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This research aims to optimize PPKn teachers in PPKn learning, increasing interest in learning for inclusive students, so that students can be independent in their interest in learning and teachers can achieve the expected results and can find out the obstacles faced by teachers in increasing interest in learning. This research has a problem formulation including: How is PPKn learning at SMA Muhammadiyah 1 Cimahi, what is the interest in learning of inclusive students in PPKn subjects at SMA Muhammadiyah 1 Cimahi, what obstacles do teachers face in increasing the interest in learning of inclusive students at SMA Muhammadiyah 1 Cimahi. This research uses a qualitative approach with descriptive research type. Data collection techniques in research are interviews, observation and documentation. The results of this research were to find out, increase interest in learning, and find obstacles in the context of PPKn learning at SMA Muhammadiyah 1 Cimahi, achieved by gaining a comprehensive understanding of the dynamics of learning and the challenges faced by teachers in creating an inclusive and motivating learning environment.

The Family Hope Program (PKH) is a conditional social assistance program provided by the government to improve the quality of life of underprivileged families through support in the education, health, and social welfare sectors. In its implementation, the process of determining PKH candidate recipients at the West Sumba Regency Social Service often experiences obstacles, especially with regard to objectivity, accuracy of targets, and limitations in complex data management. Thus, a decision support system (SPK) is needed that can assist the agency in selecting prospective recipients more effectively, efficiently, and on target. This study proposes the application of the Naive Bayes method in the development of SPK to determine PKH recipients. The Naive Bayes method was chosen because of its ability to classify data based on probability, and it can handle large volumes of data with a good degree of accuracy. The criteria applied in the classification include the level of household income, the number of members covered, the state of residence, the education of children, and the health of family members. The research process includes needs analysis, system design, data collection, application of Naive Bayes algorithms, and system testing. The findings of the study show that SPK based on Naive Bayes can provide recommendations for PKH recipients with better accuracy compared to manual methods. In addition, the system is able to improve transparency, fairness, and speed in the recipient selection procedure. With this system, it is hoped that the distribution of PKH in West Sumba Regency can be more orderly, balanced, and on target in accordance with the goals of government programs.

This research aims to describe the implementation of Physical Education learning at Madrasah Pondok Pesantren Miftahul Muta'alimin (Miftahul Muta'alimin Islamic Boarding School). Learning implementation in this research includes planning, implementation, and assessment/evaluation, as well as the obstacles and supports that influence these implementations. This research used a descriptive qualitative approach. The data were obtained through interviews, observations, and documentation. The data validity was tested by using source triangulation. Observations and documentation were used as supporting data to strengthen the interview results. The research subjects consisted of the principals of Islamic Junior High Schools (MTs) and Islamic Junior High Schools (MA), a Physical Education teacher, and four students (two from each MTs and two from the MA). The data analysis was conducted through data reduction, data presentation, and conclusion drawing. The research findings indicate that the implementation of Physical Education learning has followed the planning, implementation, and evaluation stages, but has not been optimal. Planning remains administrative in nature and has not fully adapted to student characteristics. Learning implementation includes an introduction, core, and closing phase, but lacks of method variation and active student involvement. Assessment/evaluation has covered cognitive, affective, and psychomotor aspects, but it is still limited to final assessments and it is not yet sustainable. Furthermore, limited infrastructure and teacher backgrounds pose challenges. Despite this, madrasah and Islamic boarding schools (pesantren) generally support the implementation of Physical Education (PE) learning.

The background of this study is based on fluctuations in the realization of PBB in Tuladenggi Village, Telaga Biru Subdistrict, which has not consistently reached its target, even though PBB is an important source of support for local revenue. This condition is caused by low awareness and compliance among taxpayers, limited understanding among the community regarding payment mechanisms, and suboptimal bureaucratic behavior in providing services. The purpose of this study is to describe the behavior of the bureaucracy in PBB services in Tuladenggi Village, Telaga Biru District, with a focus on the aspects of responsibility, responsiveness, and commitment and consistency of village officials. The research method used is descriptive qualitative with data collection techniques through observation, in-depth interviews, and documentation. The results show that bureaucratic behavior in PBB services in Tuladenggi Village is already in place, but it is not yet fully optimal. In terms of responsibility, officials have distributed SPPT and conducted socialization, but the information is often late and unclear. In terms of responsiveness, officials have attempted to adjust their approach to the community's conditions through direct services and personal communication, but some community members feel that some officials are still not proactive enough. In terms of commitment and consistency, village officials have demonstrated their seriousness through administrative record-keeping, routine evaluations, and proactive services, although they still face obstacles.

Standard Operating Procedures (SOPs) play a crucial role in creating consistency, efficiency, and accountability in governance. However, the process of developing SOPs within the bureaucracy often faces complex organizational communication challenges. This study aims to analyze the organizational communication process in developing SOPs at the Serang City Regional Inspectorate, focusing on the role of the Secretariat as the administrative coordination center. The method used was a qualitative case study approach, involving in-depth interviews with key informants, observation, and documentation analysis. The results indicate that organizational communication plays a crucial role in every stage of SOP development, from data collection and drafting, to cross-sector coordination, and document finalization. The Secretariat acts as a liaison between units, archives manager, and coordination meeting facilitator. However, obstacles identified include a top-down vertical communication pattern, differing perceptions between units, delays in information flow due to bureaucracy, and limited technology-based communication tools. Improvements were made through the establishment of cross-unit forums, communication training, and the use of online applications to strengthen two-way communication. The implications of this research indicate that increasing the effectiveness of organizational communication is a key factor in accelerating the process of preparing SOPs and supporting the creation of more responsive, efficient, and accountable governance.

This study aims to assess the effectiveness of the Jakpreneur program in reducing unemployment in South Jakarta. Jakpreneur is a strategic initiative launched by the Jakarta Provincial Government as a concrete effort to empower Micro, Small, and Medium Enterprises (MSMEs). This program is designed with various forms of support, such as skills training, business mentoring, legal licensing facilitation, product marketing support, and easy access to capital. This aims to create an inclusive and sustainable entrepreneurial ecosystem, especially amidst the complex challenges of the urban economy and the ongoing unemployment rate. However, in its implementation on the ground, the program's effectiveness still faces several obstacles. One of the main problems identified is the suboptimality of information technology-based training. Many participants have not yet mastered basic digital skills, making it difficult to keep up with developments in training methods that rely on technology. In addition, the low level of responsiveness of program facilitators to participant needs, as well as the limited digital literacy of MSMEs, also hinders maximizing the benefits of this program. This study uses a descriptive qualitative approach with data collection techniques through in-depth interviews, participant observation, and documentation studies. The findings indicate that, despite some shortcomings, the Jakpreneur program has been generally successful in improving participants' entrepreneurial knowledge and skills, reaching the right target audience, and having a tangible impact on increasing business capacity and reducing unemployment. Therefore, strengthening outreach, improving the quality of digital training, and providing more active and responsive mentoring is necessary to further enhance the program's effectiveness.

Effective, efficient, and accountable public services are one of the fundamental pillars of good governance. At the village level, the success of these services is highly dependent on the performance of government officials, particularly in administrative services that directly address the community’s basic needs. This study aims to analyze employee performance in administrative services at the Maliran Village Head Office, Ponggok Subdistrict, Blitar Regency, and to identify obstacles faced during the service process. A descriptive qualitative research method was employed, with data collected through observation, interviews, and documentation. The findings indicate that employee performance can be categorized as fairly good based on ten performance indicators: work quality, work quantity, timeliness, effectiveness, independence, reliability, responsiveness, assurance, empathy, and tangible evidence. These aspects reflect that village officials are generally able to carry out their duties in meeting the administrative needs of the community. However, several obstacles remain, including reliance on digital technology that is not supported by adequate infrastructure, particularly the frequent occurrence of power outages which disrupts the continuity of services. The study highlights the importance of strengthening digital infrastructure, enhancing technical training for village officials, and ensuring the availability of backup systems to anticipate service interruptions. These efforts are essential to improve service delivery, strengthen public trust, and support the realization of good governance at the village level.

Violent crimes such as armed robbery, terrorism, riots, and hostage-taking pose serious threats to public safety and order. In this context, the Brimob Pelopor Unit of the North Sumatra Regional Police plays a strategic role as a paramilitary police force trained to handle high-intensity threats. This research is driven by the urgency to examine the extent to which Brimob’s role is carried out within the framework of criminal law and the principles of fair, professional, and proportional law enforcement. The aim of this study is to analyze the legal foundations underlying the involvement of the Brimob Pelopor Unit in handling violent crimes, identify operational and institutional obstacles faced, and evaluate the strategies implemented within the context of law enforcement. The method employed is a descriptive qualitative approach, using data collection techniques such as interviews, observations, and document studies. The findings indicate that the Brimob Pelopor Unit of North Sumatra actively participates in operations against armed crime, riot control, and securing vital objects, based on clear legal provisions such as Law No. 2 of 2002 and police regulations regarding the use of force. Key challenges include limited personnel, tactical equipment shortages, bureaucratic delays, and public pressure concerning human rights issues. Nevertheless, various reinforcement strategies are being pursued through intensive training, inter-agency collaboration, and a humanistic approach to community engagement. This study concludes that Brimob’s role is crucial in Indonesia’s law enforcement system, though continuous reform is required to maintain professionalism and legal legitimacy amid complex national security challenges.

The Department of Education and Culture of Situbondo Regency is a government agency responsible for providing administrative services to schools within its jurisdiction. However, based on field survey results, the current system still faces significant challenges due to its lack of integration. For instance, the process of collecting physical documents and tracking application status remains inefficient, leading to various obstacles such as service delays, risks of data loss, inconvenience for applicants, and limited transparency and accountability in data management. To address these issues, this study proposes the design of a web-based school administrative service information system. The system development process employs the Structured Systems Analysis and Design Method (SSADM), which emphasizes systematic and structured procedures to ensure functionality and efficiency. The results of this study highlight the importance of adopting information technology within government institutions, particularly the Department of Education and Culture of Situbondo Regency, as a means of supporting administrative activities. The proposed web-based system is expected to streamline administrative processes, improve service delivery, and enhance transparency in managing school-related data. Moreover, by integrating digital solutions into governance, the system can contribute to strengthening the quality of education management and supporting better decision-making processes. Ultimately, the design of this information system demonstrates the potential of technology to transform public sector services and foster accountability in education governance.

The rapid development of information technology has encouraged government institutions to transform the way they manage data and deliver public services. The Protocol and Leadership Communication Division (Prokopim) of Situbondo Regency plays a strategic role in managing the schedules of regional leaders and documenting each official activity as a form of accountability. Currently, these processes are still managed manually, which causes obstacles in recording, searching, and reporting data. Such limitations reduce efficiency and transparency, indicating the urgency of a structured, accessible, and integrated web-based information system. This research aims to design a web-based system that integrates employee data, leadership agendas, and documentation records into a single platform. The research method combines field observations, interviews with Prokopim staff, and literature studies to analyze user requirements. The system design adopts the Waterfall model, which includes requirement analysis, database design, user interface design, and system modeling using Unified Modeling Language (UML) diagrams such as use case, activity, and sequence diagrams. Database structures are represented through class diagrams, while user interface designs are developed using prototyping. The findings of this study produce a system blueprint that provides a structured framework for digitalizing agenda and documentation processes. The proposed design improves accessibility, accuracy, and efficiency in managing leadership activities. Furthermore, this system can be considered as a practical model for applying digital transformation in government institutions, supporting better accountability and service quality in the public sector.

This study investigates the role of peer social support in enhancing self-confidence among adolescents at the Amal Wanita An-Nur Orphanage in Depok, Indonesia. Adolescents living in orphanages often experience psychological challenges, including low self-confidence and limited social interaction, which can affect their personal growth and future orientation. The objective of this research is to explore how peer social support contributes to strengthening self-confidence and to identify the forms, driving factors, and obstacles of such support. A qualitative descriptive method was applied through observation, interviews, and documentation, involving seven informants consisting of the orphanage head, caregivers, and adolescents. Findings show that three types of support emotional, appraisal, and informational play a dominant role in fostering self-confidence. Emotional support was expressed through empathy and active listening, appraisal support was provided through recognition of achievements and encouragement, while informational support involved advice and constructive feedback. Meanwhile, instrumental and network support were less emphasized due to limited resources. Despite the presence of barriers such as feelings of inferiority, miscommunication, and differences in emotional readiness, peer support proved effective in motivating adolescents, strengthening their resilience, and fostering positive self-perception. The implications suggest the need for structured peer-support programs, facilitated by caregivers and social workers, to maximize adolescents’ potential and prepare them for future challenges. Thus, this study demonstrates that peer social support serves not only as a protective factor but also as a social learning tool that shapes adolescents' interpersonal skills. Targeted programs can increase self-confidence, expand social relationships, and create a more supportive and inclusive nursing home environment.

The Indonesia National Single Window (INSW) is an integrated system designed to facilitate, accelerate, and simplify port administration processes through real-time data exchange among relevant agencies. The purpose of this study is to analyze the effectiveness of implementing the INSW system in synchronizing data between customs and other related agencies within the ship agency process at PT. Samudera Shipping Agency Dumai. The research method employed is qualitative, with data collected through library research and field studies. The field study was conducted through direct observation and interviews at PT. Samudera Shipping Agency Dumai, while the library research involved reviewing various related sources, including journals, books, and government regulations. The results of the study indicate that the INSW system makes a significant contribution to harmonizing data between agencies, which positively impacts administrative efficiency, information transparency, and the reduction of data errors, particularly in interactions with customs. The system also supports improved coordination among related parties, such as quarantine offices, harbor masters, and port authorities, thereby enabling more effective services. However, several challenges still hinder optimal performance, including human resource readiness, limited internet connectivity, and dependence on the stability of the central system. These obstacles may lead to technical issues such as system errors, delays in document verification, and even risks of power outages, which could potentially cause delays in data submission and result in sanctions from authorities. In conclusion, the INSW system has proven effective in expediting and simplifying ship agency processes at PT. Samudera Shipping Agency Dumai. Nevertheless, to achieve greater effectiveness, continuous training for human resources, improvement of digital infrastructure, and the development of a more modern, transparent, and internationally competitive system are required.

This study aims to determine the effectiveness of the Micro Business Actor Assistance program at the Bandung City KUMKM Office. Micro business actor assistance is a program of the Bandung city government through the Bandung City KUMKM Office where the micro business actor assistance program is a program to improve micro business actors so that they can be competitive and improve the quality of micro business actors. However, in its implementation, the Micro Business Actor Assistance at the Bandung City KUMKM Office has not been optimal and there are several obstacles such as the characteristics of the indifferent community and technical support still needs to be overcome to optimize the results of the program. Overall, Micro Business Actor Assistance is considered effective in achieving the goals of empowering micro business actors and improving quality and competitiveness at the Bandung City KUMKM Office. From the results of the study, it is known that 4 Themes, 9 Categories, and 108 Codes were found, the method used in this study is a qualitative method with a case study. In this study, data collection techniques were carried out by interviews, observation, documentation, and literature studies. The informants in this study include: Plta Kasie, head of the micro business sector, and assistants to micro business actors in the Kiaracondong, Batununggal and Lengkong sub-districts. The data analysis used in this study is the Miles & Huberman interactive model data analysis which consists of several components, namely data collection, data reduction, data presentation and conclusions or verification. Data analysis was carried out using the Atlas.ti software tool.

This study examines the application of systems thinking in modern healthcare organizations, with a particular focus on Peter Senge’s Fifth Discipline. Using a systematic literature review of 20 selected articles, the study investigates the potential and challenges of applying systems thinking across key areas such as patient safety, service integration, resource management, and innovation. Findings indicate that systems thinking provides a holistic framework to better understand and address the inherent complexity of healthcare systems. By fostering interconnections among organizational components, it enhances the capacity to improve performance, ensure patient-centered care, and support sustainable change. Nevertheless, implementation is hindered by obstacles such as resistance to change, lack of shared understanding, and difficulties in measuring systemic outcomes. To address these barriers, the study highlights strategies including leadership development, staff training, and the establishment of appropriate evaluation tools. These measures strengthen organizational readiness and support a culture of continuous learning. The study concludes that systems thinking offers valuable insights for healthcare organizations to adapt to evolving challenges, but its success requires long-term commitment, supportive leadership, and systematic implementation. Future research should further explore the integration of systems thinking with emerging digital health technologies and assess its long-term impact on health outcomes and organizational resilience.

This research explores the Media Relations strategies implemented by the Partai Amanat Nasional (PAN) faction in the context of political communication during the administration of President Prabowo Subianto. Building a positive image in politics through effective relationships with the mass media is essential. The purpose of this study is to identify the strategies employed by the PAN faction in managing relations, developing strategies, and expanding networks with the media. The public image of the PAN faction is shaped through media coverage. This research applies Media Relations strategy theory, which includes managing relationships, developing strategies, and network building, as well as image formation theory, which encompasses perception, cognition, motivation, and attitude. A qualitative method with a descriptive study approach was used, and data were collected through interviews and documentation. The findings reveal that 1.) The PAN faction actively engages in communication through media gatherings, press conferences, doorstop interviews, advertorial collaborations, and media involvement in discussions. 2.) The faction disseminates information using both conventional and digital media, emphasizing engagement and transparency. 3.) PAN also builds partnerships with external organizations through audience meetings, seminars, training, and discussions as efforts to expand its communication network. 4.) Supporting factors include the openness of the media team and the availability of communicative spokespersons, while obstacles arise from the rapidly changing dynamics of social media and limited control over external media content. 5.) The National Mandate Party faction builds its image through strategic and responsive communication across both digital and traditional media. However, challenges

The abuse of narcotics in Indonesia has become a serious threat to public health and social order. In supporting law enforcement efforts against narcotics abuse cases, the role of the Police Medical and Health Division (Biddokkes) is crucial. Biddokkes is not only responsible for conducting medical and forensic examinations on suspects but also plays a key role in assessment and rehabilitation recommendations for drug addicts. The health law approach, which emphasizes recovery and the protection of human rights, serves as a vital framework in addressing these cases. This study aims to analyze the role of Biddokkes in supporting law enforcement processes against narcotics abuse and to examine how health law can be applied in this context. The research uses a normative-empirical method with primary and secondary data obtained through document studies, interviews, and field observations within Biddokkes of the North Sumatra Regional Police. The results show that Biddokkes plays a strategic role in legal proceedings, including conducting medical examinations, issuing visum et repertum, toxicology testing, and clinical assessments that determine the legal status of suspects. The findings also indicate that medical examination results from Biddokkes serve as vital evidence in court and form the basis for recommending rehabilitation for drug users. However, challenges such as limited facilities, human resources, and pressure in forensic practices remain obstacles. Therefore, the integration of criminal law and health law approaches must be continuously strengthened to establish a fair, humane, and recovery-based legal enforcement system.

Sidewalks are a crucial element of urban infrastructure that support pedestrian mobility. However, on Jalan Dr. Mansyur, Medan Selayang, sidewalk conditions present various problems, such as damaged surfaces, a lack of accessibility facilities, and the presence of street vendors occupying the lanes. This study aims to analyze the impact of sidewalk quality on pedestrian activity by examining three main factors: the physical condition of the sidewalk, environmental safety, and accessibility. Using a mixed methods approach, the sample for the quantitative approach was taken using a stratified random sampling method with a total of 150 respondents. Quantitative data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and SPSS software, while qualitative data were collected through in-depth interviews with key informants. The results showed that sidewalk accessibility had the strongest relationship with pedestrian activity (correlation coefficient 0.72), followed by the physical condition of the sidewalk (0.68) and environmental safety (0.55). Minimal accessibility factors, such as the lack of special lanes for the disabled, proved to be the main obstacle to pedestrian activity. In addition, the damaged physical condition of the sidewalk and the use of sidewalks for activities that are not in accordance with their function further reduce user comfort. Based on these findings, key recommendations include physical improvements to sidewalks with regard to the principles of universal accessibility, including the addition of dedicated lanes for the disabled, repair of damaged surfaces, and reconfiguration of spaces to discourage use by street vendors. The government needs to ensure adequate street lighting to improve user safety. The public is expected to maintain the function of sidewalks by utilizing them according to their intended purpose, while future researchers are advised to explore the impact of sidewalk improvements on broader social and economic aspects, as well as consider the integration of technology in sidewalk design and management. The conclusion of this study is the need for collaborative action between the government, the community, and other relevant parties to create inclusive sidewalk infrastructure that supports active mobility.

This study aims to analyze the reward system in improving the performance of educators at State Islamic Senior High Schools (Madrasah Aliyah) in Jambi Province. The research focuses on the reward mechanism, its implementation, and the factors that determine its effectiveness in improving educator performance. This study uses a descriptive qualitative approach with data collection techniques through observation, in-depth interviews, and documentation. The research locations include three madrasas: MAN 1 Tanjung Jabung Barat, MAN 1 Kota Jambi, and MAN 1 Merangin. The results show that the implemented reward system includes financial rewards (such as incentives and allowances) and non-financial rewards (such as certificates, training, and job promotions). Rewards have been shown to play an important role in improving educator motivation, discipline, loyalty, and performance. However, the implementation of the reward system has not been optimal due to several obstacles, such as budget constraints, lack of transparency in assessments, and the incompatibility of the types of rewards with the needs of educators. On the other hand, madrasas that implement the reward system appropriately and fairly show an increase in the quality of educator work, marked by increased participation, work performance, and professional responsibility. This study concludes that an effective reward system is one that has clear criteria, is transparent, and responsive to the needs of educators. Recommendations are directed to madrasah principals and the Ministry of Religious Affairs to build a strong culture of appreciation and allocate an adequate reward budget to improve the quality of education in madrasahs.

Bullying in schools is a serious issue that affects students’ mental health and therefore needs to be addressed through specific programs that create a safe, comfortable, and healthy environment. Increasing public awareness of the dangers of bullying has encouraged the emergence of anti-bullying programs in schools, including at SMA Dharma Karya UT. This study aims to analyze the implementation of such a program with four main objectives, namely to understand its execution, assess its effectiveness, identify existing obstacles, and provide relevant recommendations for improvement. The research method employed is quantitative with a descriptive approach using questionnaires developed based on program implementation and mental health indicators, tested for validity and reliability, and analyzed with SPSS version 25. The research sample involved 98 students from grades X, XI, and XII, selected through a representative quota sampling technique. The results show a significant relationship between the anti-bullying program and students’ mental health, with a correlation coefficient of 0.760 indicating a strong relationship. The program explains 57.8% of the variance in mental health, while 42.2% is influenced by other external factors. Simple regression analysis produced a constant of 43.783 and a coefficient of 1.814, meaning improvements in program implementation are directly proportional to improvements in mental health. Hypothesis testing confirmed significance with a value of 0.000 < 0.05, thus accepting the alternative hypothesis. The anti-bullying program has proven to be effective and can serve as a reference for other schools.

The use of chemical pesticides in modern agriculture in Indonesia has a negative impact on the environment and health. To address this issue, students from the 24th Community Service Program (KKN) of Raja Ali Haji Maritime University (UMRAH) held a training session on making plant-based pesticides from papaya leaves in Kota Baru Village, Bintan. This activity aimed to provide environmentally friendly and easy-to-apply pest control solutions to local farmer groups. The training involved agricultural extension workers from the Bintan Regency Food Security and Agriculture Office as resource persons. The results of this training are expected to increase farmers' knowledge and skills in utilizing papaya leaves as natural pesticides, reducing the use of chemical pesticides, and realizing more sustainable and environmentally friendly agriculture in Kota Baru Village. Despite obstacles in community participation, this activity succeeded in sparking farmers' interest in applying plant-based pesticides in their crop cultivation.