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The provision of clean water is a basic necessity and a fundamental responsibility of the government as a form of public accountability. Clean water not only plays a crucial role in supporting daily life but also directly affects public health, education, and economic productivity. However, the condition in Tanjung Melagan Island, located in the hinterland area of Batam City, still shows serious issues regarding access to clean water. Limited infrastructure, remote geographical location, and the lack of policy intervention are the main obstacles faced by the local community. This study aims to analyze the responsibility of the Batam City Government in providing clean water using J. Spiro’s accountability theory, which highlights three main indicators: accountability, obligation, and causality. This research employs a qualitative approach through in-depth interviews, field observations, and document studies. Informants in this study include officials from the Department of Human Settlements and Spatial Planning of Batam City, the Head of Galang Baru Subdistrict, and local residents of Tanjung Melagan Island. The results of the study indicate that the accountability of the Batam City Government in the provision of clean water has not been carried out substantively. Although formal forums such as Development Planning Meetings (Musrenbang) exist, their implementation remains procedural and does not fully absorb the aspirations and needs of the local population. The government's obligation to provide clean water is acknowledged normatively, but its realization often faces technical constraints, complex bureaucracy, and the delegation of responsibilities to non-governmental institutions. Furthermore, several underlying causes of this weak accountability were identified, including limited budgetary resources, poor inter-agency coordination, and low levels of community literacy and participation in planning and monitoring processes. Thus, this study emphasizes the importance of strengthening the role and capacity of local governments in providing essential services such as clean water, especially in underdeveloped and remote regions, to ensure that the principle of social justice is truly realized.

This study examines criminal liability for the crime of exhibitionism in Indonesia and the forms of protection provided to its victims. Exhibitionism is a deviant behavior in the form of exposing genitals to others without consent, which is classified as a form of sexual harassment. Although often considered a minor act or even just "fun", exhibitionism has serious psychological impacts on victims, such as trauma, fear, anxiety, and long-term mental disorders, especially if it occurs repeatedly or is experienced by minors. From a legal aspect, the crime of exhibitionism can be prosecuted through several articles in the Criminal Code (KUHP), including Article 281 which regulates indecent acts in public, and Article 289 if the exhibitionism is carried out with violence or threats of violence. In addition, Law Number 44 of 2008 concerning Pornography can also be used as a legal basis, especially if the exhibitionism is carried out through digital media. If the victim is a child, Law Number 35 of 2014 concerning Child Protection will increase the perpetrator's punishment. The criminal liability of exhibitionists depends heavily on their mental state. Under Indonesian criminal law, a person can only be held criminally responsible if they are legally capable of being held accountable. If a perpetrator is proven to have a serious mental disorder based on a psychiatric expert's testimony, they may be subject to special measures instead of criminal punishment, such as rehabilitation in a mental hospital. Protection for victims of exhibitionism must be comprehensive. This includes facilitating the reporting process to authorities, prompt handling by law enforcement, providing counseling or psychological support, protecting the victim's identity, and educating the public to prevent exhibitionism. Integrating legal aspects, mental health, and public education is crucial in breaking the chain of this crime.

Kue buayo berendam is a traditional food from Jambi that is unique in terms of ingredients, taste, and processing method. This food is made from glutinous rice flour and coconut milk, which gives it a chewy texture and a savory and sweet taste. With the increasing interest in functional foods that are not only delicious but also beneficial for health, kue buayo berendam has the potential for further study, especially in terms of its microbial content. One interesting aspect to study is the presence of lactic acid bacteria (LAB), especially from the genus Lactobacillus, which is known to have probiotic benefits. This study aims to identify the presence of Lactobacillus spp. in kue buayo berendam to determine the probiotic potential of this traditional food. The methodology used in the study included bacterial isolation from cake samples, observation of colony morphology, Gram staining to determine the type of bacterial cell wall, and a series of biochemical tests to identify the characteristics of the bacteria found. From the results of isolation and identification, it was found that most of the bacteria successfully cultured were Lactobacillus spp., which are Gram-positive and rod-shaped bacteria. The presence of Lactobacillus spp. The results of the research on kue buayo berendam (soaked crocodile cake) indicate that this food not only has cultural and flavor value but also has the potential to be a source of natural probiotics. Probiotics are known to play a role in maintaining digestive health, boosting the immune system, and balancing the gut microbiota. Therefore, kue buayo berendam (soaked crocodile cake) can be further developed as a traditional functional food that supports public health. These findings open up opportunities to enhance the nutritional and health value of local fermented foods, while preserving regional culinary heritage in more innovative and value-added forms.  

Traditional herbal drinks based on natural ingredients such as ginger, lemongrass, and lemon are widely known to have various health benefits. However, not all levels of society understand the properties, processing methods, and proper consumption of these herbal drinks. This community service activity aims to provide education regarding the benefits of herbal drinks to the community around the Sari Mutiara Pharmacy. The implementation method used was an interactive lecture, question and answer session, and distribution of information brochures. The results of the activity showed an increase in public understanding of the benefits and uses of herbal drinks. This activity was attended by 20 residents and is expected to be the first step in increasing awareness of consuming herbal drinks as a health promotion and prevention effort. Conclusion: Thecommunityserviceactivityto introduceherbaldrinks to the community around the Sari Mutiara Pharmacy successfully increased public understanding and interest in consuming herbal drinks as part of a healthy lifestyle.

This study explores the critical role of law in preventing and addressing crimes within the trade sector, focusing on specific economic crimes such as corruption, embezzlement, market manipulation, and smuggling. These crimes are on the rise, primarily driven by social and economic inequality. Unequal wealth distribution, weak regulatory oversight, and legal loopholes create opportunities for individuals and groups to pursue illicit financial gains. Powerful economic entities often exploit these weaknesses to maintain monopolistic control, deepening inequality and obstructing fair competition. Moreover, inadequate law enforcement and a lack of transparency within bureaucratic systems contribute to the widespread practices of bribery and collusion between business actors and government officials. This undermines the effectiveness of existing regulations and diminishes public confidence in the legal framework. The consequences of such economic crimes extend beyond financial losses; they significantly affect the broader society. These include rising poverty and unemployment, the deterioration of public trust in legal institutions, and increased social instability, all of which threaten sustainable economic development. To address these challenges, this study applies criminological and legal perspectives, underlining the necessity of multisectoral collaboration. It advocates for stronger government and legal institutional efforts, along with active community engagement, to enhance oversight mechanisms and promote transparency. Firm and equitable enforcement of laws is essential in ensuring justice and restoring trust. Ultimately, a collective commitment to legal reform and accountability is vital to building a trade environment that is fair, inclusive, and conducive to long-term national growth.

Flooding is a natural disaster that still frequently occurs in Singkep District, Lingga Regency, Riau Islands Province. This disaster has quite serious impacts on the community, both in the economic, social, and health sectors. Therefore, the problem of flooding should be a serious concern for the local government, particularly in improving the effectiveness of coordination between agencies directly involved in flood mitigation efforts. This study aims to determine the coordination process between the Regional Disaster Management Agency (BPBD) and the Public Works and Spatial Planning Agency (PUTR) of Lingga Regency in flood management, as well as to identify obstacles encountered in its implementation. The research method used is qualitative with a descriptive approach. The researcher uses the coordination theory of Harold Koontz which emphasizes four important elements: work planning, meetings or interactions, communication, and division of tasks. Data were collected through in-depth interviews, field observations, and documentation from both related agencies. The results of the study indicate that inter-agency coordination has not been running synergistically. The work plans of each agency have not been fully integrated, resulting in the implementation of the flood mitigation program running independently based on their respective duties and functions. The Regional Disaster Management Agency (BPBD) places greater emphasis on non-structural mitigation approaches such as education and simulations, while the Public Works and Housing Agency (PUTR) focuses on technical aspects such as flood control infrastructure development. Inter-agency meetings remain formal and have not yet become collaborative forums for formulating joint policies. Communication and task allocation have occurred, but are limited to the information dissemination stage. Key obstacles to this coordination include budget constraints, a lack of competent personnel, and low public awareness and participation in supporting mitigation programs. The lack of drainage construction in several affected villages also demonstrates weak inter-agency integration in program implementation.

This study aimed to isolate and culture bacteria from well water samples as a first step in identifying microorganisms found in domestic water environments. Well water was chosen because it is one of the main water sources for communities, especially in rural areas, but is highly susceptible to contamination due to human activities such as household waste, agricultural waste, and poor sanitation systems. The isolation process was carried out using the pour plate and scratch plate methods using Nutrient Agar (NA) and MacConkey Agar (MAC) media, which function to detect various types of bacteria, both pathogenic and non-pathogenic, including gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. Samples were incubated at 37°C for 24–48 hours to allow colony growth. After the incubation period, the growing colonies were observed morphologically based on the color, shape, and edge of the colonies. Next, the colonies were cultured to obtain pure cultures for further analysis. Preliminary results showed a diversity of colony shapes indicating the presence of several bacterial species, such as Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas sp., and possibly Enterobacter sp., which are indicators of air quality and the level of fecal contamination. This study provides a preliminary overview of the microbiological status of well water and the importance of regular testing of domestic water sources. Early identification through isolation and culture is crucial for mitigating public health risks and providing a basis for any necessary air treatment or sanitation interventions. Therefore, the results of this study are expected to serve as a reference for the community and government in sustainably maintaining the quality and safety of well water. The recommended next step is to conduct antibiotic resistance testing to determine the potential hazards of the identified pathogenic bacteria.

Hypertension is a condition characterized by elevated blood pressure, where the systolic pressure exceeds 140 mmHg and the diastolic pressure exceeds 90 mmHg. If not properly treated, hypertension can lead to severe complications, increased morbidity, and even mortality. This condition occurs when the heart works harder than usual to pump blood (systolic) and the blood flow returning to the heart (diastolic) also experiences increased pressure. One of the efforts to prevent the progression of hypertension from a primary to a secondary stage is through non-pharmacological treatments. One such treatment includes the use of natural remedies like celery leaves. Celery leaves contain active compounds such as flavonoids and potassium that are believed to help lower blood pressure by relaxing blood vessels and increasing the excretion of sodium through urine.This community service activity was carried out in Purwodadi Village and aimed to increase public awareness, especially among families, regarding hypertension and its non-pharmacological management using natural ingredients that are easy to find and affordable. The method used involved health education through counseling and direct demonstrations of how to prepare and consume celery leaf boiled water. Participants were actively involved in learning how to select, clean, boil, and properly consume the celery leaf water as a herbal drink.The results of the activity showed a significant improvement in community knowledge and understanding related to hypertension and the benefits of using celery leaves as a traditional remedy. It is hoped that after this activity, the local community will be able to independently apply this knowledge and routinely use boiled celery water as a preventive measure to maintain normal blood pressure and reduce the risk of complications. This effort is part of promotive and preventive health services to improve the quality of life and promote a healthy lifestyle at the village level.

Environmental health risks, including air pollution, unsafe water, and climate-sensitive diseases, remain pressing global challenges that continue to threaten public well-being. Conventional monitoring systems are typically manual, costly, and geographically limited, making it difficult to provide timely and accurate data for intervention. This study explores how digital health technologies—specifically mobile health (mHealth), the Internet of Things (IoT), artificial intelligence (AI), and remote sensing—are applied to strengthen the monitoring and management of environmental health risks. A structured literature review was carried out by synthesizing 87 peer-reviewed articles published between 2013 and 2024, using an evaluation framework built on keyword clustering, metadata filtering, and multi-criteria scoring to assess usability, scalability, interoperability, and relevance to health outcomes. Findings show that mHealth platforms are highly accessible and user-friendly but often face limitations in integration with broader health systems. IoT and AI technologies offer strong scalability and predictive capability, particularly in real-time risk detection, though they are hindered by interoperability issues across platforms. Meanwhile, remote sensing is powerful for capturing large-scale environmental data but lacks direct connections to health-specific applications. The analysis identifies a critical gap in the integration of these technologies, emphasizing the need for cross-sector collaboration to build more robust, interoperable systems. Additionally, the findings highlight the importance of ethical considerations, validation processes, and interdisciplinary approaches to ensure sustainable and impactful implementation. Overall, this study provides not only a comparative synthesis of current practices but also a methodological roadmap to guide future digital innovations in environmental health. By bridging technological potential with practical application, it underscores the urgent need for integrated strategies that can better address the growing complexity of environmental health risks in the modern era.

 Matra Health is a form of health service specifically designed to maintain and improve public health in dynamic, complex, and constantly changing environmental conditions. This service plays a very vital role, especially in facing and handling various types of disasters, both natural disasters such as earthquakes, floods, and landslides, as well as non-natural disasters such as residential fires. One form of non-natural disaster that often occurs in densely populated areas is residential fires. This is caused by various factors such as unsafe electrical installations, a lack of public awareness of the dangers of fire, and buildings that are not resistant to heat or fire. Residential fires not only cause physical damage to buildings and infrastructure, but also cause various health problems, ranging from burns, respiratory problems due to smoke exposure, to psychological trauma, especially in vulnerable groups such as children, the elderly, and pregnant women. In response to these conditions, a dimensional health intervention activity was carried out from June 23 to 26, 2025 in areas affected by the fires under the coordination of the South Sumatra Regional Crisis Center. This activity aims to reduce health risk factors that arise after the fires through a series of actions such as multi-sector health surveillance, public health education, and distribution of logistical assistance. The activity also includes conducting rapid assessments using the Rapid Health Assessment (RHA) method, providing education on fire impact prevention, and distributing supplementary food to vulnerable groups. The results of the activity showed a significant increase in public understanding of the dangers of fire and the importance of preparedness for its impacts. Furthermore, the need to strengthen cross-sectoral coordination, such as health, disaster management, and social sectors, in disaster management was identified. It is hoped that this activity can serve as a model for strengthening community-based emergency response systems.

Despite the vital role of early disease detection in preventing complications and minimizing healthcare costs, public awareness regarding this issue remains relatively low. Teachers, as influential figures within educational communities, possess great potential to promote health literacy and recognize early signs of health issues among students and peers. This community engagement program aimed to improve teachers’ and school staff’s knowledge and awareness about the importance of early detection through an educational seminar. The activity took place on July 8, 2025, at Mutiara Bangsa 3 School, located in Jelambar, Grogol Petamburan, and was attended by 97 participants, consisting of teachers and staff members. The seminar lasted 75 minutes and featured Dr. dr. Ernawati, SE., MS., Sp.KKLP as the main speaker. The session was delivered interactively using PowerPoint slides, encouraging active participation and discussion. Observations and feedback collected during and after the event showed an increase in participants’ understanding of the importance of early disease detection, routine health screening, and preventive lifestyle practices. Many participants demonstrated a positive shift in attitude by expressing their intention to undergo regular health check-ups and to share the knowledge gained with students and colleagues. This activity highlights the crucial role of educational institutions in promoting health literacy and acting as platforms for public health promotion. By equipping educators with accurate health information, schools can contribute meaningfully to disease prevention efforts and overall community well-being. The seminar not only enhanced individual awareness but also reinforced the promotive and preventive functions of schools as part of a broader sustainable public health strategy.

Gunung Kijang Subdistrict in Bintan Regency is one of the areas still facing various socio-economic challenges, particularly related to poverty issues. The problems faced include low income, limited access to education and healthcare, lack of employment opportunities, and low quality of life. Therefore, the Family Hope Program (PKH) is present as a social policy intervention from the government to help reduce the impact of poverty both directly and in the long term in Gunung Kijang by fulfilling basic needs, increasing participation in education, raising awareness of the importance of health, and empowerment through social assistance. This study aims to determine the extent of PKH’s effectiveness in reducing poverty rates in Gunung Kijang Subdistrict, Bintan Regency. The study uses a qualitative approach with a descriptive method. Data collection techniques include interviews, direct field observations, and documentation. In its analysis, this study refers to William N. Dunn’s public policy evaluation theory, which includes six main indicators: effectiveness, efficiency, adequacy, equity, responsiveness, and accuracy. The results show that PKH has a positive impact on beneficiary families (KPM). The program increases school attendance of children from poor families in primary and secondary schools, as attendance is an important component in the disbursement of aid. In addition, PKH encourages poor communities to be more active in accessing health services, such as community health centers (puskesmas) and integrated health service posts (posyandu), especially for vulnerable groups such as pregnant women, toddlers, and the elderly. The Family Hope Program (PKH) contributes to reducing the impact of poverty in Gunung Kijang Subdistrict. Although it has not fully resolved the root problems, PKH has the potential to be a tool to break the cycle of poverty and improve the quality of life of poor communities sustainably.  

Awareness of environmental health is an important factor in maintaining community welfare, especially in developing urban areas. The city of Medan, as one of the major cities in Indonesia, still faces various environmental problems such as poor sanitation, garbage accumulation, and water pollution, which have an impact on public health. This study aims to analyze the factors that affect the level of public awareness of environmental health in the city of Medan. This study uses a quantitative design with a cross-sectional approach. Data were collected from 100 randomly selected respondents using a structured questionnaire, which measures people's level of awareness of environmental health and various factors that influence it, such as education level, media exposure, and economic status. Data analysis was carried out univariately, bivariately with Chi-square test, and multivariate using logistic regression to determine the relationship between independent variables and the level of public awareness. The results of the study show that factors such as education level, media exposure, and economic status have a significant influence on the level of public awareness. People with higher levels of education, better media exposure, and better economic status tend to have higher awareness of environmental health issues. The implications of these findings suggest that improving environmental education and more effective dissemination of information can be an important effort in raising public awareness. Community-based programs that focus on education and strengthening environmental information can be a strategic step in overcoming environmental problems in urban areas. The results of this research are expected to be a reference for the formulation of more effective policies and programs in increasing environmental awareness in urban communities.

Virgin Coconut Oil (VCO) is a processed coconut product with high economic and health value. VCO production is known to be relatively easy, inexpensive, and capable of producing high-quality oil rich in benefits, including as a traditional medicine and natural ingredient for beauty and health. This community service activity aims to provide students of the Biology Education Study Program at Buton Muslim University with an understanding and practical skills regarding the VCO production process as a form of utilization of local natural resources, especially coconuts. The methods used in this activity include lectures or delivery of theoretical material, interactive discussions on the content and benefits of VCO, and direct practice in making virgin coconut oil using the settling method. This method was chosen because it does not require complicated equipment, does not use excessive heating, and is able to maintain the natural quality of the resulting oil. During the implementation, students are invited to observe and follow the entire process, from selecting good coconut raw materials, the grating process, squeezing coconut milk, natural fermentation through settling, to the process of separating oil from sediment and filtering. The results of this activity demonstrated that students not only understood the concept and theory of VCO production but also produced 1,500 ml of virgin coconut oil packaged in five 300 ml bottles. The VCO was then sold to the public for approximately Rp 30,000 per bottle. Through this activity, students not only gained contextual learning experiences but also developed insights into sustainable, locally-based entrepreneurship.

To improve public health, especially for elementary school-aged children, one of the most important prevention methods is Clean and Healthy Living Behavior (PHBS). The purpose of this study was to improve the understanding and utilization of PHBS among students at Bayak Public Elementary School in Siremen Village, Tanara District through counseling and live demonstrations. This activity was carried out by the KKM Group 95 team from Bina Bangsa University for 83 second- and fourth-grade students at Bayak Public Elementary School. The method used was a participatory educational approach, namely by providing counseling related to PHBS and continued with live demonstrations of handwashing, tooth brushing, and maintaining personal hygiene. The material was delivered interactively to make it easier for children to understand, including the use of visual media such as posters and pictures. The students were also given direct practice tools such as soap, toothbrushes, and toothpaste so they could directly practice proper hygiene practices. The results of the activity showed that students had a better understanding of PHBS and made positive changes in their daily lives at school. It appeared that students were better trained in maintaining personal and environmental hygiene. They also began to get used to washing their hands before eating, maintaining dental hygiene, and disposing of trash properly. Teachers and homeroom teachers also actively supported this initiative by participating in outreach activities and monitoring changes in student behavior. This initiative not only raised students' awareness of the importance of health but also encouraged active school participation in creating a healthy learning environment. It is hoped that this initiative will serve as a reference for schools in teaching students how to live a healthy and clean lifestyle in a sustainable manner.

Breast milk production in the early postpartum period is a crucial factor for successful breastfeeding, particularly among primiparous mothers who often experience lactation difficulties during days 3–7 after childbirth. Non-pharmacological interventions such as oxytocin massage and breast care are considered effective approaches to support milk production by enhancing hormonal release and breast stimulation.This study employed a quantitative quasi-experimental design with a one-group pretest–posttest approach. The study was conducted at the Sahu Public Health Center, West Halmahera, involving 20 primiparous breastfeeding mothers on days 3–7 postpartum selected through purposive sampling. Oxytocin massage and breast care were administered according to standardized procedures. Breast milk production was assessed before and after the intervention using observational indicators of milk flow. Data were analyzed using the Wilcoxon Signed Rank Test. The results showed a significant improvement in breast milk production after the intervention. The mean breast milk production score decreased from 1.95 before the intervention to 1.15 after the intervention, indicating smoother milk flow. Statistical analysis revealed a significant difference in breast milk production before and after oxytocin massage and breast care (Z = −3.358; p = 0.001). Oxytocin massage combined with breast care significantly improves breast milk production among primiparous breastfeeding mothers during days 3–7 postpartum. These non-pharmacological interventions are safe, practical, and effective, and are recommended to be integrated into routine postpartum care to support early lactation success.

Anemia in pregnant women is a significant global public health issue, with a prevalence of 35.5% in 2023, according to the Global Anemia Estimates 2025 from the World Health Organization (WHO). The prevalence of anemia among reproductive-aged women is 30.7%, while it is 30.5% in non-pregnant women. This indicates that anemia is more prevalent among pregnant women compared to the general female population, highlighting the need for greater attention to this health issue. This study aims to identify and evaluate the risk factors or causes of anemia in pregnant women using an observational analytical approach. The research design employed is cross-sectional, which allows for the observation of the relationship between maternal knowledge about anemia and the occurrence of anemia in pregnant women at the same point in time. The study population consists of all pregnant women who visit the community health center (Puskesmas) for checkups. The results indicate that there is no significant relationship between parity (number of previous births) and the occurrence of anemia in pregnant women, with an Odds Ratio (OR) of 1.58. This means that women with higher parity are 1.58 times more likely to experience anemia compared to women with lower parity. However, the study found a significant relationship between maternal knowledge about anemia and the occurrence of anemia in pregnant women. Mothers with better knowledge about anemia are less likely to experience it. This study is expected to provide important information about the importance of improving maternal knowledge regarding anemia, which can contribute to the prevention and control of anemia in pregnant women. By enhancing maternal knowledge, it is hoped that the prevalence of anemia in pregnant women can be reduced, improving the overall health of both mothers and their unborn children.

Sleep disturbances are a common complaint among postpartum mothers, and this condition can affect the physical and psychological recovery process after childbirth. Untreated sleep disturbances can lead to various problems, such as fatigue, decreased quality of life, and even the risk of mental health disorders such as postpartum depression. One non-pharmacological approach that can be used to address these sleep disturbances is lavender aromatherapy. Lavender aromatherapy is known to have a calming effect that can help improve sleep quality. This community service activity aims to increase postpartum mothers' knowledge about the use of lavender aromatherapy as a complementary therapy to address their sleep problems. The activity was conducted in June 2025 at the Lismarini Independent Midwife Practice (PMB), using methods that included education, discussion, and distribution of informative leaflets. A total of 15 postpartum mothers participated in this activity, and to measure their knowledge, pre- and post-tests were conducted before and after the education session. The evaluation results showed a significant increase in participants' knowledge levels after participating in the education about lavender aromatherapy. Education about the use of lavender aromatherapy has been proven effective in increasing postpartum mothers' understanding of the benefits and how to use this therapy. Thus, lavender aromatherapy can be a beneficial health promotion strategy to support postpartum recovery. Through this activity, it is hoped that postpartum mothers can apply the knowledge gained to independently improve their sleep quality, thereby supporting their physical and mental health during the recovery period. This activity also contributes to efforts to improve overall public health and provides new insights for healthcare workers in educating postpartum mothers about safe and effective alternative therapies.

Bekasam is a traditional fermented fish-based food popular in various regions in Indonesia, including Batanghari, Jambi. This product is produced through a spontaneous fermentation process that utilizes the activity of microorganisms, particularly lactic acid bacteria (LAB), which play an important role in the formation of distinctive flavors, food safety, and potential health benefits. One type of fish used is lambak fish (Labiobarbus ocellatus), which is commonly found in local waters. Given the high prevalence of cardiovascular disease associated with cholesterol levels, exploring the probiotic potential of local fermented foods presents a strategic opportunity to support public health. This study aims to isolate and identify LAB from bekasam lambak fish from Mersam, Batanghari, and evaluate its initial potential as a candidate for cholesterol-lowering probiotics. The research method was carried out in the laboratory through a series of dilutions (10⁻¹–10⁻⁶) of bekasam samples, followed by cultivation on Nutrient Agar (NA) media using the pour and streak method. Incubation was carried out at 37°C for 24–48 hours. The growing colonies were then observed morphologically and tested using Gram staining. Observations revealed spherical, milky-white colonies with Gram-positive rod-shaped characteristics, indicating they likely belonged to the Lactobacillus genus. This genus is known to lower cholesterol through bile acid binding and free cholesterol assimilation mechanisms in the digestive tract. These findings reinforce the notion that bekasam lambak fish contains local LAB isolates that have the potential to be developed as a natural probiotic raw material. This potential can be utilized in the development of functional fermented food products or nutraceuticals that not only maintain the traditional value of bekasam but also provide preventative health benefits, particularly in controlling cholesterol levels.

Indonesia ranks fourth globally in terms of active Instagram users, with approximately 103 million users, positioning this platform as a strategic medium for hospitals to conduct promotion, health education, and audience engagement. Hospitals, particularly private institutions, have increasingly recognized the potential of social media in fostering strong brand images and maintaining public trust. This study aims to analyze the influence of marketing content on the brand image of Indriati Solo Baru Hospital, a private hospital that is active on Instagram and holds verified status. Employing a quantitative approach with an associative method, the research involved 100 respondents drawn from followers of the hospital’s official Instagram account, selected through incidental sampling. Data were collected via questionnaires and subsequently analyzed using simple linear regression. The results demonstrate that marketing content exerts a positive and significant impact on brand image, as reflected in the regression equation Y = 3.838 + 0.267X. Statistical analysis further revealed a significance value of 0.001 (<0.05) and a t-calculated score of 10.048, exceeding the t-table value of 1.984. The coefficient of determination (R²) was 0.507, indicating that marketing content accounts for 50.7% of the variance in brand image, while the remaining 49.3% is influenced by other factors beyond the scope of this study. Among the tested indicators, Decision Making and Life Factors demonstrated significant contributions, underscoring their role in shaping perceptions of brand image. Meanwhile, Persuasion, Reader Cognition, and Sharing Motivation functioned as supportive elements that reinforce but do not independently drive outcomes. These findings highlight the critical role of strategic content development in strengthening hospital brand image within digital spaces.