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The tea franchise industry in Indonesia has experienced significant growth over the past decade, transforming the traditional tea drinking culture into a modern business opportunity. This research explores the dynamics of tea franchises in Indonesia through cultural perspectives, business strategies, and innovation. This study aims to identify critical success factors, cultural adaptation strategies, and innovation models implemented by major tea franchise brands operating in Indonesia. Using a qualitative research method with a phenomenological approach, data was collected through in-depth interviews with 25 franchise owners, 15 brand managers, and 50 consumers in five major cities in Indonesia, complemented by observation and document analysis. The findings reveal that successful tea franchising effectively balances three key elements: maintaining Indonesia's tea drinking culture while introducing modern consumption patterns, implementing adaptive business models that accommodate local economic conditions, and continuously innovating in product development and service delivery. The study identified four key innovation patterns: product localization (85% of successful franchises), digital integration (92%), experiential marketing (78%), and sustainability practices (68%). Cultural factors significantly influence menu adaptation, store ambient design, and marketing strategy. This study concludes that tea franchising in Indonesia represents a unique hybrid business model that successfully blends the global franchise system with local cultural values, creating a sustainable competitive advantage in the beverage industry.

This study explores the implementation of e-Government within the context of Bawaslu (Election Supervisory Agency) and its impact on governance and public trust. The results reveal that, from the support aspect, the success of e-Government implementation is largely driven by the commitment of leadership, which provides essential policies, human resources (HR) training, and technological facilities. However, challenges remain in terms of limited infrastructure and budget constraints at the district and city levels. Regarding the capacity aspect, Bawaslu already possesses competent HR, particularly among the younger generation, and adequate infrastructure. Nevertheless, there is still a need for improvement in the distribution of employee capabilities through continuous training and mentoring. Lastly, from the value perspective, e-Government has proven to deliver tangible benefits, such as increased efficiency, transparency, accountability, and an enhanced public trust in the institution. However, further efforts are required in areas such as system socialization, maintenance, and data security to maximize these benefits. This research highlights the importance of continuous development in both human and technological resources to ensure the optimal success of e-Government initiatives in enhancing governance and service delivery.

This study aims to analyze various factors influencing the decisions of tobacco farmers in Wuluhan District, Jember Regency, in using the tebasan (bulk sale before harvest), and how this is viewed from the perspective of Islamic economics. The variables examined include income, farming experience, education level, and the perspective of Islamic economics, whose influence on selling decisions was tested using a quantitative approach through Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) with the help of SmartPLS software. The results of the study show that: Income, farming experience, and education do not have a direct significant effect on the decision to sell tobacco .However, these three variables have an indirect effect through the variable of the Islamic economic perspective.The Islamic economic perspective is proven to play a significant role as a mediating variable, influencing farmers' decisions to sell tobacco. In practice, the tebasan system does offer efficiency and certainty for farmers, but it contains elements of uncertainty (gharar) that must be critically reviewed in the context of Islamic sales law.

The death penalty remains a topic of ongoing debate from legal, moral, and religious perspectives. In Indonesia, the death penalty is still applied for certain serious crimes; however, its implementation is questioned because it is considered to conflict with the fundamental human right to life. From the perspective of Christian ethics, this issue becomes more complex as it relates to the understanding of life as a gift from God and the principles of justice and forgiveness. The Old Testament contains provisions for the death penalty as a means of upholding law and maintaining the holiness of the community, while the New Testament emphasizes love, restoration, and the opportunity for repentance through the example of Jesus Christ. This study aims to analyze how Christian ethics views the death penalty by examining the balance between justice and forgiveness as taught in Scripture. The method used in this research is literature review and conceptual analysis of biblical texts and theological sources. The findings indicate that Christian ethics does not merely reject or accept the death penalty, but directs toward an understanding of justice that restores human dignity. This perspective is expected to serve as an ethical consideration in responding to the application of the death penalty in modern society.

This research aims to analyze religious and structural values in Dede Soepriatna's short story "Titah yang Berkuasa" through an integrated religious and structural approach. Employing a qualitative descriptive method with content and structural analysis techniques, this study reveals various spiritual values implicit within the narrative of this contemporary Indonesian literary work. The analysis results demonstrate fundamental religious values such as destiny (qada and qadar), tawakkal (submission to God's will), sacrifice, betrayal, and divine justice. The character Roro Oyi represents spiritual steadfastness and surrender to the Creator amidst life's trials, while King Amangkurat's character critiques the abuse of power that contradicts moral-religious principles. Structurally, the short story presents a complex plot with effectively developed central conflict, multidimensional characterization, and rich symbolism that deepens the spiritual meaning of the narrative. The research findings confirm that literature can function as an effective medium for moral and religious education without sacrificing narrative integrity. The integration of religious and structural approaches provides a holistic perspective in understanding how spiritual messages are conveyed through formal beauty, offering a literary appreciation model that harmoniously combines ethical and aesthetic dimensions.

This study aims to examine the implementation of Qardhul Hasan in Islamic Microfinance Institutions (Baitul Maal wat Tamwil – BMT) in Indonesia through the perspective of qard and ‘Ariyah contracts. The research applies a qualitative descriptive approach using a library research method. Data were collected from scholarly articles, books, and Islamic finance regulations, then analyzed to assess the alignment between fiqh al-mu‘āmalah principles and real-world practices. The findings reveal that qardhul hasan plays a vital role in community empowerment and in promoting Islamic financial inclusion. However, its implementation still faces several obstacles, including high non-performing financing rates, limited social funds, weak sharia supervision standards, and low literacy in fiqh mu‘āmalah among BMT managers. On the other hand, there are significant opportunities for development through digital transformation, human resource capacity building, optimization of social funds (ZISWAF), and the strengthening of regulations based on maqāṣid al-sharī‘ah. This study proposes an integrative model combining qard and ‘ariyah contracts as an alternative approach to enhance the social function of BMTs while maintaining financial sustainability.

The phenomenon of increasing female activity in cafes shows a shift in lifestyle that is not merely consumptive, but also reflective and social. Cafes have now become leisure spaces where women express themselves, build relationships, and find emotional balance. This study aims to examine the trend of women utilizing cafes as a practice of social welfare in the era of sustainability. The approach used is descriptive qualitative based on secondary sources, with data in the form of news articles, lifestyle writings, and online media coverage of women's leisure behavior in Cirebon. This analysis was conducted to explore the social and spiritual values that emerge in these activities. The results of the study show that cafes serve as safe spaces for women to interact, share ideas, and restore mental energy. These activities reflect maqashid values such as Hifz al-nafs (preserving the soul) and Hifz al-'aql (preserving the mind), while contributing to the spirit of sustainability through the strengthening of gender equality and social welfare. The novelty of this research lies in its attempt to interpret women's leisure trends through the paradigm of social welfare, rather than simply as a modern lifestyle. These findings have important implications for the creation of a more inclusive, safe, and sustainable public space, while also opening up a new perspective that leisure activities can be part of achieving maqashid al-syari'ah in contemporary social life.

This study aims to explore the symbolic meaning of the siraman ceremony in Javanese culture and interpret its values ​​in light of the Catholic faith, particularly regarding the sanctity and blessings of the sacrament of marriage. The siraman tradition is understood not merely as a cultural ritual, but as a process of physical and spiritual purification imbued with spiritual symbolism, such as the use of water from seven springs and the granting of parental blessings. This study uses a qualitative approach with a literature review method through analysis of Church documents, Javanese anthropological literature, and relevant research. The results indicate that the meaning of purification in siraman is closely related to the symbolism of baptismal water in the Catholic tradition, while the prayer of parental blessing aligns with the concept of blessing as a manifestation of God's grace in the family. Through the inculturation perspective emphasized in Gaudium et Spes and Ecclesia in Asia, siraman can be understood as a form of harmonious dialogue between faith and culture without compromising the purity of Church teachings. This study concludes that the siraman ceremony can enrich the experience of the sacrament of marriage for Javanese Catholics, while strengthening their identity as individuals of faith and culture.

This study examines the words structure of two selected songs, “Kekal” and “Di Akhir Perang”, from Nadin Amizah’s album Untuk Dunia, Cinta, dan Kotornya, with a focus on identifying and interpreting the functions of open class words and closed class words within the lyrical composition. The background of this research lies in the growing interest in understanding how contemporary Indonesian songwriters construct meaning through linguistic choices that contribute to the emotional depth of their works. The objective of this study is to analyze how open class words such as nouns, verbs, adjectives, and adverbs contribute to semantic imagery, while closed class words such as pronouns, conjunctions, prepositions, and aspects establish grammatical cohesion and narrative continuity. Using qualitative descriptive methods, the lyrics were segmented, categorized, and interpreted based on linguistic theory to reveal the semantic and grammatical roles of each word class. The findings show that open class words dominate the emotional and metaphorical landscape of the songs, functioning as carriers of imagery, personal vulnerability, and symbolic representation of healing, love, and existential reflection. Meanwhile, closed class words serve as structural anchors that link ideas, mark relationships between clauses, and maintain narrative fluidity, particularly in expressing inner conflict and the resolution of emotional war depicted in the lyrics. The study concludes that Nadin Amizah’s lyricism is not only aesthetically expressive but also linguistically strategic, revealing a deliberate interplay between lexical creativity and grammatical precision. These findings imply that linguistic analysis can enrich the appreciation of contemporary Indonesian music and open new perspectives for future studies in stylistics, discourse analysis, and cultural semantics.

Pancasila, as the foundational ideology of Indonesia, plays a fundamental role in shaping a democratic system and ensuring the protection of human rights based on justice. From Yusril Ihza Mahendra’s perspective, Pancasila is not merely a normative ideology but serves as a political and legal paradigm that integrates the values of divinity, humanity, unity, democracy, and social justice into the practice of governance. According to Yusril, Indonesian democracy cannot be equated with Western liberalism, which emphasizes individual freedom; rather, it is a constitutional democracy grounded in the moral and spiritual foundations of Pancasila. The values of Pancasila position human rights in a balanced relationship between rights and responsibilities, as well as between individual and collective interests of the nation. Thus, democracy and human rights, in Yusril’s view, are integralistic—citizens’ freedoms are directed toward realizing social j  ustice and order in national life. This article aims to examine Yusril Ihza Mahendra’s thoughts on the relationship between Pancasila, democracy, and human rights, and their relevance within the context of Indonesia’s contemporary constitutional system.

This study examines how Christian marriage is represented in the modern era through theological, symbolic, and contextual perspectives. Although Christian marriage is traditionally understood as a sacred covenant emphasizing unity, fidelity, and permanence, contemporary social realities reveal shifts in how Christians interpret and express marital life. Economic pressures, evolving family roles, digital communication patterns, and cultural influences shape the modern experience of marriage. Using a descriptive qualitative approach through literature-based research, this study analyzes the theological foundations, ritual symbols, and contextual factors that influence changes in the representation of Christian marriage today. The findings indicate that while the core theological essence of Christian marriage remains, its practical expressions undergo adaptation to remain relevant within modern life. Symbols such as wedding rings, marital vows, and liturgical blessings continue to convey theological meaning, while premarital education and pastoral support play a crucial role in strengthening marital stability. The study highlights the need for a contextual and integrative ecclesial approach that responds to the realities faced by Christian couples in contemporary society.    

The emergence of a single candidate in the 2024 Batang hari Regional Election represents an interesting illustration of political party strategies in responding to local democratic dynamics. This study aims to analyze the formation of a grand political coalition through the seek efficiency perspective, referring to the concept of political efficiency proposed by(Pamungkas & Parlindungan, 2011). This research employs a qualitative descriptive approach, with data collected through interviews, documentation, and online media analysis. The findings reveal that the establishment of a grand coalition supporting the incumbent pair, Fadhil Arief and Bakhtiar, was primarily motivated by political efficiency considerations in utilizing resources such as time, energy, and cost. Cross-party cooperation was viewed as a strategic measure to enhance campaign effectiveness and strengthen electoral support. For core parties such as PPP and NasDem, this efficiency became more evident once the coalition operated with proper coordination and proportional role distribution. Overall, the study illustrates that coalition formation in Batang Hari reflects a form of rational political behavior oriented toward effectiveness and efficiency, as well as an effort to strengthen local democratic stability through productive political collaboration

This study aims to describe the perspectives of economic actors regarding the importance of money in daily interactions and transactions. Money, as a medium of exchange, not only facilitates the transfer of goods and services but also shapes more efficient and structured economic behavior. In everyday activities, economic actors view money as an instrument that provides value certainty, transactional convenience, and flexibility in managing needs and expenditures. The role of money is also understood as a factor influencing socio-economic relationships, as interactions between individuals are often grounded in transactional processes that require trust and universally accepted exchange values. Furthermore, the development of payment technologies has broadened economic actors’ understanding of money, especially within the context of digitalized transactions. This study illustrates that money is not merely a transactional tool but also a crucial element in shaping the socio-economic dynamics of modern society. The findings are expected to contribute to microeconomic discussions related to how economic actors utilize money as a fundamental instrument in daily economic activities.

The phenomenon of sudden resignations, which is common among Generation Z, has become a concern in the modern world of employment. Changes in mindset, expectations of work, and demands for work-life balance are the main factors driving these decisions. However, sudden resignations also raise legal issues related to breaches of employment agreements and the moral responsibilities of employees. This article discusses this phenomenon from the perspective of Indonesian labor law, outlining the contributing factors, the impact on employment relationships, and the legal provisions that govern it. This study uses a normative-descriptive approach based on Law Number 13 of 2003 concerning Labor and Law Number 6 of 2023 concerning the Stipulation of Government Regulations in Lieu of the Job Creation Law into Law. This phenomenon shows a gap between normative labor regulations and the reality of a younger generation that is more dynamic and flexible in their work. Therefore, companies and policymakers need to be more adaptive in order to adjust labor regulations to the changing characteristics of today's workforce. In addition, this study also highlights the importance of effective communication between workers and employers to prevent sudden resignations. The results of this study are expected to contribute to the development of labor policies that are more responsive to the needs of Generation Z. Thus, a balance between legal certainty and flexibility in employment relationships can be achieved harmoniously.

Indonesia’s rich religious, ethnic, and cultural diversity has long been accompanied by challenges related to socio-religious conflict. One important yet often overlooked dimension is intra-religious tension, illustrated by the differing perspectives of Nahdlatul Ulama (NU) and Muhammadiyah—the two largest Islamic organizations in the country. This study examines how these organizations manage their doctrinal differences (khilafiyah) and uphold tolerance as an expression of the First Principle of Pancasila. Using a qualitative literature review, the research analyzes organizational documents, scholarly works, and academic articles concerning both groups. Findings show that their divergence stems primarily from distinct methodological frameworks. NU follows the Aswaja tradition, accommodating local culture through the concept of Islam Nusantara, adhering to classical jurisprudential schools, and applying the maxim al-muhafadzah. In contrast, Muhammadiyah employs the Manhaj Tarjih and a Tajdid (renewal) approach centered on purification and modernization, forming the basis of its Progressive Islam vision. Despite differences in jurisprudential practice, both organizations share a commitment to moderation (wasathiyyah). NU expresses tolerance through its principles of Tawassuth, Tawazun, Tasamuh, and the Trilogy of Brotherhood, whereas Muhammadiyah emphasizes justice and respect for diversity in its Guidelines for Islamic Life. Their mutual acceptance of Pancasila—as Darul Ahdi wa Syahadah for Muhammadiyah and the foundation of Ukhuwah Wathaniyah for NU—demonstrates that internal Islamic pluralism can strengthen, rather than weaken, national unity.

This study aims to analyze the reflection table in the book Wonderful Insight English class VII published by Erlangga in 2023 based on the perspective of Wilhelm Wundt's structuralism psychology. The reflection table contains five main statements, namely Now I know about, I wonder about, It is confirmed that, My misconception so far was that, and I have learnt about, which are designed to help students evaluate their learning experiences. The research uses a descriptive qualitative method with a document analysis approach, and utilizes the concept of introspection and elements of consciousness in Wundt's theory of structuralism. The results of the analysis showed that each statement of reflection represented a different stage of consciousness. Now I know about marking the emergence of new knowledge, I wonder about reflecting curiosity and further thinking process, It is confirmed that it shows the strengthening of the understanding that has been had, My misconception so far was that it reveals awareness of misconceptions, while I have learnt about affirming the final result of learning. These findings confirm that the reflection table in the book has facilitated the process of student introspection, while strengthening learning awareness in line with the principles of structuralism psychology Wilhelm Wundt. Thus, reflection is an important instrument in building students' cognitive awareness in 21st century learning.

Childhood obesity has become an increasingly significant health and education problem in various countries, including Indonesia, influenced by unhealthy eating patterns, lifestyle changes, and low nutritional literacy within families. This article aims to examine the lack of balanced nutrition in obese early childhood from the perspective of family education as part of non-formal education. The research method used is a literature review by reviewing national and international literature related to nutrition, child growth and development, and the increasing trend of obesity. The results show that obesity has physical, cognitive, psychological, and social impacts that can hinder a child's holistic development. Parents play a crucial role in establishing healthy eating habits, monitoring food consumption, and fostering an active lifestyle. Improving nutritional literacy within families, synergizing with early childhood education institutions, and supporting public health policies are considered crucial to preventing the long-term risk of obesity. Therefore, family education about balanced nutrition is a crucial strategy in supporting optimal growth and development and creating a healthy and competitive generation of early childhood children.

This study provides a comprehensive analysis of the role of the United States in the Cold War rivalry against the Soviet Union, spanning from the end of World War II to the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991. The research focuses on the political, military, ideological, and economic strategies employed by the United States to contain the spread of communism through the implementation of the containment doctrine, the establishment of security alliances such as NATO, and economic assistance programs such as the Marshall Plan. The findings reveal that the rivalry between the two superpowers extended beyond military and structural domains, reaching into technological competition through the nuclear arms race and the Space Race, as well as geopolitical confrontations manifested in proxy wars across Asia, the Middle East, Africa, and Latin America. The theoretical framework, which incorporates perspectives from realism, liberalism, and constructivism, demonstrates that U.S. actions were shaped by a combination of power interests, ideological identity, and the pursuit of global leadership. Further analysis indicates that these strategies had a profound impact on the formation of the post–Cold War international order and continue to influence contemporary global politics. The study concludes that the involvement of the United States in the Cold War was a long-term strategic process that not only determined the direction of the conflict itself but also played a crucial role in shaping modern geopolitical structures and international relations.

The use of electronic cigarettes (vapes) among adolescents continues to increase and has emerged as a significant public health concern influenced by the interaction of individual, social, and environmental factors. This study aims to comprehensively riview the factors influencing adolescent e-cigarette use from the perspective of Social Cognitive Theory. A descriptive-narrative literature review was conducted using empirical national and international studies published between 2015 and 2025 and retrieved from Google Scholar, PubMed, and ScienceDirect databases. The synthesis of the literature indicates that adolescent vaping behavior is influenced by social environmental factors, including peer influence and exposure to social media, as well as personal cognitive factors such as knowledge, risk perception, outcome expectations, and self-efficacy. These factors operate thorugh observational learning and reciprocal interactions between individuals, environment, and behavior. This review concludes that Social Cognitive Theory provides a relevant and comprehensive framework for understanding adolescent vaping behavior and offers a foundations for the development of effective health promotion interventions and preventive policies.

The development of modern business has given rise to various marketing models, one of which is Multi-Level Marketing (MLM). However, in practice, many parties misuse this system into a pyramid scheme, a business model that prioritizes profits from recruiting new members rather than from actual product sales. This phenomenon causes harm to society and raises moral as well as religious concerns in Islamic law. This study aims to analyze the recruitment strategies and compensation patterns used in pyramid schemes disguised as MLM, examine them from the perspective of Islamic economics, and provide a comparison with Multi-Level Marketing systems that operate in accordance with Islamic principles. This research employs a descriptive qualitative method with a literature study approach by reviewing various sources such as books, scientific journals, and relevant academic documents. The results indicate that the recruitment system and compensation pattern in pyramid schemes contain elements of gharar, tadlis, dharar, and zhulm, all of which contradict Islamic economic principles. Therefore, the public is advised to be more cautious in choosing MLM businesses, as such models are permissible in Islam only if they focus on selling lawful (halal) products, are conducted honestly and transparently, and provide fair benefits for all parties involved.