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Structure is the arrangement or combination of language elements into a patterned language. Thus, phonology is the sound system in Indonesian or it can also be said that phonology is the science of language. This research aims to find similarities and differences between Indonesian and English phonetics. The method used in this article is qualitative descriptive because the researcher will explain descriptively the differences between Indonesian and English at the phonological level.

Nowadays, midwifery and medical work adopted many concepts, descriptions, and terminologies in English. As the demand of the curriculum in midwifery major, English took the magnificence role in facilitating students, preparation for professional requirements, trainings, and research. That was why English became the crucial part for midwifery students to research and practice their English in the real working field. The purpose of the research was to know that this research was expected to confirm and clarify the exposure and practice of Communicative Language Teaching (CLT) through English oral presentation language testing gave the better solution to enhance the speaking skill of midwifery students at Medika Suherman University. The research applied the quantitative analysist that covered descriptive analysis statistic and the t – test. In order to achieve the objective of the research which was used the pre-test and the post-test as the tool to measure the speaking skill ability. The population of the research was 50 students midwife of the second semester at Medika Suherman University, Cikarang Bekasi. The sample of the population was 30 students midwife wahich was selected by purposive random technique. There were four meetings of learning and researching process during the experiment. Before the experiment was conducted, the students were given a pre-test. At the end of the experiment, the students did the post-test. The result of the research proved that the post-test scores were better that the pre-test score. The research concluded that the output of the paired test sample with the Sig. (2-tailed) score was 0.000 < 0.05. It stated that the H0 was rejected, and Ha was accepted. Moreover, it showed that there was an effect of the English oral presentation toward midwifery students’ speaking skill at Medika Suherman University. According to the result, after the exposure and practice of Communicative Language Teaching (CLT) through the English oral presentation language testing, in fact, it was the one of the effective approaches to improve the students midwife speaking skill ability and enthusiasm in learning English at Medika Suherman University.    

This study entitled Teacher’s Methods in Teaching English Vocabularies at Sixth Grade Students of SD Muhammadiyah 2 Denpasar. It aims to find out the methods used by the English teacher at SD Muhammadiyah 2 Denpasar and the obstacles faced by the teacher. This study used the interview method for collecting data. The data was collected through interviewing the English teacher at the sixth grade students of SD Muhammadiyah 2 Denpasar. In addition, the interview was analyzed according to Richards and Rodgers (1986) in the book of Approaches and Methods of Language Teaching. The result of the analysis shows that the teacher uses the combination between audiolingual method and grammar translation method in teaching vocabularies. There were found several obstacles including the lack of students’ pronunciation and the lack of student’s memorization due to the limited time of study in class.

Abstract: This step-by-step guide provides an overview of English phonology, exploring its definition, scope, and the relationship between phonetics and phonology. It delves into the classification and articulation of English sounds, covering aspects such as place and manner of articulation. The guide emphasizes the use of the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) as a standardized system for representing sounds, and provides examples of English vowels and consonants represented by IPA symbols. Understanding English phonology enables learners to improve their pronunciation accuracy, comprehend spoken English more effectively, and enhance their overall communication skills.

The research aimed to analyze students' need to learn English phonology at fourth semester students of English Study Program of Islamic university of north sumatera. Phonology is one of lessons that difficult to learn, because the students must concentrate and focus to learn it. To make students more understand in learning English phonology, the researcher need to know what students feeling before studying phonology and what their wish in learning it. Because of that reason, the researcher tried to analyze students' need in English phonology. There were two types of instrument to gather the data; questionnaire and interview. The total students in this research are 83 students, which consist of 41 students in class 2, and 42 students in class 4. The researcher analyzed students answer based on interview. The finding was students need lecturer to be patient to teach them in English phonology, the students need the lecturer explain topic per topic in slowly until they understood, the students need more practice or exercise than theory or discussion.

The purpose of this research is to provide understanding of English phonology to the learners who are new with English phonology. The method used in this research is literature review. This discussion explores the study of English sounds, known as English phonology. It covers important topics for beginners, such as understanding the basic units of sounds (phonemes) and their variations (allophones). The chat also introduces processes like assimilation, dissimilation, and deletion that affect how sounds change in spoken English. Additionally, it explains vowel and consonant reduction, which impact how certain sounds are pronounced. Lastly, the chat provides an overview of classifying consonant and vowel sounds based on their characteristics. By learning about these aspects, beginners can improve their pronunciation, understand different sound patterns, and enhance their overall communication skills in English.

This article analyzes the importance of data collection and measurement of progress in the English education curriculum. Accurate data collection and effective measurement methods play an important role in evaluating the effectiveness of the English education curriculum. Some of the relevant data collection methods include tests and examinations, use of portfolios, and class observations. Meanwhile, progress measurement methods include grades, performance scales, formative tests, project assessments, and self-evaluations. By using these methods, teachers can get comprehensive information about students' progress in English, which can then be used to design appropriate teaching strategies. Accurate data collection and effective measurement of progress will provide significant benefits in improving students' English learning

The goal of this study is to determine the effectiveness of IPA, or phonetic transcriptions, in Tophonetics application based on phonetic transcriptions. Descriptive qualitative research methodologies are employed. Seven students were used as the sample in this study to examine phonetic transcriptions using phonetic tools and gauge participants’ perceptions. In this study, the author employs interviews as a tool to gather data. This study’s conclusion is that students use this tophonetic application to look up phonetic transcriptions. According to the study’s findings, students can readily complete IPA, or phonetic transcriptions in English, using the Tophonetics application rather than utilizing an open dictionary. They can also more easily learn how to utilize the program, which will help them pronounce words more clearly.  

English profeciency is one of the most important prerequisites to be fulfilled in applying for educational degrees, scholarships, or even jobs nowadays. Test of English as a Foreign Language (TOEFL) is one of the most common english profeciency tests to be taken in Indonesia especially TOEFL PBT (paper-based), although most countries across the world now prefer to use TOEFL iBT. This study examines the high frequency words in TOEFL ITP exercises and their morphological processes using a corpus data taken from the reading practices of Longman TOEFL PBT Preparation book. This study is a mix between a quantitative and a qualitative research. In finding the HFWs, the author used a software called AntConc. The results of the study showed that from 100 HFWs found in the reading section of TOEFL PBT exercises, the ranks of the most frequent word class to appear from highest to lowest are Noun (30 words), Verb (17 words), Adverb (15 words), Preposition (13 word), Determiner (11 words), Adjective (5 words), Number (4 words), Conjunction (4 words) and 1 Contraction. Meanwhile, the 10 most frequent words to appear among those 100 words are “the” (9,64%), “of” (4,24%), “in” (3,24%), “to” (2,56%), “a” (2,18%), “is” (1,77%), “and” (1,75%), “that (1,34%), “passage” (1,1%), and “on” (0,9%).      

This research explores the importance of studying English minimal pairs of vowels and their impact on language learners' pronunciation skills. The discussion highlights the significance of differentiating vowel sounds through the analysis of minimal pairs, which consist of words sharing consonant sounds but differing in vowel articulation. By focusing on specific minimal pairs such as [iː] / [ɪ], [æ] / [ʌ], [ɑ:] / [ɔ], [ɛ], and [ɒ], learners can refine their ability to recognize and produce the distinct vowel sounds accurately. Mastering these minimal pairs enhances phonemic awareness, enabling learners to differentiate between similar vowel sounds, thereby improving overall pronunciation accuracy. Furthermore, the study of minimal pairs contributes to word differentiation, listening skills, and spelling and reading proficiency. It empowers learners to grasp the subtle nuances in vowel pronunciation, thereby enhancing their ability to comprehend and communicate effectively in English. In conclusion, a comprehensive understanding and application of English minimal pairs of vowels are vital for language learners striving to achieve optimal pronunciation proficiency.   English minimal pairs of vowel

The results showed that 1) The application of the boarding school program to the learning achievement of PAI at SMP Muhammadiyah Banjarnegara was carried out by the first teacher of the worship practice program, namely the midnight prayer in congregation, morning prayer and morning dhikr, rote deposit, congregational midday prayer, afternoon prayer, evening prayer, muroja'ah memorization, maghrib prayer, tadarus and evening prayer. Second, teaching the book, namely the program teaching the book, which proves that students can understand more deeply about the science of monotheism, worship, muamalah, and morals. The four programs for developing English and Arabic skills have been proven to be able to increase PAI learning achievement because more PAI material relates to the Al-Qur'an and Hadith so that mastery of Arabic is important. The learning achievement of Islamic boarding school students is relatively good, this can be seen from the acquisition of report cards which have a value above 80. 2) The obstacle to the application of the boarding school program on Islamic education learning achievement is the existence of scouting activities, the practice of midnight prayers and obligatory prayers which require supervision, low student participation and relatively weak student memorization. 3) Solutions to the constraints of implementing the boarding school program on Islamic education learning achievement, namely dormitory programs and activities carried out regularly, teachers providing assistance in worship, giving awards or rewards to students who are role models for other students, strengthening the physical and psychological aspects of students and the existence of support full of subject teachers and tahfidz teachers for the sake of creating hafidz as the school wants.

This article explores the importance of phonetic symbols in English language learning. In the context of English language acquisition, phonetic symbols serve as tools to depict language sounds in a clear and consistent manner. The main objective of this article is to delve into why phonetic symbols play a significant role in improving English pronunciation and comprehension skills. By analyzing the benefits and practical applications of phonetic symbols, this article aims to provide valuable insights and guidance for language learners and educators seeking to enhance their proficiency in English. This article delves into the significance of phonetic symbols in the process of learning the English language. Phonetic symbols serve as a visual representation of speech sounds, aiding learners in accurately producing and distinguishing sounds that may be unfamiliar or challenging. The article explores the benefits of incorporating phonetic symbols in English language instruction, such as improving pronunciation accuracy, enhancing listening skills, and promoting effective communication. Additionally, it highlights the role of phonetic symbols in developing learners' phonological awareness and their ability to decode and comprehend spoken English. By understanding the importance of phonetic symbols, educators can employ effective strategies to support learners in acquiring accurate pronunciation and fluency in English.

Merger or in English it is called Merger is one of the methods carried out as part of restructuring in addition to various other forms. Merger is a new trend carried out by companies that are in the developing stage to develop a company to expand the company's target market. In carrying out a company merger, of course there is a company that is more dominant and stronger and on the one hand there is a company that is positionally weaker. So that the parties that carry out the merger are two companies that have dominance and a minority that are used to strengthen the company under one umbrella of business entity. If viewed from the financial aspect, the position is divided into two, namely majority shareholders and minority shareholders. . This of course results in unfair business competition so that in overcoming fair business competition in the financial aspect, legal protection must be given to weak parties in terms of Law No. 40 of 2007 concerning Limited Liability Companies, which UUPT provides legal protection minority shares stipulated in Article 37 Paragraph 1, Article 62, Article 126 with the aim of achieving usability, certainty and justice in accordance with legal objectives.

The study addresses vowel phonology in English with a focus on basic concepts, phonemic analysis, change, and phonological rules. Vowel phonology involves the study of vowel sounds in language and the way they are organized and grouped in the language system. Vowel phonemic analysis identifies an inventory of vowel phonemes in English and classifies them based on differences in word meaning. The distribution of vowel phonemics and allophonies describes the mapping of vowel phonemes in a particular phonological context. Vowel phonological changes occur over time and are influenced by factors such as phonetic influences, phonological environment, and contact with other languages. The study also highlights examples of phonological changes in vowels in English, including diphthongs to monophhongs and shifts in vowel sound height. Vowel phonological rules govern the pronunciation of vowel sounds in English, including allophony rules and phonological environmental influences. An understanding of vowel phonology in English has important implications in linguistic analysis and research on the history and change of language. Keywords:, mooflog and vocal

This study aims to investigate the intertextual understanding of Ecclesiastes in English by theology students and the opinions of the general public. The main focus of this research is to understand how students can read and understand the Bible, especially the Book of Ecclesiastes, in English. In addition, this study also seeks to explain how students and the community can form active communication and discussions regarding intertextual understanding. In addition, this research aims to explore how Christians in Jakarta, especially in suburban areas such as Bekasi, Depok, Tangerang, and Bogor, view the presence of Christian theology students in contributing to society. The research method used in this study involved opinion surveys and interviews with theology students and the general public. Theology students will be asked to read and understand the book of Ecclesiastes in English translation, while their opinions and responses will be collected through surveys and interviews. Opinions from the general public will be collected through a survey which will be disseminated in various areas of Jakarta, especially in the suburbs. The collected data will be analyzed qualitatively to identify the main patterns and findings in intertextual understanding and perceptions of the contribution of Christian theology students in society. This research is expected to provide practical benefits in increasing understanding of the Bible in English, especially the Book of Ecclesiastes, as well as strengthening active communication and discussion in intertextual understanding. In addition, the results of this study can strengthen the relationship between Christian theology students and the community, especially in the Jakarta area, by demonstrating their contribution to service and positive contributions to society.

This study aims to study communication in various languages in the social interactions of Theology students at the Theological College in Jakarta. The focus of this research is to explore how students can communicate in various languages, namely Indonesian, English, and regional languages (Javanese, Batak, Banjar, and Sundanese). In addition, this study also aims to identify how students and the community can establish active and comfortable communication in conveying ideas and ideas. Lastly, this research will study the views of the people in Jakarta, especially the people on the outskirts of Jakarta such as the borders of Bekasi, Depok, Tangerang, and Bogor Cities, towards the presence of Christian Theology students in contributing to society. This research method involves collecting data through observation, interviews, and document analysis. The data obtained will be analyzed critically to gain a deep understanding of student's communication skills in various languages, their efforts to build active and comfortable communication, as well as public perceptions of the role and contribution of Christian Theology students in Jakarta. The results of this research are expected to provide valuable insights into the development of Theology education, cross-cultural understanding, and the social contribution of Theology students in society. Through a better understanding of the importance of communication in multiple languages in the social interactions of Theology students, steps can be taken to improve the quality of education, communication skills, and social contributions of future Theology students. In this context, cooperation between educational institutions, the community, and the government in Jakarta is very important to create a conducive environment for the development of theology students' communication skills in various languages and establish harmonious relations between students and the community.

This study aimed at developing the learners’ ability of the English language. Seen from the successfulness of one in studying the language, Non-formal English Course has much contribution to the English language teaching. The Non-formal English course is denoted as the enrichment toward the students that is studying English in junior, senior high school and event in the university. This research constitutes casual comparative study with the main objective is the English students at Hamzanwadi University, Lombok, Indonesia. The numbers of accessible population in this study are 40 students who follow and did not follow Non-formal Course of English. Data was collected using semi-structure interview. The result revealed that the mean score of students’ speaking performance who followed Non-formal English was 78.25. It proved students’ speaking performance who followed Non-formal English course was high. However, after calculating the comparison of the students’ speaking performance who follow and do not follow it, the researcher found only 3.55 of t-test which means the degree of comparison between them was high comparison. In conclusion, this analysis found the students’ speaking performance who followed Non-formal English Course and those who did not has high comparison.

The use of Video Telling Story Media is a method that is applied in the English Dormitory listening comprehension class. This research is qualitative research, by conducting descriptive analysis using primary data and secondary data. This study uses data collection methods in the form of interview, observation, and documentation using data analysis techniques in the form of reduction (data reduction), data display (presentation), and verification (conclusion). Based on the results of research obtained in research and discussion, it is known that the implementation of Media Video Telling Story has a good impact on students, Students' listening skills increased rapidly because in the videos they watched there were subtitles that helped students guess vocabulary that was not heard.

In times like today, it is certain that people in their lives will experience an event called risk. This incident is bound to happen to everyone in any way. Therefore, to minimize the negative impact due to these risks, it is necessary to have a solution on the risk side to deal with these risks. Risk is a synonym of the English-speaking Risk Society, which means that in reality in social life there must be a problem or uncertainty that is experienced. In 1986 risk could be described in a structural situation, for example, industrialization, the emergence of the modernization era, and so on. Because basically the era of modernization gave rise to many technologies that are easy to use so that they can affect existing life. According to Anthony Giddens, modernization is a culture of risk. The risk community is a meaning used because something has changed towards something new in people's lives at this time. In addition, the figure who discussed the risk community was Ulrick Beck. He stated that criticism of mathematical morality from expert thinking is that public discourse about risk making is something that can be avoided from the structural conditions of society. Then the figure who also discusses the risk community is Mary Douglas, an anthropologist who discusses cultural theory.

Knowledge is one of the human links to perfection. The human tendency to crave makes him always move forward to become better from time to time. One of the enthusiastic actions of humans is illustrated by the development of technology and information that makes work easier. Learning at SDN Durman 049 is still conventional learning that is less interesting or less effective when in the current state of online learning. Ar food application was created to facilitate and be an alternative in learning at SDN Durman 049 especially for grade IV. AR food is an androd based Augmented ReaIity technology app that contains food in English. Android operating system devices are the most widely used devices today. AR food is proven to help learn English for grade IV in online conditions like this, in addition to adding alternatives in learning AR food increases the effectiveness of online learning. AR food displays 3D English food by scanning the marker using the camera and a 3D object of English food will appear above the marker.