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This study aims to explore expressive illocutionary acts in the film The Perks of Being a Wallflower, focusing on the types and functions that appear in the interactions between the characters. Expressive illocutionary acts, as part of pragmatic studies, play an important role in representing emotions, attitudes, and social relationships between speakers. This study was conducted to identify in detail twelve types of expressive illocutionary acts and their four accompanying functions, thereby providing a deeper understanding of the dynamics of communication in the film. This study uses a qualitative approach with documentation and observation methods of the film's dialogue. Data analysis was carried out through three stages: data reduction, data presentation, and conclusion drawing, to obtain a systematic picture of the pattern of expressive illocutionary acts. The results show that all twelve types of expressive illocutionary acts are found in the film, with the expression "thank you" as the most dominant form. This reflects the film's main theme, which emphasizes the value of friendship, emotional support, and gratitude between characters. In contrast, the expression "regret" is the least used type. 

Myofascial pain syndrome (MPS) is a condition characterized by muscle or fascia pain, involving sensory, motor, or autonomic functions, linked to myofascial trigger points (MTrPs). Motor symptoms can include muscle weakness, limited movement, and stiffness. Sensory symptoms may involve tenderness, referred pain, hyperalgesia, or allodynia, while autonomic symptoms include sweating, changes in skin temperature, and salivation. MPS occurs due to increased sympathetic nervous system activity, which worsens pain. Physical therapy is vital in improving movement and function, with Active Exercise Therapy being a recommended treatment. MPS affects 36% of 431 patients, with pain intensity often developing within a week, and in Indonesia, it reaches 40% within a year. MPS is more common in females than males. Active Exercise Therapy, which can be performed at home or work, is essential for preventing MPS. On July 31, 2025, a community service activity was held at RT VIII Tanjung Mas Village, Semarang Utara, with 29 participants. The event included blood pressure checks, blood sugar tests, BMI measurements, and counseling on the importance of exercise therapy to prevent muscle fatigue, particularly in the neck area. The therapy, focusing on improving tendon and ligament strength and muscle strength, helps maintain joint stability and increase the range of motion. Strength training includes isotonic exercises and progressive resistance training, tailored to each individual's needs. The event provided education on managing muscle pain and fatigue through targeted exercise routines and home programs. These initiatives emphasize muscle recovery, physical health, and overall wellness, ensuring participants can manage and prevent MPS effectively. The event highlighted the critical role of regular physical activity in improving quality of life and preventing long-term musculoskeletal pain.

The development of digital technology has brought significant changes in the patterns of social interaction in society. Social media, especially TikTok, now functions not only as a means of entertainment but also as an effective medium for disseminating social, cultural, and humanitarian values. One interesting phenomenon in this context is the emergence of altruistic content, namely messages that represent caring, kindness, and selfless assistance. Content with altruistic nuances has its own appeal because it can create emotional closeness with the audience and has the potential to be used by business actors as a communication strategy to build a positive brand image. This study aims to identify and describe the forms of altruistic messages displayed in the TikTok account @mr.kingthread owned by Batik Benang Raja. The study used a descriptive qualitative approach with a content analysis method based on the altruism theory of Eisenberg and Mussen, as well as the six stages of content analysis according to Klaus Krippendorff. Data were collected from 24 videos uploaded between January 1–31, 2025, through observation and documentation techniques. Then, they were analyzed and categorized into six indicators of altruism: sharing, cooperation, helping, donating, honesty, and generosity. The results of the study show that @mr.kingthread's content consistently displays altruism through sincere, emotional, and easily accepted actions by the audience. The aspect of donating emerged as the most dominant element, followed by aspects of cooperation, helping, and sharing. The natural, authentic, and uncontrived message delivery strengthens emotional closeness with the audience and increases public trust in Batik Benang Raja's image as a brand that cares about humanitarian values. In conclusion, the altruism-based communication strategy through TikTok has proven effective in spreading humanitarian values, strengthening the company's positive image, and fostering a spirit of sharing among the audience.  

Limited knowledge and utilization of digital technology in the fisheries and plantation sectors remains a major obstacle for the people of Samo Village, South Halmahera Regency, the majority of whom work as fishermen and farmers. This results in low productivity, limited access to information, and less than optimal development of micro-enterprises based on local potential. This community service activity aims to introduce and train the use of Fishbrain, Plantix, and ChatGPT applications relevant to local community needs. The activity implementation method includes three main stages: the preparation phase, which involves coordination with village officials and the development of training materials; the implementation phase, which involves socialization and hands-on training; and the evaluation phase, which involves discussions, reflections, and Q&A sessions with participants. The results of the activity demonstrated a significant increase in participants' understanding and skills in utilizing digital technology. The Fishbrain application has been proven to assist fishermen in determining more potential fishing locations based on global community data, while Plantix is ​​useful in detecting plant diseases, providing treatment recommendations, and increasing crop yields. Meanwhile, ChatGPT is used by the community as a virtual assistant to support information searches, innovation ideas, product marketing strategies, and digital-based small business planning. The participants' enthusiasm was evident in their active involvement throughout the training, their eagerness to try the applications independently, and their ability to repeat the three applications' core functions. In conclusion, this training activity not only broadened the community's digital knowledge and skills but also encouraged a shift in mindset toward utilizing technology as a means to improve well-being. With the knowledge gained, the Samo Village community is expected to be more adaptive to technological developments, enabling the sustainable development of the fisheries, plantations, and local micro-enterprises sectors.

This study aims to analyze the effect of variations in the Continuously Variable Transmission (CVT) spring constant and the type of fuel on the performance of a 110 CC gasoline motorcycle engine. The CVT system is one of the important components in an automatic motorcycle that functions to transmit power from the engine to the rear wheels efficiently. CVT performance is greatly influenced by the spring constant used, because this component is directly related to the automatic gear ratio shifting process. On the other hand, the type of fuel also has an important role because it is related to the quality of combustion and the efficiency of energy produced by the engine. The test results show that the use of a CVT spring with a constant of 18.05 N/cm combined with Pertamax fuel is able to provide the best engine performance. In this configuration, the engine reaches a maximum power of 7.84 HP at 8200 rpm and a maximum torque of 9.30 Nm at 6200 rpm. This combination is proven to be the most optimal in increasing power and torque, thus providing more responsive acceleration. Furthermore, the use of a CVT spring with a constant of 25.20 N/cm combined with Pertamax also shows quite good performance, namely with a maximum power of 7.38 HP and a maximum torque of 8.56 Nm. Although the results are not as high as the first configuration, this combination is still quite effective in improving engine performance. Meanwhile, when using a spring with a higher constant of 33.69 N/cm, the resulting power tends to decrease to 7.02 HP with a torque of 8.02 Nm. In addition, the initial acceleration in this configuration is less responsive so it is not recommended for optimal performance.

The Terminal Loading Area (TLA) API at PT Pertamina Hulu Mahakam functions as a facility for processing oily water before being discharged into the environment. One of the main issues faced is the accumulation of thick floc (oil clumps) due to high emulsions in crude oil, along with the malfunctioning water spray valve on line 1, causing operators to resort to manual spraying using hydrant water. This increases the risk of exposure to hazardous chemicals such as Benzene, Toluene, and Xylene (BTX), which poses a health threat to workers. Therefore, improvements to the water spray system are needed to reduce BTX exposure and enhance the effectiveness of oil-water separation. This study aims to analyze the effectiveness of proposed improvements to the water spray system to reduce BTX exposure and improve the efficiency of oil-water separation. The methodology used includes literature review, field study, and technical testing. Proposed solutions include replacing or repairing the damaged water spray valve, adding piping networks to compartment 2 to distribute water more evenly, and using treated water (produced water) to optimize the system and reduce reliance on hydrant water. The results of the study indicate that replacing or repairing the water spray valve, adding piping networks, and using produced water effectively reduce BTX exposure while maintaining oil recovery effectiveness. The trials also showed that using the Oil Pump (P-3230 & P-3235) provides optimal pressure (8–9 barg) for water spray, compared to the less effective Water Pump (P-3200 & P-3205). Implementing these solutions is expected to reduce BTX exposure for workers, improve oil-water separation efficiency, and contribute to a safer and more efficient working environment.

This study aims to explore how interpersonal communication plays a role in the process of constructing self-identity within the “Jemuah Keos” community in Surabaya. This community functions as an alternative social space inhabited by individuals with diverse creative backgrounds, such as musicians, motorcycle builders, visual artists, and subculture enthusiasts. The formation of identity in this community is not solely driven by individual expression but also shaped through social interactions that are reflective and rich in meaningful symbols. The study uses a qualitative approach with a descriptive case study method. Data were collected through participatory observation, semi-structured interviews with nine informants, and documentation of various visual artifacts representing the community’s activities. The data analysis process follows the interactive model by Miles and Huberman, which consists of three main stages: data reduction, data presentation, and drawing conclusions. The theoretical framework used in this study refers to Joseph A. DeVito's concept of interpersonal communication, which includes self-disclosure, empathy, emotional support, symbolic exchange, social values, as well as reflective interaction and role negotiation in social relationships. The findings indicate that interpersonal communication is a key element in shaping and negotiating personal identity. Cultural symbols such as clothing style, vehicle modifications, visual language, and daily interaction patterns become primary means of identity expression. The "Jemuah Keos" community demonstrates openness, equality, and a critical stance against the dominance of mainstream culture. Interpersonal communication within this community also plays a role in building collective solidarity and voicing critical views on existing cultural standards. The identity formed is not only personal but also part of a larger community identity.

The hospital operating room is one of the most crucial facilities in health services, so it requires a stable, reliable, and uninterrupted electricity supply to ensure patient safety and smooth medical procedures. The slightest electrical outage can pose a major risk, given that almost all vital medical equipment in the operating room relies on an electrical power supply. Therefore, the Uninterruptible Power Supply (UPS) system has an important role as a backup solution to ensure the continuity of electrical energy. This study aims to analyze the performance, capacity, and burden of UPS at Siti Fatimah Palembang Hospital using quantitative methods. Data was obtained through direct observation, interviews with technicians, technical documentation, and measurement of current and load power with standard-compliant measuring equipment. The focus of the analysis was directed at the Online Double Conversion type UPS with a capacity of 20 kVA which functions as the main supplier of backup electricity in the three operating rooms. The measurement results show that the total load reaches 8,855.5 VA or equivalent to 44.2% of the total capacity of the UPS. This load comes from 24 units of vital medical equipment, including operating lights, patient monitors, ventilators, anesthesia machines, and electrosurgical devices spread evenly across three operating rooms. With a power factor of 0.92 and a measurement current of 39.8 A, the performance of the UPS is quite efficient and safe to use. This shows that UPS capacity still has spare space to bear additional loads in the event of an increase in the number of medical equipment in the future. The conclusion of this study is that UPS at Siti Fatimah Palembang Hospital is able to work optimally in maintaining the stability of power supply, so that it can ensure the continuity of critical medical services in the operating room.

Animation has transcended its traditional association with children’s entertainment and emerged as a dynamic global medium that resonates with audiences across age groups. Beyond its role as a form of visual amusement, animation demonstrates significant potential in conveying meaningful narratives and creating emotional engagement through carefully crafted aesthetic experiences. A central element in the animation process is character design, where the combination of shape, color, and expression not only determines visual appeal but also functions as a medium for reflecting personality and emotional depth. This study aims to investigate the relationship between personal interests and personality traits in shaping visual preferences toward animation illustrations among children and adults. Through a literature review, the research highlights how individual interests—deeply influenced by developmental needs, social environment, and past experiences—play a crucial role in guiding aesthetic choices. Findings suggest that children are typically drawn to characters with simplified forms, bright and saturated colors, and exaggerated expressions that facilitate recognition, comprehension, and emotional connection. Conversely, adults tend to prefer more complex designs, incorporating nuanced emotional cues, realistic proportions, and layered symbolism that align with mature cognitive and emotional processing. The comparison underscores the importance of audience segmentation in animation design, particularly in creating characters that are not only visually engaging but also resonate with psychological and emotional expectations. By recognizing and addressing the distinct preferences of different age groups, animators and illustrators can develop content that is more contextually relevant, immersive, and capable of fostering long-term audience attachment. Ultimately, this study emphasizes that effective animation character design extends beyond technical artistry; it requires a deep understanding of human psychology, cultural influences, and the evolving nature of visual engagement across the lifespan.

This study aims to identify, assess, and control risks that arise in container loading and unloading activities at PT Dunia Express Transindo using the Enterprise Risk Management (ERM) approach. Container loading and unloading activities are complex and involve various parties, making them highly susceptible to risks, both from internal and external aspects. Risks that can occur include system disruptions, operational negligence, equipment damage, and environmental factors such as extreme weather that can affect the smoothness of the loading and unloading process. Therefore, the company needs to have a structured, comprehensive, and sustainable risk management system to maintain operational continuity. This research method refers to the COSO framework and the ISO 31000:2018 standard which focuses on the process of risk identification, assessment of likelihood and impact levels, and formulation of appropriate mitigation strategies. Data were obtained through interviews with management, field observations, and analysis of company documents. The results of the study indicate that the implementation of ERM is able to map risks more systematically, making it easier for the company to determine handling priorities. Several risks with a high probability and significant impact received special attention through the implementation of mitigation strategies such as improving information technology systems, routine employee training, and more scheduled equipment maintenance. These findings indicate that ERM implementation not only functions as a risk control tool but also plays a role in increasing operational efficiency, strengthening inter-departmental coordination, and minimizing potential losses that could disrupt company stability. Furthermore, ERM implementation makes a real contribution to increasing the competitiveness of companies in the logistics and stevedoring sector, especially in facing dynamic business challenges and external environmental uncertainty.

This study aims to analyse the impact of e-report card implementation within the framework of digital transformation in educational services on parental satisfaction and involvement at the elementary school level. Employing a narrative literature review, the research synthesised 47 articles published between 2019 and 2025, retrieved from international and national academic databases such as Google Scholar, DOAJ, CORE, the Garuda Portal, and institutional repositories. Thematic analysis generated five core findings. First, e-report cards are identified as a determinant of parental satisfaction, showing a strong positive correlation with improved parental trust and transparency in assessment processes. Second, digital transformation functions as a catalyst that enhances parental engagement, with evidence of up to a threefold increase in participation. Third, the quality of systems and clarity of information play mediating roles, ensuring that digital tools contribute effectively to parental outcomes. Fourth, challenges related to the digital divide and levels of digital literacy moderate the effectiveness of implementation, often influencing disparities in outcomes across different socioeconomic contexts. Finally, the process of adaptation follows a gradual four-stage evolutionary model, highlighting how parents integrate digital platforms over time. Overall, the study confirms a significant positive relationship between e-report card implementation and parental satisfaction and involvement, while also recognising the influence of contextual factors such as infrastructure readiness and socioeconomic diversity. The findings contribute theoretically through the development of the Digital Parental Engagement Model and offer practical insights for formulating educational digitalisation policies that are responsive to district-level stakeholder needs.

Employees at the Wajo Regency Youth, Sports, and Tourism Office are part of the public bureaucracy at the district/city level who have important responsibilities in carrying out service functions to the public. Based on initial observations, it appears that the implementation of management functions and employee work creativity are still not optimal. This is primarily related to the implementation of management functions in creating a dynamic work atmosphere and in terms of making the best use of time. Effective management is essential to ensure that public organizations can achieve their goals efficiently and innovatively. This study aims to determine the effect of the implementation of management functions on employee work creativity at the Wajo Regency Youth, Sports, and Tourism Office. The study population was all employees at the office, using a survey method and an associative quantitative approach. This technique was chosen to obtain an objective picture of the relationship between management variables and work creativity. The results show that the management functions variable, based on respondents' responses, is in the very good category. Meanwhile, the employee work creativity variable is in the good category. The findings indicate that the proper application of management functions can significantly foster employee creativity. Based on statistical testing, the null hypothesis (Ho) is rejected and the alternative hypothesis (Ha) is accepted. Thus, it can be concluded that the implementation of management functions has a positive and significant impact on employee creativity at the Wajo Regency Youth, Sports, and Tourism Office. This research provides practical implications: public organizations need to strengthen the implementation of management functions, such as planning, organizing, directing, and controlling, to continuously improve employee creativity. This research highlights the importance of integrating managerial functions with innovative practices in the public sector.

STMIK Pesat Nabire is a private university in Papua Tengah that uses a web-based academic information system called eCampuz. User satisfaction evaluation plays a crucial role in improving the quality of academic services at an institution. The purpose of this study is to determine the extent of user satisfaction with eCampuz at STMIK Pesat Nabire, identify the factors influencing such satisfaction, and pinpoint the aspects of eCampuz that need to be improved and developed to enhance user satisfaction. This study employs a mixed-methods approach with an explanatory sequential design. The results indicate that the majority of users are satisfied with five key aspects of eCampuz, 80% for System Quality, 80% for Features and Functions, 87% for Security and Privacy, 80% for Usability, and 80% for User Satisfaction. Several shortcomings and challenges were also identified, such as the absence of automatic notifications when instructors post materials, assignments, and attendance records, the lack of date markers on materials posted by instructors, making it difficult for students to distinguish between new and old materials, errors and slow loading times in attendance records, limited file upload capacity, and the inability to accept certain file formats. Regular evaluations of user satisfaction are needed to further improve the system and ensure that user satisfaction is met.

This study aims to reconstruct the Islamic macroeconomic paradigm by focusing on fiscal policy and responses to resource scarcity. Using a descriptive qualitative approach based on literature review, the study reveals that fiscal policy in Islam functions not only as a tool for economic stabilization but also as an instrument for equitable distribution and sustainable resource management. Historical analysis of fiscal practices during the Prophet Muhammad's era illustrates a zakat-, kharaj-, and fai-based system managed transparently and justly through baitul mal. In the modern context, challenges such as inequality, resource exploitation, and energy crises require a new approach grounded in maqashid shariah as the foundation of macroeconomic planning. Therefore, reconstructing Islamic macroeconomics is essential to establishing a just, sustainable, and spiritually rooted economic system.

The deployment of TNI soldiers has sparked controversy due to concerns over the strengthening of militarism in civilian institutions. This action has raised alarm among various human rights groups and political analysts who argue that it undermines the democratic principles of civilian control over military forces. The Attorney General's Office (AGO), the TNI, and the Chief of Police have publicly addressed the issue, especially the deployment of TNI soldiers to guard the AGO Complex, as well as the High Prosecutors' Offices (Kejati) and District Prosecutors' Offices (Kejari) across Indonesia. The order for this deployment was issued in the TNI Commander’s Telegram Number TR/442/2025 on May 6, 2025. This order is part of a broader effort to increase security at critical state institutions, especially in light of recent security threats. The deployment of soldiers is part of a follow-up to the cooperation agreement between the TNI and the AGO, which was formalized in the Memorandum of Understanding NK/6/IV/2023/TNI dated April 6, 2023. The agreement outlines eight points of cooperation, which include: (1) Education and training for TNI personnel in law enforcement procedures; (2) Exchange of information for law enforcement purposes, ensuring better collaboration between the military and civilian law enforcement agencies; (3) The assignment of TNI soldiers to assist in guarding AGO facilities and other law enforcement offices; and (4) Other security-related assistance, such as providing military expertise to ensure the integrity and safety of AGO operations. While the cooperation between the TNI and AGO is framed as an effort to enhance security and operational efficiency, critics argue that this deployment could lead to the militarization of civilian functions, potentially causing conflicts of interest and compromising the impartiality of the judicial system.

Bullying victimization remains a significant issue in educational environments, including at SMPN. This phenomenon has a detrimental impact on the victims, both physically and psychologically. Bullying victimization refers to the experience of an individual being subjected to aggressive actions by others repeatedly over time, with the intent to cause harm or discomfort. These actions can be carried out by one or more individuals and often affect the victim's well-being in the long term. One of the factors believed to influence bullying victimization is executive function. Executive function refers to a person’s ability to control impulses, plan, make decisions, and adjust behavior to achieve long-term goals. This function plays a crucial role in regulating responses to social and emotional situations, which can affect whether an individual is more vulnerable to becoming a victim of bullying. This study aims to examine the relationship between executive function and bullying victimization among 194 students at SMPN X Lima Puluh Kota. The research uses a quantitative correlational approach with proportionate stratified random sampling. The instrument used to measure bullying victimization was developed based on the aspects defined by Smith, et al. (1999), while the executive function instrument was based on the aspects outlined by Spinella (2005). The results of the analysis using the product moment method show a significant negative correlation between executive function and bullying victimization, with a correlation value of r = -0.863 and p = 0.000 (p < 0.05). This indicates that the better the executive function of students, the lower the level of bullying victimization they experience. Conversely, students with weaker executive functions are more susceptible to becoming victims of bullying.

This study aims to analyze the authority structure between the Ministry of Maritime Affairs and Fisheries (KKP) and Regional Governments in managing coastal areas through marine spatial utilization following the enactment of Law Number 6 of 2023 concerning the Stipulation of Government Regulation in Lieu of Law Number 2 of 2022 concerning Job Creation into Law. The main instrument studied is the Confirmation of Conformity of Marine Spatial Utilization Activities (KKPRL), which functions as a licensing instrument and a control mechanism to ensure that marine spatial utilization activities remain directed, integrated, and aligned with the principles of ecological, social, and economic sustainability. The research approach used is a juridical-empirical approach with a qualitative descriptive analysis method. Through this approach, the research not only examines legal norms but also captures the practice of implementing authority in the field. The results show that although the Job Creation Law is oriented towards simplifying business licensing, several problems remain that have implications for the effectiveness of coastal governance. These issues include disharmony between central and regional regulations, overlapping authority between the Ministry of Marine Affairs and Fisheries (KKPRL) and regional governments, and weak synchronization between national policies and regional instruments such as the Coastal and Small Islands Zoning Plan (RZWP3K). In addition to regulatory constraints, this study also highlights institutional and technical aspects. Limited human resource capacity in the regions, a lack of understanding of KKPRL procedures, and minimal inter-agency coordination hamper the effectiveness of coastal management. These conditions result in slow investment realization, conflicts over spatial use, and potential coastal environmental degradation. Therefore, this study recommends a strategy for harmonizing authority through improving vertical-horizontal coordination, strengthening the institutional capacity of regional governments, and developing derivative regulations consistent with the principles of good governance.

This study aims to analyze the Public Relations (PR) strategy of Gen FM in building and maintaining relationships with stakeholders through its official Instagram account, @gen987fm. The background of this research lies in the paradigm shift of PR communication patterns from conventional to digital platforms, alongside the growing importance of establishing long-term, strategic relationships in the era of media convergence. The study adopts Ledingham and Bruning’s Relationship Management (RM) theory as its analytical framework, which consists of five key dimensions: trust, commitment, openness, relationship satisfaction, and mutual interest. Employing a descriptive qualitative approach, data were collected through in-depth interviews with Gen FM’s PR team, the Head of Digital Content, selected audience members, and business partners. These interviews were further supported by observation and documentation of content published on Instagram. The findings reveal that Gen FM effectively applies the five dimensions of relationship management theory in its PR practices through digital media. Trust is fostered by presenting credible and relevant content; commitment is demonstrated by maintaining consistent interactions with audiences; openness is shown by accommodating feedback and criticism; satisfaction is achieved through personal and engaging approaches; and mutual interest is realized through promotional collaborations that benefit both the radio station and its partners. Nevertheless, stakeholders also expressed expectations for Gen FM to further enhance its Instagram presence by being more active, responsive, and innovative in order to strengthen engagement and adapt to the dynamic needs of digital audiences. In conclusion, this study emphasizes that Instagram functions as an effective medium for Gen FM to implement strategic and adaptive PR relationship management. The platform not only facilitates two-way communication but also strengthens brand positioning by fostering sustainable stakeholder relationships in a rapidly evolving digital landscape.

This community service activity was carried out at Muhammadiyah Tidore Elementary School with a primary focus on improving the competency of teachers and staff in managing the school website. The background to this activity stems from the school's need for information media that is fast, accurate, and easily accessible to the community. The school website not only serves as a means of publishing activities but also as a communication medium between the school, parents, and the wider community. With good website management, information about academic activities, important announcements, and the school profile can be conveyed more effectively. The activity implementation method is carried out through several structured stages. The first stage is preparation, namely identifying needs, preparing training materials, and coordinating with the school. The second stage is technical training involving teachers and staff to understand the basics of content management, from adding articles, updating information, to uploading activity documentation. The third stage is socialization, where the community, especially parents, are introduced to the functions and benefits of the school website. Next, the implementation stage is carried out by directly applying the training results in website management. The final stage is evaluation, which aims to assess the extent to which skills improvements have been achieved and the extent to which the website is utilized by the community. The results of the activity indicate a significant increase in the skills of teachers and staff. They are able to independently update website content and utilize user guides provided in the form of documents and video tutorials. Furthermore, public access to online school information has also increased. This demonstrates that the school website is truly an effective communication tool. Therefore, this community service activity is expected to become a model for information technology empowerment that can be replicated in other schools, particularly in North Maluku.

The production process of graphite glass at ABC faces challenges in the form of waste that has an impact on low operational efficiency. Waste in production activities can affect the quality, cost, and timeliness of product completion. This study aims to identify the most dominant types of waste and provide relevant improvement recommendations to improve production efficiency. The method used is Value Stream Mapping (VSM), a visual approach that maps the flow of the production process from raw materials to final products. The research stage is carried out through direct observation on the production floor, time study, interviews with employees, and documentation of production activities. The results of the analysis show that the most dominant form of waste is overprocessing, which is a repetitive activity that does not add value to the product. This causes longer production cycle times and reduces the effectiveness of resource use. To overcome this, this study provides several recommendations, including: combining production processes that have similar functions, redesigning workflows to make them more concise, and eliminating activities that do not provide added value. The implementation of this improvement has proven to be effective by increasing the Process Cycle Efficiency (PCE) value from 45% to 67%. The increase in PCE reflects that the production process has become more efficient, the workflow is smoother, and the rate of waste has decreased significantly. In addition, the results of this study also confirm that the application of the VSM method can be a strategic solution in identifying sources of inefficiency, designing continuous improvements, and increasing the competitiveness of companies. Thus, the company is expected to continue to evaluate, control, innovate, and improve technology so that efficiency achievements can be maintained, expanded, and improved consistently and sustainably in the future.