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Sewing workers at CV Cahaya Setia Mulia Abadi perform static and repetitive tasks, such as prolonged sitting in a bent posture and continuous sewing movements. These conditions lead to various physical complaints, including back pain (78%), lower neck pain (75%), upper neck discomfort (73%), as well as shoulder fatigue, wrist tingling, and lower back stiffness. This research is conducted to evaluate the potential risk of musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs) through the application of the Rapid Entire Body Assessment (REBA) method, determine the body parts most frequently affected using the Nordic Body Map (NBM) questionnaire, and develop posture correction strategies based on anthropometric measurements.The REBA results indicate that most sewing activities fall into the medium-risk category (score 5–7), with some in the high-risk category (score 8). The intervention involved adjusting chair dimensions based on anthropometry, and adding seat cushions and backrests. After the simulation of improvements, the REBA score decreased to 2, placing it in the low-risk category. These findings demonstrate that ergonomic chair design and proper working posture significantly reduce physical strain, increase comfort, and help maintain worker productivity. This study offers practical recommendations for creating a healthier and safer work environment in the manufacturing sector.

Low Back Pain (LBP) is one of the most common musculoskeletal problems experienced by people in various age groups and work backgrounds. This complaint can be acute, subacute, or chronic, with various causes ranging from mechanical, degenerative, to psychosocial factors. This study aims to examine the characteristics of LBP through a literature review of several previous studies that focus on prevalence, risk factors, and their impact on patients' daily lives. The method used is a narrative literature review, with data sources coming from national and international journals, research reports, and academic repositories. The results of the study show that the prevalence of LBP is very high, with a significant percentage of occurrence in the elderly, pregnant women, administrative workers, and individuals with a sedentary lifestyle and non-ergonomic work posture. In addition to age, female gender, non-ideal body mass index, and long work duration, it was also found that psychosocial characteristics such as low social support and high work pressure play a role in triggering or worsening LBP. A study at Ibnu Sina Hospital Makassar showed that most LBP patients were elderly women with acute pain and radiological results showed lumbar spondylosis as the most common diagnosis. The conclusion of this study emphasizes the importance of prevention through ergonomic education, work stress management, and early intervention based on a healthy lifestyle. These findings are expected to be the basis for designing promotive and preventive strategies for high-risk groups.

This study explores the development and application of a digital twin-driven cybersecurity risk assessment model for Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT) networks. The increasing complexity and interconnectivity of IIoT systems have expanded the attack surface, making them vulnerable to a wide range of cyber threats. The digital twin model addresses this challenge by creating real-time virtual replicas of physical systems, which can simulate and predict network vulnerabilities and attack vectors. The model uses machine learning algorithms and real-time data to simulate cyberattacks, including Distributed Denial of Service (DDoS), malware, and data breaches. By providing continuous monitoring and dynamic risk predictions, the digital twin model enhances the resilience of IIoT networks compared to traditional cybersecurity frameworks. The findings indicate that the model's ability to predict potential cyber threats and simulate various attack scenarios provides a more proactive and accurate approach to cybersecurity in IIoT environments. Additionally, the study highlights key mitigation strategies, including adaptive security mechanisms, real-time anomaly detection, and the use of lightweight encryption for resource-constrained devices. Despite its effectiveness, challenges such as computational requirements, integration with legacy systems, and scalability were identified. This research underscores the strategic importance of digital twin models in securing IIoT systems and advancing Manufacturing 4.0 ecosystems. Future research should focus on enhancing model accuracy, expanding its application to diverse industrial sectors, and improving interoperability with legacy systems to further strengthen the security posture of IIoT networks.

The development of e-learning platforms has transformed the landscape of education by providing flexible and accessible learning methods. However, security threats targeting web-based applications pose significant risks to the confidentiality, integrity, and availability of academic data. This research aims to analyze the security vulnerabilities of the ILMU2 e-learning website at UPN “Veteran” Jawa Timur using the Web Application Security Project Zed Attack Proxy (OWASP ZAP) methodology. The study applies a black-box testing approach to simulate attacks and identify potential weaknesses in the website's security mechanisms. Expected findings include the identification of vulnerabilities such as cross-site scripting (XSS), SQL injection, and security misconfigurations. The results are intended to provide insights for improving the security posture of the ILMU2 platform and contribute to the broader discourse on securing educational technology in higher education institutions.

Musculoskeletal Disorders (MSDs) encompassing conditions affecting muscles, bones, joints, ligaments, nerves, and tendons , are a prevalent occupational health issue, particularly in roles involving physical tasks like lifting, pushing, pulling, or carrying loads. This study aims to synthesize current scientific findings on the prevalence, contributing risk factors, and effective prevention strategies for MSDs in manual handling contexts. A systematic literature search was conducted using Google Scholar, focusing on peer-reviewed journal articles published between January 2020 and June 2025. The review identified a consistently high prevalence of MSDs, with the lower back, shoulders, neck, and upper extremities being the most commonly affected areas. Key risk factors are multifactorial, including physical/ergonomic aspects (e.g., awkward postures, heavy loads, repetitive motions, prolonged exposure, vibration) , individual factors (e.g., age, BMI, injury history) , psychosocial factors (e.g., high job demands, low job control, stress) , and organizational/manegerial factors (e.g., inadequate training, poor workstation design). The findings underscore the necessity of a holistic and integrated approach to manage MSDs.  

This study aims to analyze working posture and the risk of musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs) among wide-body fairing maintenance operators at PT GMF AeroAsia. Manual handling during aircraft maintenance often causes non-ergonomic postures that increase the risk of injury to the musculoskeletal system. The Rapid Entire Body Assessment (REBA) method was used to quantitatively assess postural risk, while the Nordic Body Map (NBM) identified subjective discomfort reported by workers. Results showed that most complaints occurred in the right hand, back, and neck, with risk levels ranging from moderate to very high. Based on these findings, recommendations include workstation redesign, use of assistive tools, and ergonomic training to help reduce MSD risks and improve workplace safety. This study contributes practical insights into ergonomic applications, particularly in the aircraft maintenance industry.

This study evaluates the implementation of Behavior Based Safety (BBS) in improving occupational safety compliance at PT Wichindo Pratama, a heavy equipment manufacturing company with high work risks. The topic was chosen due to frequent violations of safety procedures, such as the improper use of Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) and neglect of Standard Operating Procedures (SOP), which increase the risk of accidents. A qualitative method was used through direct observation, in-depth interviews with 12 shift workers, and field assessments of safety facilities. The findings show that although the company has an Occupational Health and Safety (OHS) management system, non-compliance still occurs. Issues include incomplete PPE usage, disorganized work tools, and unsafe rest habits. Observations revealed potential hazards such as physical (noise), chemical (oil exposure), ergonomic (awkward postures), mechanical (machine use without full PPE), biological, and psychological risks (stress from shift work). BBS is seen as a strategy to connect existing OHS policies with safe work behavior by focusing on mindset and daily habits. The implementation of BBS is expected to reduce accidents and support the creation of a safer, more sustainable workplace.

Stroke is a cerebrovascular disorder that disrupts blood flow and oxygen supply to the brain, leading to tissue damage and impaired function. This study examines the impact of physiotherapy interventions, including Neuromuscular Electrical Stimulation (NMES), stretching, strengthening, and ankle exercises, on a 60-year-old patient with hemiparesis sinistra post-stroke. The patient presented with abnormal gait, postural imbalance, and weakness in the left upper and lower limbs. After undergoing physiotherapy sessions twice a week for two weeks, the patient demonstrated increased muscle strength in the left lower extremity, reduced edema in the left leg, and improved range of motion, particularly in the hip and knee joints. These findings highlight the effectiveness of physiotherapy in enhancing functional recovery for post-stroke patients with hemiparesis sinistra.

Adolescent Idiopathic Scoliosis (AIS) is the most common progressive musculoskeletal disorder among adolescents, characterized by a lateral curvature of the spine with an unknown cause. This condition often results in postural asymmetry, chronic low back pain, and reduced mobility. This case report involves a 17-year-old female high school student diagnosed with AIS, presenting with lower back pain and functional limitations. The physiotherapy intervention included three sessions over two weeks, utilizing Microwave Diathermy (MWD) as a physical modality, along with Schroth method and strengthening exercises. The outcomes demonstrated a reduction in pain intensity, improved muscle strength, increased spinal mobility, and enhanced thoracic expansion. Additionally, the patient showed an improvement in quality of life as measured by the Scoliosis Research Society-22 (SRS-22) questionnaire. These findings suggest that structured conservative physiotherapy, combining physical modalities and specific exercises, is effective in alleviating clinical symptoms, improving postural awareness, and supporting the functional well-being of AIS patients. This case highlights the importance of early and consistent physiotherapeutic intervention to manage symptoms and potentially slow curve progression.

Cerebral Palsy (CP) adalah gangguan pergerakan yang mempengaruhi tonus otot dan keterampilan motorik. Spastic Hemiplegia mengakibatkan kelemahan dan kekakuan otot pada satu sisi tubuh. Limb lengthening digunakan untuk mengatasi perbedaan panjang tungkai, namun memberikan dampak pada mobilitas. An. RF, dengan Cerebral Palsy (CP) Spastic Hemiplegic dan pasca limb lengthening. Tujuan peneltian untuk mengetahui efektifitas exrcise dalam penanganan kasus Cerebral Palsy (CP) Spastic Hemiplegic dengan riwayat post op limb lengthening. Penelitian ini menggunakan desain studi kasus dengan pendekatan kuantitatif. Subjek penelitian merupakan seorang anak laki-laki berusia 8 tahun dengan keluhan utama gangguan pola berjalan akibat perbedaan panjang tungkai setelah menjalani prosedur limb lengthening. Intervensi fisioterapi sebanyak 2 kali pertemuan berfokus pada penguatan otot ekstremitas bawah, fleksibilitas sendi, dan keseimbangan tubuh. Hasil dan pembahasan yang didapatkan fisioterapi yang diterapkan menunjukkan hasil positif dengan perbaikan dalam keterampilan motorik dasar. Namun, tantangan besar pada berjalan dan berlari akibat ketidakseimbangan panjang tungkai dan spastisitas terus ada. Program terapi berfokus pada penguatan otot dan keseimbangan memberikan kontribusi signifikan terhadap perbaikan fungsional. Terapi lanjutan yang lebih terfokus pada koordinasi dan keseimbangan tubuh diperlukan untuk meningkatkan kemampuan berjalan. Kesimpulannya evaluasi dan penyesuaian program terapi yang lebih terfokus pada koordinasi dan stabilitas postural penting untuk meningkatkan kualitas hidup dan mobilitas An. RF.

This study aims to examine the role of biomechanics in preventing injuries in karate athletes through a systematic review. The research method follows the PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses) framework with a literature search in the Science Direct database, Google Scholar, and the use of tools such as VOSviewer and Publish or Perish. Studies that met the inclusion criteria (10 articles) were analyzed to identify injury patterns, biomechanical factors, and prevention strategies. The results showed that the most common injuries in karate athletes were contusions, calf muscle strains, and finger sprains, which were related to force distribution, extreme joint angles, and postural control. Biomechanical analysis (motion capture, EMG, force plate) proved that technique correction, proprioception training, stabilizing muscle strengthening, and balance training could reduce the risk of injury by up to 20%. Significant differences were found between novice and elite athletes in terms of movement consistency and neuromuscular control. The integration of biomechanical principles with karate philosophy (mushin, zanshin, kime) was also emphasized to maintain a balance between performance and cultural values. Limitations of the study include heterogeneity of measurement instruments and potential publication bias. Future recommendations include longitudinal studies, development of portable devices (IMUs), and personalization of training programs based on individual biomechanical profiles

The agricultural sector is an informal sector that often does not receive full attention regarding occupational safety and health. One of the common hazards found in the informal sector is ergonomic hazards. This study aims to identify hazards and assess ergonomic risk among rice farmers in Dusun Gugur, Matesih Subdistrict, Karanganyar Regency. The study was conducted from August to December 2024 using a descriptive observational method with a cross-sectional time approach. The sample consisted of 20 rice farmers selected using accidental sampling. Primary data were collected through focus group discussions and direct field observations. The hazard identification results showed that the most dominant ergonomic risks included prolonged bending postures, repetitive body movements, and the frequent carrying of heavy loads during work. Based on the risk assessment, most farming activities were categorized as high ergonomic risk. These findings highlight the need for ergonomic interventions to reduce the risk of musculoskeletal disorders, which can impact the health and productivity of farmers.

Background: Low back pain (LBP) is one of the most common musculoskeletal problems that affect the quality of life and productivity of individuals. LBP lasting more than 12 weeks is categorized as chronic LBP and often has no specific cause. Core stability exercise (CSE) is one of the effective rehabilitation methods in managing pain and disability in chronic LBP patients. Objective: This review aims to evaluate the effectiveness of CSE in reducing pain in patients with chronic LBP based on a literature review. Methods: This study used the literature review method by reviewing various relevant studies related to CSE and chronic LBP. Data sources were obtained from databases such as PubMed, ScienceDirect, Google Scholar, and PEDro. Articles used had inclusion criteria in the form of randomized controlled trial (RCT) studies published in the last 10 years (2014-2024), in English, and involving patients with non-specific chronic LBP. Article quality assessment was conducted using the PEDro scale. Results: From the analysis of eight articles that met the inclusion criteria, it was found that CSE has significant effectiveness in reducing pain in patients with chronic LBP. The mean visual analogue scale (VAS) score showed a greater reduction in the group undergoing CSE compared to the control group or other therapeutic methods. Moreover, the combination of CSE with adjunctive therapies such as pain neuroscience education (PNE), interferential therapy (IFC), and myofascial release technique (MRT) showed better results in reducing pain and improving postural stability and physical function. Conclusion: CSE can be an effective rehabilitation method to reduce pain and improve core muscle stability in patients with chronic LBP. Combination with other therapies may provide more optimal results.

Neck pain is a common musculoskeletal complaint among workers due to non-ergonomic work postures and long working hours. PT. Pantjamitra Ichigodjaja has a work environment that poses a risk of neck muscle strain due to static work positions and working hours exceeding 8 hours per day. This study aims to evaluate the effectiveness of education through leaflet distribution in improving employees' knowledge about neck pain, including its causes, prevention, and management. This research used a descriptive quantitative design with an intervention method in the form of distributing educational leaflets to 50 employees selected using a purposive sampling technique. Data collection was conducted through pre-test and post-test using a validated and reliable questionnaire. The results showed an increase in employee knowledge after receiving the leaflet, with the percentage of good knowledge increasing from 20% in the pre-test to 60% in the post-test. The average increase in knowledge score reached 40%, indicating that education through leaflets is effective in improving employees' understanding of neck pain. The conclusion of this study is that education using leaflets can increase employee awareness and knowledge about the importance of ergonomic work posture and muscle stretching to prevent neck pain. The study suggests that the company should continue the education program periodically and improve workplace ergonomics to reduce the risk of neck pain among employees.

Purpose: This Community Service is to Increase Public Knowledge and Provide an understanding to the public about the importance of body balance as one of the pillars of optimal physical health. As well as Encouraging Healthy Living Behavior and Educating the public about ways to maintain and train body balance through appropriate and safe physical activities. And Prevention of Injury Risk Reducing the risk of falls and injuries, especially in vulnerable groups such as the elderly, by increasing awareness and ability to maintain posture and body stability. As well as Improving the Quality of Life of the community Helping to achieve a better quality of life through effective and independent management of body functions. The sample consisted of 30 people and was selected based on a random sampling technique using the available questionnaire. The sample was measured using the Sitting Balance measurement to assess its Balance Level. Method: This Community Service is a pre-post test design. Of the 30 Respondents who obtained an N-Gain Score of 72.5, it showed that the method applied by the researcher in this activity was effective. In addition, the distribution of the N-Gain Score with a value of 0.9 indicates that this strength or category is at a high level

Objective: to evaluate the effectiveness of the Berg Balance Scale (BBS) examination in improving balance and preventing the risk of falls in the elderly. The elderly are an age group that is vulnerable to decreased body function, one of which is balance disorders that can increase the risk of falls. Falls in the elderly can have serious impacts such as injury, decreased quality of life, and even death. Balance examination and evaluation are very important to prevent the risk of falls. One of the effective and widely used measuring tools is the Berg Balance Scale (BBS), which assesses balance ability through 14 functional activity items. This study aims to evaluate the role of BBS in detecting balance disorders and as a basis for physiotherapy interventions to improve postural stability in the elderly. The results of the study indicate that periodic use of BBS can help identify elderly people with high risk of falls and monitor balance progress after intervention. Thus, BBS is an important tool in fall prevention strategies and improving the quality of life of the elderly. Conclusion: the use of the Berg Balance Scale is not only effective in assessing balance status, but also as a tool for monitoring the results of physiotherapy interventions in the elderly. Periodic use of BBS is recommended as part of a fall prevention program in health care facilities or elderly communities.

Background: Low back pain (LBP) is still one of the health problems, including in the dental profession. Doctor Dentists have a risk of experiencing Low Back Pain (LBP) when viewed from their static work activities. work activities that are static. The purpose of this study was to determine relationship between ergonomic factors and complaints of Low Back Pain (LBP) in general dentists practicing independently in Jambi City. general dentists practicing independently in Jambi City. Methods: This study is a quantitative study with an observational observational research design and using a cross sectional research design. The study population was general dentists practicing in Jambi City, totaling 204 people. Respondents in this study 70 people. Data collection using the ODI questionnaire for measurement LBP measurement, fingertip pulse oximeter for measurement of workload, Rapid Upper Limb Assessment (RULA) for work posture measurement, vibration meter for vibration measurement, and lux meter for lighting measurement. Data analysis using chi-square statistical test version 24. Results: The results showed the prevalence of complaints of Low Back Pain (LBP) in dentists was 60%. dentists amounted to 60%. The statistical test results show that the variables workload (p=0.000 <0.05), work posture (p=0.000 <0.05), length of work (p = 0.000 < 0.05), repetition (p = 0.003 < 0.05), lighting (p = 0.415 > 0,05). Conclusion: There is a relationship between workload, work posture, work duration, repetition with complaints of Low Back Pain (LBP) and there is no relationship between workload, work posture, work duration, repetition and lighting

The textile industry, especially clothing, is never-ending, because clothing is one of the primary needs, so that production services for ready-made clothing or the clothing convection industry continue to grow rapidly. One of the companies in the clothing convection industry in Malang City is CV. Defix Unggul Jaya. The clothing convection industry often shows intensive and repetitive work patterns. This can result in excessive workloads on workers, causing work-related diseases. Each stage of work in the clothing convection industry can cause risks related to work postures such as neck pain complaints. The incidence of neck pain complaints in workers reaches 6-67%. So the role of physiotherapy becomes very important, where the form of physiotherapy services not only provides treatment, but can provide services in the form of preventing neck pain disorders through socialization activities. The purpose of this socialization activity is to see the importance of the role of physiotherapy education in understanding the prevention of neck pain in CV. Defix Unggul Jaya, Malang City convection workers. The method used is education through socialization related to neck pain complaints using leaflets as a promotional media for the mat and using pre-test and post-test to determine the level of workers' understanding of neck pain complaints. The results obtained show an increase in the understanding of convection workers regarding the prevention and proper handling of neck pain.

Work fatigue and Musculoskeletal Disorders (MSDs) are common health issues among workers in the weaving industry. Fatigue often results from excessive workload, while MSD complaints typically include pain in the back, neck, wrists, elbows, and legs. This study used a cross-sectional design with a total sample of 45 active weavers in Numponi Village. The results showed significant associations between work fatigue and age (p=0.003), work duration (p=0.007), working posture (p=0.002), workload (p=0.014), and working hours (p=0.017), but not with temperature (p=0.561). Similarly, MSD complaints were significantly associated with age (p=0.001), work duration (p=0.003), working posture (p=0.025), workload (p=0.003), and working hours (p=0.002), with no significant link to temperature (p=0.826). It is recommended that weavers apply proper ergonomic principles to reduce the risk of fatigue and MSDs.

Benign paroxysmal positional vertigo (BPPV) is a common cause of peripheral vestibular dysfunction, often resolving with canalith repositioning maneuvers (CRM). However, residual dizziness and imbalance may persist, impairing functional mobility. This case report describes a 55 year old female diagnosed with right posterior canal BPPV through a positive Dix Hallpike test. Following successful CRM, she reported residual postural instability and difficulty walking. A structured four week vestibular rehabilitation therapy (VRT) program was implemented, consisting of habituation (Brandt Daroff), adaptation (gaze stability, VOR x1, VOR x2), sensory substitution, and progressive balance training, delivered three times weekly for 45 minutes per session. Balance and mobility were assessed using the Berg Balance Scale (BBS) and Timed Up and Go (TUG) test at baseline and after the intervention. Results showed improvement in BBS from 42/56 to 53/56 (+11 points) and a reduction in TUG from 14.8 to 9.6 seconds (−5.2 seconds), both exceeding minimal detectable change values for older adults. The patient reported complete resolution of dizziness, increased walking confidence, and return to independent daily activities without adverse effects. This case suggests VRT as a valuable adjunct to CRM in BPPV patients with residual functional deficits, warranting further research in larger controlled studies.