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Facilities and infrastructure play a crucial role in enhancing the quality of learning in Playgroup (Kelompok Bermain). This study aims to examine the influence of the availability and management of facilities and infrastructure on the effectiveness of early childhood learning processes. A quantitative research method was employed using surveys with questionnaires distributed to teachers and administrators of Playgroups. The collected data were analyzed through descriptive statistics and regression analysis to determine the relationship between facilities and infrastructure and learning quality. The findings indicate that adequate facilities such as comfortable classrooms and educational aids significantly improve children's learning motivation and the smoothness of the learning process. Well-equipped environments enable teachers to deliver lessons more effectively, thus positively impacting children's learning outcomes. In conclusion, improving and maintaining facilities and infrastructure should be a priority for Playgroup managers to ensure optimal learning quality and support the holistic development of young children.

This study aims to determine the relationship between parenting styles and children's discipline in playgroups at the Anisa Early Childhood Education Center (KB PAUD). The research background is based on the important role of parents in shaping children's discipline from an early age. This study used a quantitative method with a correlational approach. The study population was all 40 parents and children in playgroups at the Anisa Early Childhood Education Center (KB PAUD). Data were collected through a questionnaire using a Likert scale, then analyzed using the Pearson Product Moment correlation test. The results showed that parenting styles were classified as high, with the majority of parents implementing a democratic parenting style characterized by open communication and consistent discipline. Children's discipline levels were also classified as high. The correlation test obtained an r value of 0.724 with a significance level of 0.000 (p < 0.05), indicating a positive and significant relationship between parenting styles and children's discipline. Therefore, the better the parenting styles implemented by parents, the higher the children's discipline levels.

The problem in this study is to determine what is the effect of the number tube game on the symbolic thinking ability of 4-5 year olds. The aim is to reveal whether there is a number tube game on the symbolic thinking ability of 4-5 year old children at Menara Laut State Kindergarten, Leato Utara Village, Dumbo Raya District, Gorontalo City. The type of research used is a quantitative experiment. The subject of this study is how to determine the effect of the number tube game. The method used in this study is the observation and documentation method. Based on the results of the observation, it was found that the symbolic thinking ability in recognizing numbers in children has not developed optimally. Although teachers have tried to introduce numbers, most children still have difficulty in naming, ordering, and writing numbers. Children also need teacher assistance to understand numbers 1-10 and distinguish between certain numbers such as 6 and 9. Therefore, a more effective and fun learning strategy is needed to help children understand the concept of numbers symbolically. In this case, it can be concluded that improvements through the application of the number tube game. This game was chosen because it is simple, easy to use, and in accordance with the characteristics of early childhood. Through a play-while-learning approach, children are expected to be able to recognize numbers more easily.  

This study is motivated by the emergence of public controversy surrounding the alleged sexual harassment case involving the preacher Gus Elham, which has sparked widespread debate about ethical boundaries in da’wah activities. This phenomenon reflects a moral and social crisis in contemporary da’wah practices, particularly in relation to power relations, child protection, and the moral responsibility of religious figures as public role models. This study aims to analyze violations of da’wah ethics in this case from moral and social perspectives, as well as to identify its impact on public trust in preachers and religious institutions. The method used is a descriptive qualitative approach through the analysis of online news, public statements, social media posts, interview recordings, and da’wah-related content associated with the case. The findings indicate that the actions in question not only violated norms of decency but also revealed a failure to understand principles of child protection and ethics of da’wah based on akhlakul karimah. Socially, the case demonstrates a moral crisis affecting religious authority and an increase in public skepticism toward religious figures. The implications of this study emphasize the importance of formulating stricter da’wah codes of ethics, strengthening ethical literacy among preachers, and integrating child protection values into da’wah practice to prevent similar cases from recurring.

The rapid development of digital technology and social transformation in the disruption era has significantly influenced adolescent moral development. Families, particularly mothers, play a crucial role in strengthening spiritual values as a moral foundation for children. This community service activity aimed to enhance mothers’ spiritual awareness and parenting capacity in facing moral degradation challenges among adolescents. The program was conducted on January 27, 2026, in RT 3 RW 6 Gondoriyo Village, Ngaliyan District, Semarang, involving ten mothers through interactive lectures and participatory discussions. The results indicate an increased understanding of spirituality not only as religious ritual practice but also as a meaning-making system that guides daily moral behavior. Participants developed critical awareness of digital disruption challenges and recognized their strategic role as moral role models in the family. The activity also generated practical community-based strategies such as strengthening family communication, regulating digital media use, and establishing regular spiritual reflection sessions. This community service demonstrates that empowering mothers through spiritual reinforcement can serve as a preventive approach to adolescent moral degradation and contribute to building resilient and morally grounded future generations.

Abstract. This study originates from the low awareness among early childhood learners regarding the importance of consuming nutritious and minimally processed Real Food. The purpose of this design project is to create an engaging educational medium in the form of a 2D animation titled “Kebun Imajinasi: Teman Realfoodku” to introduce the concept of Real Food to five-year-old children. A mixed-method approach (qualitative and quantitative) was applied through observation, interviews, and questionnaires involving children, parents, and professional animators. The collected data served as the foundation for designing characters, storylines, illustration styles, colors, and audio suitable for young audiences. The results show that 2D animation featuring bright visuals, playful characters, and educational narration effectively increases children’s interest and understanding of healthy food. The implication of this study highlights the potential of animation as an effective visual communication tool to promote nutritional education and healthy lifestyle habits from an early age.

Anxiety is an emotional response that children often experience when facing medical procedures, including circumcision. Unresolved anxiety can have a negative impact, such as increasing pain, disrupting the process of action, and causing trauma. Non-pharmacological efforts such as audiovisual administration and puzzle game therapy can be used to reduce anxiety. This study aims to analyze the difference in anxiety levels in pre-circumcision children between audiovisual giving and puzzle games at Pondok Khitan, Bancang Village, Tahulu Village. Research design using quantitative with post test design only design. The research population is pre-circumcision children at Pondok Khitan, Bancang Hamlet, Tahulu Village with a sample of 40 respondents taken with the purposive sampling technique. Consists of 20 children of the Audiovisual group and 20 children of the Puzzle Game Group. The research instrument is in the form of a child anxiety questionnaire. The research results were analyzed using the Mann-Whitney test with a significance level of α = <0,05 with an Asymp value. Sig. (2-tailed) = 0.029 < 0.05. the mean rank value of the Audiovisual group of 24.23 and the Puzzle Game group of 16.77 shows that the Puzzle Game is more effective in minimizing anxiety in pre-circumcision children which means H1 is accepted. The discovery of meaningful differences between Audiovisual and Puzzle Games towards anxiety so that the technique can be used as an interactive educational medium.

Nutritional problems in toddlers remain a public health challenge in Indonesia, including in Tarakan City, North Kalimantan. The 2018 Basic Health Research (Riskesdas) data shows a high prevalence of malnutrition, severe malnutrition, and stunting in toddlers, with data showing that based on the body weight index (BB/A) the prevalence of malnourished toddlers is 3.9% while 13.8% of toddlers are undernourished. Based on the height-for-age (H/A) index, there are 11.5% of toddlers with very short nutritional status and 19.3% of toddlers with stunted nutritional status. Meanwhile, based on the weight-for-height (BB/H) index, the proportion of very wasted children is 3.5%, undernourished children are 6.7%, and overweight children are 8% (Riskesdas, 2018). Because of these problems, early nutrition education efforts are needed. This community service activity aims to increase the knowledge of toddler mothers about the importance of balanced nutrition for children, especially through the use of UHT milk as a nutritional supplement, as well as strengthening the role of integrated health posts (Posyandu) in monitoring child growth and development. Thus, this community service activity contributes to raising public awareness of the importance of meeting toddler nutritional needs and is expected to support government programs to reduce the prevalence of stunting in Tarakan City.

This study aims to analyze the importance of regulating property division agreements as a requirement in polygamy permit applications, using the approach of Aristotle's theory of justice, as well as maqā ṣ id al- syarī'ah in Islamic law. The type of research is normative, which includes conceptual and philosophical analysis of law, as well as comparative research on property regulation practices in the family law system. The study shows that the practice of polygamy tends to result in economic inequality, neglect of the rights of the first wife and children, and legal conflicts related to the ownership and division of joint property. There are two approaches to property division: equal distribution of property and division of property based on contribution. The results indicate that the contribution-based approach is fairer and more relevant to modern society, especially since women are increasingly involved in household expenses. The principle of sadd al-dzarī'ah also states that this agreement is very important as a preventive measure against possible damage that occurs in the household. Practically, this study proposes the implementation of regulations in state law to require property division agreements as a formal requirement in polygamy permit applications. Combining western and Islamic values of justice within a socially just family law framework is the main focus of this research.

Animated cartoons transcend mere entertainment, offering a rich linguistic landscape that mirrors real-world interactions. This study investigates the pragmatics of directive speech acts, focusing on command strategies in Hey Arnold!, a series celebrated for its realistic portrayal of childhood social dynamics. The episode "Full Moon" serves as a case study, capturing relatable scenarios of peer influence, authority, and moral dilemmas frequently encountered in communities. Using frameworks from Leech (1983), Brown and Levinson (1987), and Blum-Kulka (1987), commands are categorised into direct, indirect, politeness-enhanced, and justification-driven forms. Results reveal that institutional figures employ bald-on-record commands to assert dominance, while peer interactions favour indirect and mitigated directives. Justification-based strategies emerge as tools for subtle persuasion, reinforcing Blum-Kulka’s claim that rationalisation fosters compliance. This research underscores that animated cartoons are not simplistic; they act as linguistic laboratories reflecting real-world discourse. By decoding how commands function in fictional dialogue, we gain deeper insights into the nuanced mechanics of directive speech act strategies in everyday communication. Hey Arnold! exemplifies how language shapes social hierarchies and power dynamics, offering valuable perspectives on the interplay between speech acts and social behaviour.

Latar Belakang: Malaria menjadi target dunia untuk mencapai status eliminasi terutama bagi negara yang memiliki kasus tinggi. Pemerintah meluncurkan berbagai program dan peta jalan untuk mencapai target eliminasi malaria pada tahun 2030. Papua merupakan salah satu provinsi yang mempunyai endemis malaria tinggi dan menuju program eliminasi yang dilakukan oleh pemerintah. Agar eliminasi malaria tercapai harus dilakukan peningakatan pengetahuan pada Masyarakat melalui edukasi Kesehatan Tujuan Meningkatkan pengetahuan anak panti asuhan tentang penyakit malaria. Metode: Metode yang digunakan adalah Pendidikan Kesehatan tentang penyakit malaria yang disampaikan dengan teknik tanya jawab, diskusi serta memanfaatkan komik malaria Hasil: Hasil menunjukkan Tingkat pengetahuan peserta tentang malaria sebelum diberikan penyuluhan yaitu pengetahuan kurang berjumlah 20 orang (45,5%), pengetahuan cukup berjumlah 20 orang  (45,5%) dan pengetahuan baik berjumlah 4 orang (9%). Sedangkan pengetahuan peserta setelah diberikan intervensi edukasi malaria melalui komik malaria menjadi pengetahuan kurang berjumlah 5 orang (11,4%), pengetahuan cukup berjumlah 10 orang (22,7%) dan pengetahuan baik berjumlah 29 orang (65,9). Kesimpulan: Sebagian besar anak panti asuhan berpengetahuan baik setelah diberikan edukasi tentang penyakit malaria melalui media komik Malaria di Panti Asuhan Komba Sentani Jayapura.

Verbal abuse in early childhood represents a form of non-physical violence that has serious implications for children's socio-emotional, cognitive, and psychological development. This issue continues to escalate alongside the declining quality of parenting experiences and weakened social control within communities, where verbal aggression is often perceived as an acceptable disciplinary practice. This study aims to identify and analyze the relationship between parenting experiences and community social control with the occurrence of verbal abuse through a Systematic Literature Review (SLR) approach. Data were collected from reputable journal articles published between 2020–2025 using inclusion–exclusion criteria and content analysis techniques. The findings reveal that authoritarian parenting, emotional stress, a history of violence, and misconceptions about discipline serve as primary triggers of verbal abuse. In contrast, social environments characterized by strong social bonds, collective anti-violence norms, and active community participation have been shown to effectively reduce the occurrence of verbal abuse within families. This study concludes that verbal abuse is an interactive phenomenon shaped by parenting factors and social structures; therefore, prevention requires a family-based educational approach in conjunction with strengthening community roles through Pendidikan Non Formal.

Popular culture and digitalization have become the main context of the lives of Catholic children and adolescents, thus having a significant impact on the formation of their identity, values, and practices of faith. Phenomena such as social media, music, movies, and digital games are not only entertainment spaces, but also pedagogical spaces that shape the way of thinking and spirituality of the younger generation. This study aims to analyze the relevance of Thomas H. Groome's Shared Christian Praxis (SCP) model as a contextual catechesis approach for children and adolescents living in popular culture. Using a qualitative method based on literature studies, this study interprets popular cultural dynamics, the principles of the Church's faith education, and the SCP approach through hermeneutical and thematic analysis. The results show that traditional catechesis approaches are no longer adequate to answer the needs of the digital generation which demands a dialogical, participatory, and experiential learning process. The SCP approach has been proven to be able to integrate students' experiences, critical reflection, the Church's story of faith, hermeneutical dialogue, and concrete actions as a single faith-building process. Thus, this research makes a practical contribution to the Church and Catholic educational institutions in designing catechesis strategies that are more relevant, contextual, and able to respond to the challenges of popular culture faced by the younger generation.

Sexual violence within the family is a serious criminal act that not only violates the law but also causes profound physical and psychological suffering for victims. The complexity of such cases increases as the perpetrators are often close family members, resulting in trauma and obstacles in law enforcement. Decision Number 2068/Pid.Sus/2020/PN.Medan serves as the basis for analyzing the extent to which legal protection can be provided to victims. The research problems addressed are: (1) what forms of legal protection are available for victims of sexual violence within the family under Indonesian positive law, and (2) how such protection is implemented in Decision Number 2068/Pid.Sus/2020/PN.Medan. The research method applied is normative juridical with statutory, conceptual, and case study approaches. Data sources include legislation, legal literature, and court decision analysis. The findings reveal that legal protection for victims is regulated under the Child Protection Law, the Criminal Code, and other legal instruments emphasizing preventive, repressive, and rehabilitative measures. The Medan District Court imposed a severe sentence on the perpetrator in accordance with the law; however, protection for victims remains limited to formal aspects without comprehensive psychological recovery programs. In conclusion, the protection of victims of sexual violence within the family has been clearly regulated on a normative basis, but its implementation remains weak. Greater collaboration between law enforcement authorities, child protection institutions, and professionals is necessary to ensure the holistic recovery of victims.

Introduction: Incidental findings often occur on periapical radiographs may occur due to the increasing use of periapical radiographs for supporting examinations and the increasing resolution of radiographs. Purpose: To explain about efficiency of periapical radiographs for detecting supernumerary paramolar teeth. Research Methods and Results: This Literature Review is designed to provide an overview of sources that have been searched when researching the topic related to the efficiency of periapical radiographs for detecting supernumerary paramolar teeth. Article searches were conducted on Google Scholar, PubMed and Science Direct using predetermined keywords, namely periapical radiograph, parapremolar, and supernumerary teeth. This literature review uses literature published in 2015–2025 which can be accessed in full text in pdf format. Discussion: Clinical assessment and radiological examination are needed for the diagnosis of supernumerary paramolar teeth. The location of supernumerary teeth from radiographs is an important diagnostic complement for clinical assessment, diagnosis, and treatment planning. Conclusion: Dentists often prefer periapical radiography over panoramic radiography to evaluate oral health, especially in children, due to the low dental X-ray exposure. In many cases, patients only require periapical radiography focused on the teeth. This highlights the strong need for intelligent diagnostic techniques to improve the accuracy and efficiency of periapical radiographic analysis.

The absence of a father or fatherlessness in a family is a serious problem that affects children's social, psychological, and educational development. This condition becomes even more complex when experienced by street children who live in limited economic conditions and lack family support. The purpose of this study is to reveal the social life of street children on Jalan Krakatau Ujung, Medan Deli District, find the factors that cause fatherlessness, and study the consequences. This study is a qualitative study conducted through a descriptive approach. Data were collected through documentation and in-depth interviews with street children, parents, and community leaders. The results of the study show that the factors causing fatherlessness include divorce, abandonment, and the death of the father. Fathers may also migrate or engage in deviant behavior, such as drug abuse. Children without parents have visible impacts in the form of psychological vulnerability, such as loneliness, lack of self-control, and lack of self-confidence; social impacts, such as difficulty socializing, vulnerability to bullying and exploitation; and educational impacts, such as lack of desire to learn and limited access to education. The lives of street children at the traffic light intersection on Jalan Krakatau Ujung show weak family functioning, especially the role of the father, which encourages children to earn their own living from an early age.

Murder committed by children presents a dilemma in the criminal justice system, as it must balance the enforcement of justice with the protection of children's rights. This article examines the problematic nature of juvenile criminal liability in murder by comparing the perpetrator's legal approach to that of adults. Normative juridical research methods are used to explain legal provisions, court decisions, and related doctrines. The results indicate that juvenile offenders are not solely focused on their culpability but also on the child's psychological capabilities, maturity level, and social circumstances. Meanwhile, adult offenders are held fully accountable, with a focus on punishment. The main challenges are the difficulty of proving intent and the need for special mechanisms for handling juvenile offenders of serious crimes. This study provides for strengthening the capacity of law enforcement, improving child rehabilitation facilities, optimizing diversion mechanisms, and educating the public to support humane and proportional protection and enforcement of justice.

The floods that struck Medan City between late November and early December 2025 significantly affected the psychosocial wellbeing of children aged 4–7 years living in evacuation shelters. Children in this developmental stage are highly vulnerable to stress, anxiety, and behavioral changes following disaster exposure. This community service program aimed to implement an Integrated Psychosocial Support Model designed to promote emotional recovery among children and strengthen the capacities of parents and shelter facilitators. The methods included play-based psychosocial activities, safe digital literacy education, parental engagement sessions, and capacity-building for local volunteers. The intervention was conducted at two evacuation shelters in Medan Labuhan and Belawan, involving approximately 220 children. The results demonstrated substantial improvements in adaptive behavior indicators—group participation, ability to follow instructions, positive emotional expression, and peer interaction—with an average increase of 1.25 points. Social transformations also emerged, including the establishment of child-friendly spaces, enhanced supportive parenting practices, and the rise of local leaders within the community. These findings indicate that integrated psychosocial support is an effective approach for post-disaster child recovery and can be replicated in similar humanitarian settings.

This study aims to analyze the influence of vocational education in vocational high schools, the number of educators, and the number of educational units on economic growth, particularly in vocational education in vocational high schools in districts or cities in East Java that have participated in education in both the formal and informal sectors in 38 districts or cities in East Java from 2019 to 2023. The research method used is a quantitative approach with data collection through secondary written sources or existing documents from relevant agencies, such as the Directorate General of Early Childhood Education, Basic and Secondary Education, the Central Statistics Agency of East Java Province, and the Ministry of Basic and Secondary Education. The dependent and independent variables were collected from thirty-eight districts and cities in East Java Province during the period 2019–2023. The analysis results indicate that Vocational Education has a significant impact on Economic Growth, with a significance value of 0.000 and a calculated t-value of 1.463392. Additionally, the Number of Educators shows a significant influence on Economic Growth, with a significance value of 0.000 and a calculated t-value of 7.710562. Furthermore, the number of educational institutions has a significant influence on economic growth, with a significance value of 0.000 and a t-value of 6.596880. The coefficient of determination (R²) indicates that 71.28% of the variation in economic growth can be explained by these three independent variables. This study concludes that both Vocational Education at SMK, the Number of Educators, and the Number of Educational Units play a significant role in influencing Economic Growth across all Vocational Education at SMK in the districts or cities of East Java.

This article thoroughly examines Imam Al-Ghazali's views on Islamic education and adab, with an emphasis on a holistic framework that combines knowledge, faith, charity, and morals to form an insān kāmil (perfect human being).  Al-Ghazali, a scholar from Tus, Persia, in the 11th century, defined education as a process of moral development and purification of the soul. The main goal of education is to obtain worldly and spiritual happiness. He opposes the educational paradigm of modern philosophers which focuses only on rationality. He emphasized that knowledge without adab is like fire which has no light.Adab is the main pillar of the educational process and helps children learn noble qualities such as patience, humility and honesty. This is implemented from an early age through spiritual practices such as dhikr and muhasabah.  In his great works, such as Iḥyā' 'Ulūm ad-Dīn, Ayyuhal Walad, and Tahāfut al-Falāsifah, Al-Ghazali combines rationalism with Sufism. He opposed the dichotomy between worldly knowledge (such as medicine and mathematics) and the hereafter, claiming that revelation provides a balance to prevent misguidance. His educational methods, based on internalizing values, examples, and ethical discussions, support the role of teachers as moral and spiritual role models and students as ethical learners. This thinking is highly relevant to modern education, especially in Indonesia, where a character-based curriculum is implemented by the Ministry of Education and Culture and institutions such as the State Islamic University (UIN) use a holistic approach to address the moral crisis caused by technological advancements. The main challenge lies with educators who lack an understanding of Sufism, which requires intensive training.