential to address these multidimensional challenges effectively.

Bullying in junior high schools often results in serious psychological and social impacts, such as fear, low self-esteem, and decreased academic achievement. This study aims to examine the implementation of group guidance services using psychodrama techniques in addressing bullying behavior in junior high school students. The method used was a qualitative approach with a library research study, utilizing various existing sources such as scientific journals, books, and articles relevant to the topic of bullying and psychodrama. Data were collected through a literature search, selecting appropriate sources, and grouping them based on the study theme. Data analysis refers to the Miles and Huberman model, which includes data reduction, data presentation, and conclusion drawing. The results of the study indicate that the application of psychodrama techniques in group guidance can increase empathy, self-awareness, and social communication skills in students, resulting in significant changes in the intensity and frequency of bullying behavior. Thus, psychodrama techniques can be a relevant approach in group guidance services to address bullying behavior in junior high school students, as they can encourage deeper social understanding and emotional changes.

The development of globalization, digital technology, and social change has influenced the way young people understand and live out their faith. Secularism tends to place religion in the private sphere, so that religious values do not always become the basis for decision-making in daily life. This study aims to analyze the challenges of secularism to the formation of the identity of Catholic youth in the modern era and to formulate relevant religious education responses in addressing these dynamics. This research uses a qualitative approach with a literature study method that examines various scientific literature, Church documents, and research findings related to the phenomenon of secularism and the formation of the religious identity of Catholic youth. The results of the study indicate that secularism has a complex impact on the faith life of young people, including decreased participation in Church activities, the emergence of individualistic attitudes, and the tendency to view religion merely as a formal identity. However, on the other hand, the modern era also opens opportunities for young people to develop their faith creatively through the use of digital technology and involvement in faith communities. Therefore, Catholic religious education and pastoral accompaniment that are dialogical, contextual, and participatory are very important in helping Catholic youth integrate their faith into daily life. This study is expected to provide theoretical and practical contributions for educators and pastoral ministers in fostering the faith identity of Catholic youth in modern society.

Pregnancy is a period marked by significant emotional challenges for expectant mothers, with stress and anxiety being common issues that may adversely affect maternal well-being and fetal development. The limited availability of safe treatment options for pregnant women, particularly concerning pharmacological interventions, has prompted the exploration of more natural and non-invasive therapeutic alternatives. One increasingly popular method is aromatherapy, which utilizes essential oils to stimulate the limbic system in the brain, thereby promoting relaxation and reducing anxiety. This study aims to explore the effects of aromatherapy in lowering stress and anxiety among pregnant women through a literature review. The method employed involves collecting and analyzing findings from previous studies regarding the use of aromatherapy in pregnancy. Based on the available evidence, aromatherapy—particularly with lavender essential oil—has been proven effective in lowering levels of stress and anxiety in pregnant women. Several studies report a reduction in anxiety levels of up to 40% following the inhalation of lavender oil. However, factors such as the type of essential oil used, the method of application, and individual sensitivity may influence therapeutic outcomes. Despite its potential benefits, the safety of aromatherapy use remains a concern, particularly regarding essential oils that may be unsafe for use during pregnancy.

Regular physical activity is known to play an important role in maintaining overall health, including improving immune system function and mental health. Lack of physical activity remains a public health issue, making it important to understand the impact of physical activity on the immune system and mental health. This study aimed to review the effect of regular physical activity on the immune system and mental health using a literature review method. The literature sources were obtained from publications within the last five years using databases such as Google Scholar, PubMed, and ScienceDirect. The articles were then screened and selected based on inclusion and exclusion criteria, resulting in nine relevant articles for analysis. The selection results indicate that regular physical activity can increase the mobilization and activity of immune cells such as lymphocytes, neutrophils, and natural killer cells, and also modify the adaptive immune system through changes in T cells and B cells. In addition, physical activity also improves mental health through neurobiological mechanisms such as increased endorphin, dopamine, and serotonin levels, which can reduce stress, anxiety, and depression, as well as improve sleep quality and psychological well-being. Therefore, regular physical activity has a positive effect on the immune system and mental health and can be used as a promotive and preventive strategy to maintain overall health.

This study is grounded in the observation that the implementation of an efficient, simple, and low-cost judicial process in civil cases remains ineffective, particularly in relation to mediation as a dispute resolution mechanism. Although mediation has been incorporated into judicial proceedings with the aim of expediting case resolution, simplifying procedural stages, and reducing litigation costs for the parties, these objectives have not been fully realized in practice. This research seeks to examine the extent to which mediation in civil litigation effectively contributes to the realization of an efficient, straightforward, and affordable justice system. In addition, it aims to identify the factors that influence both the success and failure of the mediation process. The study employs a normative legal research method, utilizing statutory and conceptual approaches. The research is conducted through a literature review of primary and secondary legal materials. The findings indicate that the implementation of mediation in civil courts has not yet reached an optimal level. This is reflected in the relatively low success rate of dispute resolution through mediation, as well as the tendency for mediation to be treated merely as a procedural formality. Several contributing factors include the lack of good faith from the parties, limited time allocated for mediation, and the suboptimal role of mediators.

This study aims to revisit the role of permissive parenting in the digital era and to analyze how psychological well-being mediates the relationship between permissive parenting and online gaming addiction among adolescents. The study employs a Systematic Literature Review (SLR) approach guided by PRISMA standards. Data were collected from reputable databases, including Scopus, Web of Science, and Google Scholar, covering publications from the last ten to fifteen years. The findings indicate that permissive parenting tends to increase the risk of online gaming addiction indirectly through the deterioration of adolescents’ psychological well-being. Psychological well-being serves as a significant mediating variable that explains how the lack of parental control and guidance contributes to weaker self-regulation in adolescents’ digital behavior. These results highlight that online gaming addiction is not solely influenced by external factors but is also strongly associated with internal psychological conditions. This study contributes theoretically by integrating parenting style, psychological well-being, and addictive behavior into a comprehensive analytical framework, while also offering practical implications for parents and educators in developing family-based preventive strategies in the digital era.

The advancement of financial technology has resulted in the creation of electronic wallets that serve not only as payment instruments but also as platforms for electronic transactions and digital loan services. This situation engenders a conflict between the implementation and the prevailing regulation, specifically Bank Indonesia Regulation Number 18/40/PBI/2016 regarding Payment Transaction Processing, which raises concerns about legal certainty and user protection, particularly in relation to the delineation of supervisory authority between Bank Indonesia and the Financial Services Authority. This research aims to elucidate the regulation of electronic wallets in terms of legal clarity, legal protection, and oversight by the Financial Services Authority and Bank Indonesia concerning the adoption of electronic wallets. This study employs a normative legal methodology. Data is derived from secondary sources, encompassing primary, secondary, and tertiary legal literature. This study employs both a legislative and a conceptual methodology. The research findings suggest that the regulation of electronic wallets, as per Bank Indonesia Regulation, has not entirely met user requirements. Bank Indonesia Regulation Number 18/40/PBI/2016, on the Implementation of Payment Transaction Processing, does not explicitly address legal certainty and legal protection for users who deposit funds or utilise digital loan services on electronic wallets. This situation establishes a disparity between regulatory implementation and governing rules, which may result in insufficient oversight of electronic wallet operations and a discord of authority between Bank Indonesia and the Financial Services Authority regarding the supervision of financial transactions in Indonesia.

Increasingly digitalised and globally integrated market competition demands that micro, small and medium-sized enterprises (MSMEs) no longer merely excel in local markets, but are also capable of building sustainable competitiveness in broader markets. Recent literature indicates that innovation, digital capabilities, and international networks are increasingly viewed as strategic determinants of MSME competitiveness, although the relationships between these variables are often examined in isolation and are not always consistent. This study aims to analyse the influence of innovation, digital capabilities, and international networks on the global competitiveness of MSMEs. The research employs an explanatory quantitative approach with a cross-sectional design. The sample consists of 200 owners or principal managers of SMEs in East Java, selected using purposive sampling. Data were collected via a structured questionnaire and analysed using Structural Equation Modelling–Partial Least Squares (SEM-PLS). The results of the analysis indicate that innovation, digital capabilities, and international networks have a positive and significant influence on the global competitiveness of SMEs. The path coefficient values indicate that digital capabilities are the strongest predictor, followed by international networks and innovation. These findings confirm that strengthening the global competitiveness of MSMEs requires an integrated strategy that links value renewal, digital transformation, and the sustainable development of external networks.

This research is motivated by the importance of strengthening a professional public service culture through the integration of public administration values, norms, and ethics. Although various regulations and codes of ethics have been established in public organizations, gaps remain between formal norms and service practices in the field, such as low levels of responsiveness and professionalism among civil servants. This study aims to analyze the relationship between values, norms, and ethics in shaping public service culture, and to examine the role of organizational ethics and codes of ethics in strengthening public administration professionalism. The research employed a qualitative approach with a descriptive-analytical design through a literature review of relevant journals, books, and policy documents. Content analysis techniques were used to identify patterns of relationships between concepts. The results indicate that the internalization of ethical values ​​such as integrity, accountability, and transparency significantly influences the quality of public services. An organizational code of ethics serves as a formal instrument that clarifies standards of conduct for civil servants and strengthens a professional work culture. Consequently, public organizations need to strengthen ethics training, oversight mechanisms, and the integration of ethical values ​​into performance evaluation systems to build responsive and public-interest-oriented services.

English learning at the elementary school level plays an important role in developing students’ early language competence, particularly in listening skills as the foundation for other language abilities. However, many learning processes still rely on conventional teaching methods that do not fully accommodate the developmental characteristics of young learners, resulting in limited engagement and listening comprehension. Therefore, this study aims to analyze the role of storytelling in improving English listening skills among elementary school students and to identify effective implementation strategies in classroom learning. This research employs a library research method by reviewing and analyzing various relevant literature sources, including books, scientific journals, and previous research findings related to storytelling in English language learning. The analysis shows that storytelling contributes significantly to improving students’ listening comprehension, vocabulary acquisition, attention, and learning motivation. Through structured narratives, expressive delivery, and the support of visual media, storytelling creates a contextual and meaningful learning environment that helps students understand spoken English more effectively. The findings also indicate that the effectiveness of storytelling is closely related to the developmental characteristics of elementary school students who learn better through concrete, imaginative, and engaging experiences. Furthermore, the implementation of storytelling through systematic stages pre-listening, while-listening, and post-listening can enhance students participation and comprehension during the learning process. In conclusion, storytelling can be considered an effective instructional strategy for improving English listening skills among elementary school students while also supporting vocabulary development and creating an engaging learning atmosphere.

The development of digital technology has transformed interpersonal interaction patterns through online dating applications such as Tinder. Even though the use of Tinder in Indonesia has increased significantly, there are striking differences in communication styles between male and female users in managing these digital relationships. This study aims to analyze in depth the communication style of men as Tinder users in the digital dating search process. Using the framework of four main communication styles: emotive, director, reflective, and supportive style traits, this research explores how men navigate interactions that lack verbal cues and are asynchronous. The research method used is phenomenology by collecting data through participatory observation in the application and in-depth interviews with five male informants who are active Tinder users. The results of the study show that each informant applies different communication styles to build comfort and a positive self-image (selective self-presentation) to achieve their romantic goals. These findings identify that variations in men's communication styles are influenced by risk perception, privacy management, and self-presentation strategies in digital spaces. This research contributes to the literature on computer-mediated communication (CMC) in the context of online dating dynamics in Indonesia.

Due to its focus on the psychological components of leadership, motivation, communication, and human resource development in educational institutions, management psychology is becoming an increasingly significant perspective in educational management. The use of management psychology in the classroom is considered crucial for improving organizational performance and teacher motivation. The purpose of this study was to investigate how management psychology can enhance teacher work motivation and its impact on school efficacy. This study reviewed previous research on the use of management psychology in education using a qualitative approach and literature review methodology. Using keywords related to management psychology in education, teacher motivation, educational leadership, and educational organizational performance, systematic search of scientific publications published in the Google Scholar database between 2022 and 2026 was used to collect data. Identification, screening, eligibility evaluation, and final selection of relevant publications were all steps in the literature selection process. Thematic coding techniques were used to examine six selected publications to determine the main findings, methodology, and research emphasis of each study. The findings suggest that the use of management psychology in educational management techniques, such as effective communication, teacher empowerment, supportive leadership, and the establishment of equitable reward systems, can significantly enhance teacher motivation and foster a positive work environment. In addition, these approaches increase the effectiveness of educational institutions, improve teacher performance, and foster collaboration within the school environment. To promote teacher professional development and raise the overall standards of educational institutions, it is crucial for educational administrations to incorporate a psychological perspective.

. Studies on the use of a digital storybook for teaching English to young learners have been abundant; however, the integration of independence values into the story for elementary school students in Indonesia has received limited attention. Independence is one of the characters that educate young learners to become responsible and self-reliant. This study aims to design a digital storybook that integrates independence value into English language learning materials for fifth-grade students. Using a qualitative Design-Based Research (DBR) approach, this study employed a design framework as the main research instrument, derived from character education theory, Teaching English to Young Learners (TEYL), and multimedia learning theory. Data were collected through the analyses of curriculum policies, English textbooks, children’s literature, character education, and multimedia learning. This study produced a digital storybook entitled Lisa Can Do It, which can be expected to become a medium to learn English and at the same time educate children about independence value. Findings indicate that character-based digital storybooks demonstrate the potential to integrate language learning with character education, providing a foundation for the design and implementation of digital learning materials integrated with character in English language education in elementary schools. Further research should focus on the implementation of the product to evaluate its impact on student learning outcomes.

The rapid growth of the e-commerce sector in Indonesia has significantly increased the use of personal data in digital transactions, which in turn has led to more complex risks of data breaches. This issue reflects a gap between technological advancement and the readiness of adequate data protection systems. This study aims to analyze the implementation of Law Number 27 of 2022 on Personal Data Protection in addressing data breaches on e-commerce platforms and to identify factors influencing its effectiveness. The research employs a normative legal method with a statutory and literature approach. The findings indicate that although the regulation provides a strong legal foundation, its implementation still faces several challenges, including weak supervision, low compliance among business actors, and limited public awareness in protecting personal data. In addition, technical vulnerabilities and human error are identified as the primary causes of data breaches. The implications of this study highlight the importance of strengthening supervision, improving data security standards by e-commerce platforms, and enhancing public education to establish a more effective and sustainable personal data protection system in Indonesia.

This study aims to systematically examine empirical evidence on the effectiveness of role play in improving EFL students' speaking skills. Using Systematic Literature Review (SLR) methodology guided by the PRISMA framework, this study analyzed 20 peer-reviewed articles obtained from Google Scholar, ERIC, and Scopus databases. Inclusion criteria focused on studies investigating role play as an instructional technique targeting speaking skills in EFL or ESL contexts. Findings reveal that role play consistently and significantly improves key speaking components including fluency, accuracy, pronunciation, vocabulary, and confidence. Additionally, role play reduces speaking anxiety and promotes a more communicative and interactive learning environment. This review also identifies moderating factors such as class size, student proficiency level, and teacher facilitation quality that influence role play effectiveness. These findings suggest that role play is a highly effective pedagogical strategy for improving speaking competence, particularly in EFL contexts, and its systematic integration into curriculum design is strongly recommended.

The global rise in life expectancy toward the 100-year threshold has accelerated the emergence of the silver economy, significantly affecting organizational leadership structures, particularly in terms of succession stagnation risks and potential loss of institutional knowledge. This study aims to develop a comprehensive longevity leadership strategy to manage senior leaders and optimize leadership succession in the context of demographic transition. The research employs an integrative literature review with thematic analysis of reputable international and national journal articles published within the last five years. The findings reveal that effective longevity leadership strategies emphasize repositioning senior leaders from operational roles to strategic mentors through knowledge-sharing mechanisms and phased retirement approaches. Furthermore, successful succession in an aging workforce depends on role flexibility and the establishment of new psychological contracts that recognize and value the wisdom of senior leaders. This study contributes theoretically by proposing a dynamic succession model that bridges intergenerational gaps. Practically, it offers guidance for human resource practitioners in designing age-inclusive retention strategies and leadership transition policies.Overall, the proposed strategy supports organizational stability while fostering sustainable innovation through the optimal utilization of senior human capital.

Pneumonia caused by extensively drug-resistant (XDR) Pseudomonas aeruginosa is still  clinicaly chalenging, particularly among geriatric patients with neurological comorbidities such as stroke. This report presents a case of XDR P. aeruginosa pneumonia complicated by sepsis in a 73-year-old patient, characterized by persistent leukocytosis until the tenth day of hospitalization despite empirical meropenem therapy. This evidence-based case report aims to analyze clinical outcomes, specifically 28-day and 30-day mortality rates, and to identify mortality predictors in the adult population through a systematic literature search of the PubMed and Google Scholar databases for the 2019–2026 period. Synthesized evidence from six core studies indicates that XDR P. aeruginosa infections carry a profoundly high 28-day mortality rate, ranging from 41% to 51% in cohorts receiving antibiotic monotherapy. Key mortality predictors identified include the presence of sepsis or septic shock, a delay in initiating adequate therapy exceeding 52 hours, advanced age, and the requirement for Intensive Care Unit (ICU) admission. The phenomenon of persistent or worsening leukocytosis during treatment, as observed in this case, serves as a critical clinical indicator associated with antimicrobial response failure and a dismal prognosis. Ultimately, XDR P. aeruginosa pneumonia is associated with poor clinical outcomes, where therapeutic success is strictly contingent upon the timely administration of antibiotic regimens with proven activity against these highly resistant isolates.

Planning and improving the performance of educational organizations is a strategic issue that requires a managerial approach integrated with psychological aspects. This study aims to examine and synthesize factors influencing organizational performance through a management psychology approach. The method used was a qualitative systematic literature review design for scientific articles from 2022–2025 obtained from Google Scholar. Data collection techniques were carried out through documentation and article selection based on inclusion criteria, resulting in seven articles for analysis. Data analysis used a thematic approach to identify patterns and relationships between findings. The results showed that organizational performance improvement is influenced by three main factors: structured human resource planning, effective organizational communication, and transformational leadership and work motivation as psychological factors. These findings indicate that integration between structural and psychological aspects plays a crucial role in improving organizational effectiveness. In conclusion, a management approach that integrates planning and psychological factors can improve the performance of educational organizations sustainably.

This study examines the relationship between organizational culture and the sustainability of public service innovation within government bureaucracy. Although many public service innovations show positive results in the initial stages, many do not sustain in the long term. This indicates the presence of fundamental factors affecting innovation sustainability, one of which is organizational culture. Organizational culture plays a role in shaping the behavior, values, and work methods of civil servants in providing services to the public. This study aims to analyze the role of organizational culture in supporting or hindering the sustainability of public service innovations. Using a Systematic Literature Review (SLR) approach, this study analyzes 20 relevant scientific articles from 2002 to 2025. The results indicate that hierarchical, rigid, and administratively-oriented organizational cultures hinder innovation sustainability. Other factors such as low leadership support, limited incentives, and resistance to change also strengthen these barriers. Conversely, an open, collaborative, and adaptive organizational culture to change enhances the likelihood of innovation sustainability. In conclusion, the success of public service innovations is greatly influenced by the organizational culture underlying the behavior of civil servants. Therefore, transforming organizational culture to be more innovative and adaptive is a strategic step to strengthen the sustainability of innovation.