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This article will discuss the role of "debata" theology of calling within the context of Christian faith in Batak society, Indonesia. "Debata" theology of calling refers to the teachings and customary traditions of the Batak people that regulate the duties, responsibilities, and obligations of individuals within the community. This article will analyze how "debata" theology of calling influences the practices and perceptions of the Christian faith among the Batak community. The literature sources utilized in this article include research, books, and papers related to Christian theology and Batak culture.

This paper aims to highlight things and look at the theological views of persons with disabilities based on the Bible. According to Allah's theology, persons with disabilities are God's creations. Research on theology of human beings results in the view that human beings are Imago Dei, formed by God himself. Sin should not be seen as a result of physical deprivation, because sin is actually disobedience to God. Jesus did extraordinary things to help people with disabilities restore their relationship with God. It is the same with the story of Mephibosheth who was disabled since he was five years old due to falling from his nanny's arms. The Holy Spirit is a personal helper who can help people with disabilities become strong and confident. The Holy Spirit is also the consolation that helps people with disabilities feel better when they are unhappy

At first, the Khawarij emerged on the scene of kalam thought from a political point of view, as they disagreed with Ali bin Abi Talib and Mu'awiyah bin Abi Sufyan's approach to resolving Muslim disputes by arbitration (tahkim). However, later kalam thought developed in a theological direction. The Khawarij argued that resolving Muslim conflicts through tahkim violated God's law and was a great sin, so the blood of those who did tahkim was halal. Their attitudes and behavior were influenced by Khawarij teachings, including the issue of the position of caliph, mu'amalah among non-Khawarij Muslims, and zuhud and worship. In addition to beliefs such as understanding the nature of faith and tawhid, Allah's promises and threats, the Qur'an is a creature, and takwil and qiyas are also the basis of their actions. Historically, Khawarij split into various sects such as Azariqah, Shufriyah and Ibadhiyah. This paper will discuss the historical issues of the emergence of Khawarij, teachings and sects in Khawarij.  

Social phenomena and contextual issues in education and theology will discuss various contemporary social phenomena that influence the education and theology system, giving rise to contextual issues that arise in current educational and theological practices, the impact of social phenomena and contextual issues in education and theology on the development of society and religion. As well as things that can respond effectively to existing social challenges and contextual issues. In compiling this article, the author used descriptive qualitative methods. The descriptive qualitative method is a research method that creates systematic, factual and accurate descriptions (words) and images regarding the facts being investigated. The author looks for supporting facts through previous research from journals or books in accordance with the problems raised based on the findings. findings, facts and literature that support finding solutions to existing problems. This concerns cultural and religious diversity, issues of morality in the digital era. And not only that, the impact of social phenomena and contextual issues will be discussed, including the contextual meaning and purpose of education and theology, the context that shapes educational and theological theories, how do we do education and theology in a context like this? That is, being a witness to society , building dialogue between religious communities, creating harmony. The social phenomena and contextual issues in education and theology are such that the challenges in these two fields are often interrelated. Education must be responsive to social change and consider contextual issues, while theology also needs to understand social dynamics to provide views that are relevant in the context of life. The synergy between education and theology can help shape a more inclusive society and a deeper understanding of human values.    

The model of Jesus' transformative dialogue in the Gospel of John 1-4, describes the interaction of Jesus Christ conducting evangelism consistently through dialogues in John 1-4 with various figures in different contexts that lead to changes in understanding and spiritual transformation both individually and in the groups He faces. This study aims to identify and analyze the model of transformational dialogue carried out by Jesus Christ in John 1-4 to achieve the transformative goal of building relationships that enable the growth of faith among His listeners and bring people to faith in Him. The research method uses qualitative descriptive and exploratory text analysis with a hermeneutical approach to understand the cultural and theological contexts that underlie each effective missiological dialogue. This study analyzes six dialogues in John 1-4, involving Jesus Christ in conversation with four different groups of people. Dialogues as a means of communication to bring about change and deeper understanding of spiritual truth. The results of this study illustrate that Jesus Christ uses various dialogical strategies to convey the gospel message effectively to people from diverse social backgrounds to build relationships that enable the growth of faith. The transformational dialogue model of Jesus Christ in John 1-4, demonstrates wise and open dialogue in the context of evangelism and provides valuable teaching and guidance for modern evangelism practice and emphasizes the need for adaptation to the individual's social context to achieve maximum effectiveness in bringing people to Christ.

Reason and faith must be balanced in order to develop a relationship with God. Both complement one another, despite the fact that they are frequently seen as mutually exclusive. Through the experience of faith, humans despite their limited intelligence are able to recognize the existence of God. This process involves more than just thinking; it also involves the light of faith, which makes it possible to sense God's presence in day-to-day existence. The secret to developing a close relationship with God is having a high-quality spiritual life. The development of a spiritual quality of life can be achieved through adoration, meditation, and prayer. This article's research methodology, which employs the library method, presents opinions from a range of sources that are pertinent to the growth of a relationship with God. In conclusion, a balance between reason and faith is necessary for the pursuit and discovery of God. People can sense God's presence in their lives through the quality of their spiritual lives, their theological viewpoint, and their experience of faith in Christ.

This conceptual research article develops an eschatological-hope-based pastoral counseling model for congregants experiencing bereavement. Bereavement is not only an affective response to death but also a disruption of meaning, embodied routines, social belonging, and theological imagination. Contemporary grief research has clarified the distinction between normative grief, prolonged grief disorder, complicated spiritual grief, and the heterogeneous trajectories through which bereaved persons adapt. However, pastoral responses in local churches often remain fragmented, oscillating between sympathetic presence, doctrinal explanation, ritual care, and informal advice without an integrated model that is clinically cautious and theologically constructive. This study employs a qualitative constructive literature review, synthesizing bereavement psychology, meaning reconstruction theory, spiritual care research, and Christian eschatological theology. The article proposes the PASTOR model: Presence, Assessment, Story, Scripture, Theological lament, Ongoing communal practice, and referral and review. The main synthesis argues that eschatological hope should not be used to bypass grief but to hold lament, embodied absence, continuing bonds, and future-oriented resurrection hope within a disciplined pastoral process. The model contributes a practical framework for churches seeking to accompany mourners without medicalizing ordinary grief, minimizing suffering, or ignoring cases that require professional mental health referral.

This study explores the intersection of classical Islamic philosophical thought and modern environmental ethics to propose a Sharia-based eco-theology model for addressing global sustainability challenges. It investigates key Islamic environmental principles, such as khalifah (stewardship), amanah (trustworthiness), and mizan (balance), which emphasize humanity’s responsibility to protect and preserve the environment. These values, derived from Islamic teachings, offer a moral and spiritual framework for ecological stewardship, aligning closely with contemporary concerns like sustainability, biodiversity preservation, and climate change mitigation. The research integrates these Islamic principles with modern ecological ethics, including ecocentrism, deep ecology, and environmental justice, to construct a holistic eco-theological model. Through this framework, the study emphasizes the importance of balancing ecological, economic, and social factors to promote environmental justice. The findings suggest that Islamic eco-theology can play a significant role in fostering environmental responsibility within Muslim communities and beyond, contributing to global sustainability efforts. Practical applications of these principles are seen in educational initiatives, such as the incorporation of eco-theology into curricula at Islamic institutions, and in community-based environmental projects. The research also highlights the challenges and limitations of traditional interpretations of Islamic environmental ethics, suggesting the need for progressive and adaptive approaches in addressing modern environmental issues. Future research directions include exploring the integration of this eco-theology in policy-making, Islamic education, and cross-cultural applications, ensuring its relevance to diverse communities facing environmental challenges.

Christian Generation Z is negotiating adulthood within an unusually dense field of uncertainty: unstable work transitions, digital comparison, climate concern, post-pandemic disruption, and shifting religious participation. These conditions intensify future anxiety, understood here as anticipatory apprehension toward an unfavorable personal future. This article aims to construct a pastoral counseling model for Christian Gen Z who experience future anxiety without reducing their distress either to a clinical disorder alone or to insufficient faith. Because no field data were collected, the study uses a constructive conceptual design grounded in an integrative literature review, practical theological reasoning, and a critical synthesis of psychological, pastoral, and youth mental health scholarship published before 2024. The analysis identifies three main findings. First, future anxiety among Christian Gen Z is best interpreted as a narrative disruption of agency, meaning, belonging, and hope. Second, pastoral counseling requires an integrative stance that combines spiritual competence, evidence-informed anxiety care, digital awareness, and ecclesial accompaniment. Third, the article proposes the SELAH model: Situational-spiritual assessment, Empathic presence, Lament and meaning reconstruction, Adaptive agency planning, and Hope-building ecclesial accompaniment. The model offers a non-reductive framework for churches, counselors, and Christian educators while emphasizing referral, ethical boundaries, and further empirical testing.

This study discusses the crucial role of parents in building the religious foundation of children, focusing on the perspective of Christian religious education theology. Parents are viewed as primary agents in shaping the faith and spiritual values ​​of children. Through a theological approach, this study explores how parents can fulfill their role as religious educators within the household. Concepts such as communal prayer, scripture reading, and other religious practices are important in building the religious foundation of children. Additionally, the study outlines the importance of parents understanding Christian theology as the basis for the religious education of their children. By considering the principles of Christian religious education theology, parents can guide their children towards healthy spiritual growth and strengthen their relationship with God. Practical implications of this study include the implementation of contextual and relevant religious education methods tailored to the needs of children, as well as parents' efforts to consistently serve as models of faith for them. Thus, a profound understanding of the role of parents in building the religious foundation of children from the perspective of Christian religious education theology can provide valuable guidance for religious education practices at the household level.

This paper explores the views of religious moderation and inclusivity in the evangelizing mission of Paul, a major apostle in early Christian society. Through analysis of Paul's letters, especially those related to evangelism, this paper aims to understand how the principles of religious moderation, inclusive attitudes, and the love of Christ became the foundation of Paul's mission of evangelism. This paper also explores the relevance of these principles in the context of evangelism in the modern era. The Apostle Paul's views on religious moderation in the context of evangelistic missions, with a primary focus on the central role of Christ's love in shaping and supporting early Christian evangelistic efforts. Through analysis of Paul's letters, research findings highlight that the views of moderation and inclusiveness promoted by Paul reflect the principles of unconditional love. The love of Christ, at the center of Paul's views, is not only a theological theme but also an intrinsic attraction that influences the hearts and souls of individuals. Paul's inclusive and moderate attitude formed the foundation of a Christian community that was open and welcoming to all levels of society. The implications of this view are highly relevant in designing modern evangelistic strategies that incorporate the love of Christ as a central force.

The background of this research problem is to find out (a) what factors influence the occurrence of LGBT (Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual and Transgender); (b) the role of the family and church in dealing with LGBT (Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual and Transgender); (c) Christian theological views on LGBT. The research was conducted using qualitative research methods, namely interviews and internet sites. Data results obtained through interviews. The research results show: LGBT is a sexual deviation, which cannot be denied, Christians also fall into it. LGBT behavior is an abominable act in the eyes of God. This creates negative things in people's lives and health. Parents play a very important role in educating children, providing correct sex education that is in accordance with God's Word. This LGBT group has the right to repentance in Jesus. Because that is why Jesus came into the world to save humans from sin. The church also has a very important role in providing assistance to LGBT groups.

The study aims to find out what the ideal church service is like for Sunday school children. The research method used is the study of libraries, interview approaches and observation of the ministry of several churches for Sunday schoolchildren. Through a number of literacy, observation and interviews with a number of Sunday school teachers, it is known that the problem of ministry to Sunday school largely arises from the church itself where many weaknesses lie in the Pastor and Assembly who are still less serious about improving the ministry of PAK to children in the church. Some suggestions to address the problem are: 1). Priests should facilitate teaching, provide week school curriculum and actively engage in serving Sunday school worship. 2). The Church needs to include a special budget for the increase in Sunday School Teacher’s HR. 3). The Church needs to periodically evaluate the Sunday school service. 4). The Church needs to work on service facilities ranging from child-friendly specialty spaces. 5). The Church needs to engage members of the congregation who have pedagogic and theological competencies to support Sunday school service. 6). Even in limitations, Sunday school teachers need to update their knowledge and skills in varying the teaching methods of week schoolchildren.

Underlying this research begins with a critical reflection on the subject's experience as a musician in a church located in Palangka Raya as a church clergy guitarist as well as seeing complex rhythmic stretches when encountering expression, stewardship, phonemes, worship works, ethics and self-ability. This research method uses qualitative research methods by searching data through secondary sources, namely through recent journals (the last five years) that relate to guitarists, guitars, educational stewardship based on the critical reflection of the researchers. The results of this study show that the church music guitarist embraces humility, sharing sounds/phonemes by eliminating the dominance of the guitar sound when collaborating with non-guitar instrumentalists. It then becomes a space for critical reflection when researchers retell it in the philosophical, theological and liturgical landscape of the church

In writing this article, the author used a descriptive qualitative method that tries to explain the role of church leaders in fostering interreligious harmony amidst the diversity of indonesian society. This article highlights the integral role played by church leaders in advancing interfaith harmony in indonesia, a society rich in ethnic, religious, racial, and cultural diversity. In the midst of this complexity, church leaders are not only spiritual figures, but also agents of developing understanding, tolerance and cooperation between religious communities. By teaching the values ​​of love, peace, forgiveness and respect, they shape their people's perspective on the importance of living peacefully with people of other religions. Apart from communicating these values ​​through sermons and teaching, church leaders are also a driving force in fostering inter-religious dialogue and campaigning messages of peace and tolerance. They emphasized that all religions are not a source of conflict, but rather wealth that can deepen the social and spiritual dimensions of society.Awareness of the importance of interfaith harmony and the active role of church leaders in strengthening it is crucial to ensuring harmony and progress in indonesia as a pluralistic country. Church leaders are not only responsible in the spiritual realm, but also play a key role in building a solid foundation for interfaith harmony in society. Reference sources, such as scriptures, journals, and theological sources, provide a credible foundation that supports the overall argument presented in this article.    

This research is a theological literature review of the complexity of the church's responsibilities as God's servants. It is revealed that contemporary Christianity reflects a potential falsehood between carrying out the duties and responsibilities of the church through reflecting on the character of Jesus Christ in ministry. This raises a dilemma regarding the central reflection of today's church ministry. The author uses a qualitative method of descriptive analysis in the form of text literature. In conclusion, the church today must reflect again on its duties and responsibilities in the essence of God's mission to save humans. So the center of ministry is a reflection of what Jesus did.

The certainty of of being saved is the most important thing that God has given to humans.  However, people often refuse to be led and enter into God’s plan.  As a result of refusing to be led by God, many of God’s people fall away and ultimately turn against God.  Man leaves God and turns to truths outside God considered more correct. Same people think that God is all-loving and forgiving and cannot possibly bear to punish people who believe Him, even though they refuse to be led by God.  How is the salvation of people who refuse to be led by God and even then fall away ? The research in this thesis begins by studying and explaining the meaning of apostasy and the reasons why someone can become apostate.  Continuing with the possibility of whether or not sameone can apostate from God.  To complete it, the author raises several views of theological figures regarding the possibility of apostasy.  The author describes with an exegetical study parts of the Bible verse in the book of Hebrew 5:11 -6:8 which are often used as an cirgue for theological controversy, regarding the possibility of apostasy and loss safety. Conclusions are obtained by comparing, analyzing and provides an interpretation based on the analogy method of faith, the Bible as a basis for measuring truth.  Realizing that humans are obliged to submit themselves to God and obey God’s statements, the author also used methods Neo-Supernatural dialectics. From the results of research exegetically and by proposing premises so the author can conclude that if sameone who has believed in the Lord Jesus Christ then apostatizes, then the certainty of his salvation will be lost.

. In writing this article, Mordecai is often interpreted as a lesson about strong faith, greatness, and belief in divine providence. His actions are seen as an example of standing up for what is right and trusting in God's plan, even in the face of adversity. In a theological context, this research aims to provide an example of the importance of loyalty, greatness, and struggle in building strong faith and maintaining faith, as well as belief in God's faithfulness in the midst of life crises and providing inspiration in strengthening faith and obedience to God in any situation.

The church is faced with an urgent responsibility to address the environmental crisis by building awareness of eco-tourism. By promoting eco-tourism as a tool to preserve nature and support sustainable development, the church not only provides theological understanding but also acts as a real agent of change in supporting environmental conservation efforts. A literature review of environmental ecology theory, eco-tourism theory, and Christian religious views provides a foundation for understanding human behavior towards nature. This research, using a descriptive qualitative method, combines literature analysis with the author's field experience to formulate a theoretical proposal. The church is considered to have a crucial responsibility in protecting the environment and building eco-tourism by supporting environmental programs, collaborating with NGOs, providing environmental education through worship, playing an active role in commemorating environmental days, and taking concrete steps in the development of sustainable eco-tourism. Conclusions highlight three concepts of the human view of the environment, with humans together with nature approaching the values of Christian eco-theology, while suggestions include church support on government environmental programs and close cooperation with NGOs to raise the environmental awareness of its members.  

This research study has a theological aim of the meaning of Spirituality of Humility in a Christian context experiencing a crisis of faith. The background to the writing is the author's observation of several phenomena in the practical life of Christians in modern times which are experiencing degradation, such as lack of willingness, sacrifice, humility, love and faith. The problems experienced by the author believe are due to problems with Christian spirituality in modern times. The author observes the fact that modern humans do not appreciate the events of the cross and calvary (Jesus). This experience provides the principles of spirituality, crumbs and dry leaves, which can answer the problems of modern times. The spirituality of humility brings humans to become friends of Jesus. The author uses descriptive and bibliographic analysis methods. The author conducted a theological study of the meaning of spiritual humility from Eko Armada Riyanto's book "The Spirituality of Crumbs and Dry Leaves". The book used will show problems, which can be answered through the principles of spirituality based on humility. The results of this study are the basis for the implementation of Christian spirituality today. The author hopes to help, increase insight into the spiritual life of Christian life. Spirituality of humility brings people closer to God in whom they believe, spirituality makes people moved by love and affection in their lives. Spirituality brings humans to a deep awareness, especially humility, that comes from God. Becoming humble requires a very long process, so openness to God's love makes humans friends to all and willing to be shaped by God.