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The lack of road infrastructure in West Papua is a complex problem that has a major impact on the lives of local people. Road development in West Papua is still far behind compared to other regions in Indonesia. The lack of road infrastructure also affects access to education in West Papua. Adequate education is essential in improving the quality of life and opening up opportunities for communities to develop. The purpose of this study is to examine how road infrastructure and education affect governance and democracy in West Papua. The results show that inequality in road infrastructure and education has an impact on limited access to public services, social welfare, and community democratic participation. Using a descriptive qualitative approach based on secondary data, this research illustrates that good governance is needed to overcome geographical barriers and inequality in resource distribution to enhance sustainable development in underdeveloped regions.

Muhammadiyah is one of the largest Islamic organizations in Indonesia which was founded by K.H.Ahmad Dahlan in 1912 in Yogyakarta. This organization plays an important role in the renewal of religious thought and practice as well as in various aspects of social life in Indonesia. The history of Muhammadiyah covers a long journey from its founding to its role in social reform in Indonesia, making it an important subject to study. The aim of this research is to examine the history of Muhammadiyah from its initial founding to its contribution to social reform in Indonesia. By understanding the history and role of Muhammadiyah, it is hoped that it can provide deeper insight into the contribution of this organization to social reform and change in Indonesia. Method This research uses historical methods with a qualitative approach. Data was obtained through literature studies which included books, journals, articles and documents related to Muhammadiyah. The research results show that since its inception, Muhammadiyah has focused on education and health reform, which then developed into a broader social reform movement. Apart from that, Muhammadiyah also plays an important role in advocating social and political issues related to justice and equality. Muhammadiyah's role in social reform includes various initiatives in education, health, and social welfare that continue to this day. Conclusion Muhammadiyah has shown a significant role in Indonesian history, not only as a religious organization but also as an agent of social change. Muhammadiyah's contribution to social reform has had a broad positive impact on Indonesian society, making it one of the important pillars in the history of social reform in Indonesia.

Improving the quality of Human Resources (HR) is a major challenge in facing global competition. Education as the main means of improving the quality of HR in Indonesia is still faced with the problem of inequality of access and quality between regions. This inequality causes disparities in educational development between urban and remote areas. This study focuses on grouping provinces in Indonesia based on aspects of educational development in 2023, using cluster analysis. Secondary data from the Central Statistics Agency (BPS) is used as the basis for analysis, including variables of average length of schooling, Gross Participation Rate (APK), Pure Participation Rate (APM), number of senior high schools, and community literacy development index. This study uses hierarchical and non-hierarchical cluster analysis methods to group provinces in Indonesia. The results of the hierarchical cluster analysis using the average linkage method show the most optimal cluster with the formation of three clusters. The first cluster consists of 31 provinces, the second cluster consists of 2 provinces, and the third cluster consists of 1 province. Data characteristics show large variations in the number of senior high schools and relative homogeneity in the average length of schooling between provinces.

Marriage is an institution that binds two individuals in a relationship officially recognized religion, law and customs. This becomes the foundation important in building a happy family life and sustainable. However, early marriage, especially under the age of 20, poses serious challenges. Teenagers often marry too young not ready to handle the responsibilities of marriage and the risks of experiencing health and economic problems. This problem occurs throughout Indonesia, reflects the complexity of social and economic problems. The need for action strong preventive and intervention to overcome early marriage and improve community welfare. Qualitative descriptive research uses an interview approach and data analysis. Combining qualitative methods, this research explores socio-economic factors that influence early marriage. The aim is to provide a holistic understanding for more effective development policies. Early marriage has a serious impact on individuals and society, influenced by social, economic factors and parental influence. Children or teenagers who marry at a young age are at risk of facing health, educational and economic problems, poverty and gender inequality. Steps such as upgrading education, women's empowerment, and economic development It is necessary to reduce early marriage and deal with its impacts appropriately.  

Gender equality theory, which is a branch of gender studies, offers an in-depth view of how gender inequality can occur in various aspects of life, including in the legal system. In simple terms, this theory distinguishes between formal equality and substantive equality. This research aims to analyze gender equality theory which can be used as an analytical framework for understanding injustice for female victims in the criminal law enforcement system and the impact of gender injustice in the criminal law enforcement system on female victims. This research uses a type of normative research with a conceptual approach. The data source used comes from secondary data. The data collection method is carried out through documentation studies. This research shows that gender equality theory is a very relevant analytical framework for understanding the injustices experienced by female victims in the criminal law enforcement system. Gender injustice in the criminal law enforcement system has a broad and deep impact, not only on individual female victims but also on social, cultural and institutional structures.

This study aims to analyze the social aspects in the novel Laskar Pelangi by Andrea Hirata. This novel depicts the social reality of the Belitong Malay community which faces various challenges, especially in the fields of education, economy, and culture. Through a literary sociology approach, this analysis reveals how social, economic, and cultural backgrounds shape the characters and conflicts in the story. The results of the study show that the novel Laskar Pelangi represents the struggle of the lower class in accessing education, the social inequality that occurs due to the exploitation of natural resources by mining companies, as well as the spirit of friendship and solidarity that is a strength in facing difficulties. This novel not only inspires readers with its moral messages but also reflects the complex and dynamic social conditions of Indonesian society.

Employees are one of the company's assets, their position is very important in order to advance the company, so companies need to pay attention to their employees. On the other hand, employee performance itself will be determined by employee job satisfaction with the company, so paying attention to employee job satisfaction becomes important in order to improve company performance. Among the many factors that influence employee job satisfaction, inflation is one factor that has a fairly strong influence on job satisfaction. In Indonesia, cases of industrial disruption tend to remain high, one of which is caused by problems with the settlement system implemented by companies which are not in line with expectations. This situation shows that the settlement system for related components, the principles and objectives of providing compensation have not been properly understood. Compensation as a system consisting of salaries, incentives and allowances received by employees, each component according to its characteristics has principles that need to be followed. Meanwhile, the objectives of providing compensation include getting quality employees, retaining existing employees, ensuring equality, providing an imbalance that meets expected behavior, controlling costs and complying with applicable laws and regulations.

Surabaya is a prototype with industrialization in the growth of the city. In such an environment, crime occurs due to the pressure of forces that divide society, causing social bonds to break and resulting in higher crime rates. Theories of crime in the context of social disorganization discuss the social and spatial structure of a community and how these factors can influence criminal behavior. These theories assume that poor social organization, low socioeconomic status, weak social ties, and high spatial mobility can lead to a lack of social control, which in turn can encourage criminal behavior. The crime theories in the context of social disorganization, particularly the theory developed by Shaw and McKay, focus on how the social and spatial structure of a community can affect criminal behavior. This study was conducted in Surabaya, which is undergoing social changes due to environmental factors, poverty, ethnic wealth, educational status, and an underdeveloped per capita welfare. Data was obtained through surveys and interviews with local residents, as well as statistical analysis related to crime rates. The research findings show that areas with higher levels of social disintegration tend to have higher crime rates. Factors such as unemployment, economic inequality, and weakening social ties have been found to significantly contribute to the increase in crime. In conclusion, social disintegration is a key factor that drives individuals to engage in criminal acts, especially in societies experiencing socio-economic inequalities. Therefore, crime prevention efforts require a comprehensive approach, including strengthening social and economic structures in society through the city government.

This research examines the role of gender equality in fostering economic development across different cultural contexts. By analyzing data from various countries, the study evaluates how gender equity in education, employment, and political participation correlates with economic growth. Findings suggest that countries with greater gender equality experience more sustainable economic development, underscoring the importance of inclusive policies.

The formation of laws and updates to legal materials must be aimed at realizing social equilibrium , namely an orderly, just and prosperous life. The pattern of communication or dialogue and dialectics that occur in the process of forming legislation will affect the character of the law, the more transparent and participatory the more responsive the law will be. This research method uses normative juridical. The legal policy of legislation should include three things: (i) guarantee justice in society ; (ii) create a peaceful life (create alive placidity ) by maintaining legal certainty; and (iii) realize usefulness (realize use ) by handling real interests in common life in a concrete manner. The application of the principle of justice is based on "legal enforceability" and "equality before the law". The principle of legal certainty is achieved through: (i) clear and firm norming regarding obligations and prohibitions; (ii) legal transparency that prevents society from normative confusion; and (iii) continuity of legal order that provides a reference for future behavior. The principle of utility is based on the ability of law as a social instrument to integrate the aggregation of social interests so that they do not clash with each other, and instead order occurs.

Pancasila, as the basis of the Indonesian state, is a philosophical system that underlies national and state life with the principles of divinity, humanity, unity, democracy and social justice. The background to this research focuses on the urgency of Pancasila in globalization and also rapid social change, where new challenges require adaptation so that Pancasila remains relevant and effective. The aim of the research is to analyze the hierarchical and pyramidal structure of Pancasila, the formulation of the relationship between the precepts which complement and qualify each other, as well as the dynamics and challenges faced by Pancasila as a philosophical system. The research method uses library research to collect and analyze data from various relevant sources. The research results show that Pancasila, with its hierarchical structure that positions the precepts in a mutually supportive order, functions as a strong moral and ideological guide. The relationship between the Pancasila principles complement each other and also clarify each other's principles, forming a coherent and comprehensive system. However, challenges such as globalization, social inequality and political dynamics require adjustment and adaptation to maintain the relevance of Pancasila. This research emphasizes the importance of further study and development to ensure that Pancasila remains the basis of a strong and effective state in the modern era.

This research aims to explore and analyze the relationship between Pancasila, as the foundation of the Republic of Indonesia, and international principles of justice and equality. Pancasila, which consists of five precepts that reflect the basic values of the Indonesian nation, is expected to serve as a guideline in the application of the principles of social justice and equal rights in the international context. This study uses an analytical approach to evaluate how Pancasila aligns with various international conventions and standards related to human rights and social justice. It also discusses the challenges and opportunities in integrating Pancasila values with global norms, as well as its impact on Indonesia's public policy and international relations. The results show that while there is significant alignment between Pancasila and international principles on justice and equality, there are some challenges in its implementation that need to be addressed to ensure better harmonization between national and international norms.

The practice of nepotism in the employee selection process at Regional Owned Enterprises (BUMD) in North Sumatra, which has an impact on transparency, fairness and organizational effectiveness. BUMDs have an important role in regional economic development, but nepotism practices often damage the integrity of the recruitment process. Through a qualitative approach and case studies, this research reveals that nepotism creates inequality in employee selection, reduces the quality of human resources, and reduces public trust in BUMD. This article also identifies the factors that cause nepotism and offers solutions in the form of selection transparency, anti-nepotism policies, independent supervision, and outreach to build a culture of meritocracy in BUMD. By overcoming nepotism, BUMD is expected to be able to create a fair and professional recruitment system, thereby supporting the achievement of optimal performance.

Islamic accounting has developed as a financial method aimed at promoting social justice and people's well-being in addition to making profit. Islamic accounting has a strategic role in reducing poverty and creating social equality in Indonesia, which is the world's largest Muslim population. The study analyzed how the application of islamic accounting based on principles such as transparency, justice, and social responsibility could help reduce poverty rates in Indonesia. Through literature and secondary data analysis, the study found that islamic accounting, mainly by instruments such as zakat, wakaf, and qardhul hasan, could provide financial solutions that support poor people's economic empowerment. Islamic accounting not only serves as a accounting system, but also as a tool to help strengthen the redistribution of wealth and build an inclusive economy.

The study explores the impact of regional infrastructure investment on economic growth and regional inequality in East Kalimantan Province from 2012 to 2023. Motivated by the ongoing development disparities in Indonesia, especially outside Java and Sumatra, this research examines how infrastructure spending—particularly in public works, housing, and transportation—affects East Kalimantan’s economic growth and regional inequality. Using a quantitative methodology, the analysis leverages secondary data obtained from local government agencies. The research employs SPSS 23 for path analysis to evaluate relationships among variables, focusing on East Kalimantan’s fiscal allocations and their impacts on economic dynamics. The results indicate mixed impacts across sectors: while housing and transportation investments significantly promote economic growth, public works spending shows no significant effect.

Persons with disabilities represent a diverse segment of society, facing unique challenges in accessing public services such as education, healthcare, and employment. In response, Indonesia ratified the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities (CRPD) through Law No. 19 of 2011, which serves to promote, protect, and ensure equal rights and fundamental freedoms for individuals with disabilities. This commitment led to the enactment of Law No. 8 of 2016, replacing an earlier, more compassionate framework with one emphasizing equality and the protection of rights for persons with disabilities. The law defines individuals with disabilities as those facing long-term physical, intellectual, mental, or sensory limitations and emphasizes the necessity of special protections to uphold their rights and prevent discrimination. The method used in this study is a normative legal research method. This study evaluates the effectiveness of disability rights protection policies in Indonesia, revealing significant challenges despite the legal framework established by Law No. 19 of 2011. Access to education, healthcare, and employment remains limited due to inadequate facilities, discriminatory practices, and social stigma. Effective solutions require strengthening the legal framework, increasing awareness, and involving the disability community in policy planning. Furthermore, robust monitoring and enforcement mechanisms are essential for safeguarding rights. To enhance protections, improved coordination among ministries, ongoing training for service providers, inclusive education practices, and recognition of employers who hire individuals with disabilities are critical. These measures are vital for fostering a more equitable society and ensuring the rights of persons with disabilities are upheld sustainably.

Hajj and Umrah are forms of maḥḍah worship that hold an essential position in Islamic teachings and contain profound philosophical dimensions. Beyond their ritual obligations and recommendations, these acts of worship function as instruments for spiritual, moral, and social development among Muslims. This study aims to analyze the philosophical dimensions of Hajj and Umrah and their implications for enhancing religious devotion. The research employs a qualitative approach with a descriptive method through library research. Data were collected from scholarly books, academic journal articles, and relevant official documents, and analyzed using content analysis. The findings indicate that Hajj and Umrah embody core values such as monotheism, sincerity, patience, self-control, equality, and social solidarity. A deep understanding of these philosophical dimensions contributes significantly to the spiritual transformation of pilgrims, as reflected in improved quality of worship, religious discipline, and social awareness after the pilgrimage. This study emphasizes that philosophical comprehension of Hajj and Umrah is crucial for sustaining long-term religious devotion among Muslims.

This research aims to analyze the contribution of business ethics, sustainability, and corporate social responsibility (CSR) in international business. Using a descriptive qualitative method based on literature study, this research explores various literatures from scientific journals, academic books, and sustainability reports of global companies and organizations. The results show that business ethics play a role in building corporate reputation, maintaining stakeholder trust, and ensuring fair and transparent business practices. Sustainability is a key aspect of international business operations, especially in the face of global challenges such as climate change, resource exploitation, and social inequality. Meanwhile, the implementation of CSR in international business not only improves the company's image but also has a positive impact on society and the environment, in line with the Triple Bottom Line concept (people, planet, profit). In addition to the benefits, this study also identifies challenges in the implementation of business ethics, sustainability and CSR, such as regulatory differences between countries and the complexity of balancing economic and social interests. Therefore, companies are expected to integrate these principles into their business strategies to achieve long-term sustainability and meet the demands of a global market that increasingly emphasizes ethical and responsible business practices.

Efforts to reduce regional inequality are aimed at Accelerate equitable development . Implementing a healthy fiscal policy through government spending is a form of effort to reduce this inequality . Government spending can provide intervention in regional policies to boost the economy through regional government spending and revenue . This study examines the development of inter -regional inequality mapping through the Class typology method , measuring inequality with the Williamson index , and testing multiple linear regression to analyze regional government spending on inequality in the Western Region of Indonesia in 2019-2022. The results show that the average regional inequality index is at moderate inequality , namely 0.465. In addition , the regression results show that efforts to reduce regional inequality aimed at Accelerate equitable development through fiscal policy trend to be ineffective . The contribution of government spending has not been significant impact on reduce inequality . Therefore , evaluation and improvement in government spending policies are needed so that they can be more effective in achieving the goal of alleviating regional inequality in the western region of Indonesia.

This study aims to find out and analyze the protection of human rights in cases of gender discrimination. This research is a normative legal research using a statue approach, conceptual approach, historical approach and case approach. This research is a research using primary, secondary and tertiary legal materials obtained using literature study techniques. The results of the study show that (1) the form of handling gender discrimination in Indonesia can be carried out by state institutions related to gender discrimination such as the Ministry of Women's Empowerment and Child Protection and the National Commission on Anti-Violence against Women. (2) There are several factors driving gender discrimination in Indonesia, including economic factors, cultural and social factors, legal factors and educational factors.