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The development of digital technology and social media has driven a major transformation in the study of linguistics, particularly in understanding the evolution of global languages and the emergence of digital dialects. Interactions on platforms such as Twitter, Instagram, and TikTok accelerate the formation of new vocabulary, the use of slang, and the spread of cross-cultural expression. Antony and Tramboo (2023) highlight the digital metamorphosis in language, while Friedrich and De Figueiredo (2016) explain the birth of digital Englishes in a sociolinguistic perspective. Language research challenges on social media have also emerged, such as the limitations of dialect processing (Jørgensen et al., 2015) and the influence of digital linguistic ecology (Klushina, 2022). Advances in natural language processing (NLP) have also strengthened this study. Cambria and White (2014) and Skaria et al. (2024) show the development of NLP from sentiment analysis to its application in education (Khensous et al., 2023) and multilingual text analysis (Agüero-Torales et al., 2021). The systematic review of Sundaram et al. (2023) and Prihatini et al. (2023) reinforces the evidence that social media expands language skills and enriches contemporary discourse, while Sun et al. (2021) show an increasing trend of digital linguistic research through bibliometric analysis, including cultural gaps (Rani & Samjetsabam, 2024). Overall, language not only evolves naturally, but also through human interaction with technology and digital culture. Digital dialects, slang, and online communication patterns are part of the global linguistic evolution that opens up interdisciplinary research opportunities between linguistics, computing, and cultural studies.

The aim of this research is to find out how the basic price of furniture production is determined and constrained by Islamic economics in Taman Rajo District. This type of research is descriptive qualitative with primary and secondary data types. The data collection technique in this research uses observation, interview and documentation techniques, while for data analysis the researcher uses domain, textonomic and componential analysis. The results of the research explain that determining the basic price of furniture production according to Islamic economics in Taman Rajo District is carried out using several methods, including furniture business actors in Taman Rajo District determining or calculating the cost of raw materials used to produce furniture products. Business actors calculate labor costs which are calculated based on the results of the products produced and business actors calculate overhead costs which are costs incurred apart from raw material costs and labor costs in the production process. Obstacles in determining the basic price of furniture production according to Islamic Economics in Taman Rajo District include limited business capital which has an impact on determining production prices because the supply of raw materials is less affordable due to limited business capital for furniture business owners. Apart from that, the obstacle in determining the cost of production is that the strategic market target has not been achieved because the marketing strategy implemented by the business owner has not been maximized so that determining the cost of production is still based on the number of customers who order furniture products.

This research was carried out on industrial companies on the Indonesian Stock Exchange (IDX) with the title "Analysis of the influence of profitability, asset structure and liquidity on the capital structure of textile and garment industrial companies listed on the IDX". This research uses quantitative data with secondary data sources. This research uses methodspurposive sampling, The sample data in this research is 18 samples from the 2019-2021 period. This research uses multiple linear analysis techniques, partially this research states that 1) Profitability has a significant effect on capital structure, 2) Asset structure has a significant effect on capital structure, 3) Liquidity has a significant effect on capital structure, 4) profitability, structure assets and liquidity together (simultaneously) have a significant effect on capital structure. In the determination test it was found that the magnitude of the influence of profitability, asset structure and liquidity on capital structure was 93.6%, while it was 6.4% (100% - 93 .6%) is influenced by other factors on the capital structure of companies in the Textile and Garment Sub-Sector Industry for the 2019-2021 period, explained by variables outside the independent variables of this research.

Syntax is a branch of linguistics that studies grammar in an utterance. One of the objects of study of syntax is phrases. Phrases are grammatical units consisting of two or more words that do not exceed the function limit. This study aims to use phrases that focus on noun phrases, verb phrases, and adjective phrases in narrative texts in social studies learning books for class VII of the independent curriculum. This study used a descriptive qualitative data analysis method by searching, finding, determining, and analyzing the phrases in the narrative text of social studies learning books for class VIII of the independence curriculum. In analyzing the data using the approach of theoretical study of syntax and using the study of documents as a method of data collection. As for the results obtained from this analysis in the form of finding seven noun phrases as the most used phrases in the text, three verb phrases, and five adjective phrases that are appropriate to their respective uses. It is hoped that this research will help many people, especially those pursuing education, better understand the different types of verb phrases, noun phrases, and adjective phrases in narrative text sentences.

The syntax is a grammar that can decipher the relationship of language elements to form sentences. The function of syntax is as a container in a syntactic structure that contains certain categories. It can be called subject (S), Predicate (P), Object (O), Complement (COMP), and Adverb (ADV). Phrase analysis in short story texts in Indonesian language books for fourth-grade elementary school independence curriculum. This analysis is a qualitative descriptive analysis of the short story text in the Indonesian language book for the fourth grade of the Independent Curriculum. Phrases are syntactic units cobining of two or more words and do not have clauses that occupy one function. Many do not understand how to divide groups of phrases and the causes of errors. Therefore, this research to classify phrases based on their types, and the causes of phrase errors in short stories texts in Indonesian language books for fourth-grade elementary school independence curriculum. Listening and then recording is a technique that can be done when data collection. The results of this study indicate that there are noun phrases, verb phrases, adjective phrases, numeral phrases, and errors in the use of phrases in short stories sentences. This analysis is expected to better understand and be able to develop the use of phrases in short stories.

This research was aimed to find out whether the writing task in the “English Rings A Bell” textbook based on the criteria of writing task as suggested by Paul Nation theory. The method of this research was descriptive qualitative. To analysed the data, the researcher used the qualitative content analysis method. The researcher found 25 kinds of writing tasks divided into 1 task from experience task from the types draw and write with percentage (7,40%). 1 task from share task, 4 tasks from group composition with percentage (14,81%). 7 tasks from the guided task, 3 tasks (11,11%) from types look and write, 2 tasks (7,40%) from types complete the sentence and 1 task (3,70%) from types change the sentence. The last 13 tasks from the independent task with a percentage of 48,14%. Based on the percentage whether the tasks provided in the English textbook are based on the criteria of writing tasks as suggested by Paul Nation proposed by Arikunto are 22,22 %. The dominant writing task way found in this English textbook was Independent Task (48,14%).

This study aims to provide an understanding of the application of interpersonal communication through social media in a vocational high school environment, namely at SMK Negeri 1 Babelan, Bekasi Regency, West Java. The implementation steps given to SMK Negeri 1 Babelan, Bekasi Regency, are related to an aware understanding of media law to prevent the negative effects of social media, especially considering the current condition of the younger generation who are very active on social media, they must be equipped with knowledge of understanding content which can lead to social legal sanctions. to be wiser in using social media at an early age. The qualitative method is descriptive. Data was collected through observation, interviews, discussion forums and documentation. While the data analysis technique is presented in the form of narrative text through procedures namely coding, data reduction, data presentation, data triangulation, drawing conclusions and data analysis. The results show that the steps for implementing interpersonal communication are very comprehensive to help students and teachers of SMK Negeri 1 Babelan understand the importance of ethics in communicating online, especially when having to carry out activities with students online. Many teachers and students at SMK N 1 Babelan are active on various social media platforms so it is important for teachers and students to understand how to communicate properly and effectively. Poor communication on social media can negatively affect the image and reputation of a teacher, school or institution. As for the implications that need to be carried out related to understanding the law so that understanding about legal awareness of media is very important to prevent, the negative impact of social media is even greater when there is a lack of knowledge about understanding content which can lead to legal sanctions for the students themselves or the social environment.

 Government data shows reading comprehension and analysis level of Indonesian citizens is still very low. As a result, there are many Indonesians who read words as they are without understanding what they mean. This is a concerning fact, as humans grow older, humans should become more accustomed to critical thinking: analyzing something from what is implied. Critical thinking is closely related to critical reading as critical reading means reading while analyzing the text. This critical reading training was offered by our PKM team for Al-Ghozali High School students, Bogor. Our team also found out that those students had more problem: they are not familiar with English even though English is an obligatory language in that boarding school. After considering the problem, two English short stories were chosen for the implementation of this PKM. The training was carried out using presentation activities on critical reading, reading activity, and group discussion, as well as pre-test and post-test. The results show that an in-depth presentation on how to make responds in relation to critical reading and reading short stories in English can foster critical thinking and increase English vocabulary for students.

The purpose of this study is to investigate the concept of justice according to Amos's perspective and how to identify concrete methods of its implementation for the church today. This research uses Thematic Method with literature study, to analyze relevant texts from the Book of Amos in the Bible. The analysis focused on identifying central themes related to justice from Amos' perspective. In addition, the research also incorporates relevant theological and social literature to understand the context of the implementation of the principles of justice of Amos in the modern church. The results revealed that Amos emphasized the importance of social justice, rejection of economic injustice, and an active role in combating oppression in society. Implementation of these principles in today's church involves a variety of actions, including proactive social service, advocacy for structural change, and education of church members on issues of justice

The examination of cultural content in textbooks enables educators to identify suitable course materials that effectively cater to the linguistic requirements of learners in a culturally appropriate manner. This study aimed to examine the cultural aspects of the target language in high school English textbooks, specifically "Bahasa Inggris 2017 revised edition Kelas X" and "English in Mind Second Edition (Student's Book 3) for Grade X." The research used Cortazzi and Jin's checklist of cultural types and Byram's criteria of Cultural Knowledge, Cultural Awareness, and Intercultural Competence. The data was gathered from two English textbooks for tenth-grade students written by native and non-native English speakers. The findings showed that Textbook 2, English in Mind for Grade X, had a higher cultural content compared to Textbook 1, Bahasa Inggris Kelas X. Textbook 2 presented more target culture-related content, covering 188 items, International culture 64 items, and the least presented type, Source culture 28 items. Both textbooks met the cultural aspects criteria as suggested by Byram's criteria but Textbook 2 contained more target culture-related content than Textbook 1. In conclusion, the ideal textbook for presenting more target cultural content is represented by Textbook 2, which is written by native speakers of English.    

Efforts have been made to educate the nation's life, one of which is a policy for teachers as the main party who contributes greatly to education. As an educator, a teacher needs to create a meaningful educational atmosphere and be professionally committed and set an example. One thing that can be done is to have textbooks to support the quality of education. However, from an analysis of the situation at one of the Al-Ittihad Cianjur Vocational Schools, the majority of teachers have never published a book to use for the teaching and learning process. The results of interviews and pre-activity observations also showed that there had never been any training that provided material for publishing textbooks. On the other hand, some teachers already have modules that can be turned into published books. Therefore, this service seeks to improve the abilities and understanding of teachers at Al-Ittihad Cianjur Vocational School in creating published books that can be used for the teaching and learning process. The material was provided through socialization and attended by 15 teachers from various expertise. Based on the results of interviews after the activity, teachers have knowledge about the flow of book publishing and also the process of changing modules into textbooks. However, I will still think more about making books because there are too many activities to do at school.

This study aims to describe the relationship between the frequency of use of regional languages and the ability to write fable texts for class VII students at SMP Negeri 1 Tigalingga. The population of this study was all class VII students of SMP Negeri 1 Tigalingga with a total of 311 people. Sample determination was carried out using simple random sampling. The method used in this research is correlational research. The instruments used are questionnaires and tests. The average score obtained by students through distributing questionnaires was 71.41 and the average score in writing fable texts was 71.58. The results of data analysis in proposing a hypothesis show that tcount is 5.06, then look at the significance level α = 0.05 with df= n-k = 34-1 = 33, and obtain ttable 1.69. So it can be concluded that tcount is greater than ttable, namely 5.06 is greater than 1.69. Thus the null hypothesis (H0) is rejected and the alternative hypothesis (Ha) is accepted. This proves that there is a relationship between the frequency of use of regional languages and students' ability to write fable texts.

In the economic field, cooperatives are a form of cooperation in the economic sector. People believe in this collaboration because their lives share some of the same needs. One of the Islamic Boarding School Owned Enterprises (BUMP) at the Izzatuna Putra Palembang Islamic Boarding School is a pesantren cooperative that works to support the economy and improve the economy. This study aims to: (1) Describe the extent to which Islamic boarding school cooperatives have contributed to the economic expansion of Islamic boarding schools., (2) What is the role of cooperatives in improving the economy of the Islamic boarding school Izzatuna Putra Palembang in the study of Islamic economics. This is a type of field research using primary and secondary data sources. The data obtained will be presented with narrative text. This study uses qualitative data analysis methods/techniques using inductive thinking methods. The results of this study indicate that: (1) The role of cooperatives in improving the Islamic boarding school's economy is marked by the development of cooperatives that run a trading business every day where a portion of the profits will be deposited to the Islamic boarding school, both material and non-material, and the Islamic boarding school cooperative is also very helpful. in increasing the income of members of the cooperative and the Islamic boarding school community. (2) Then the role of the Izzatuna Putra Palembang Islamic Boarding School Cooperative in improving the economy of the Izzatuna Putra Palembang Islamic Boarding School in an Islamic perspective is carried out in several ways, namely: sharia economic values ​​in helping the community's economy, and avoiding incompatibility of sharia economic principles.

This study examines the semantic aspects of the Citta Vagga (Mind Chapter) verses of the Dhammapada scriptures, focusing on the analysis of the meaning of keywords, symbolism, and philosophical interpretations in the text. The method used is a qualitative descriptive approach based on semantic analysis combined with hermeneutic methods to uncover the deep contextual meanings in Buddhist teachings. This study focuses on central concepts such as citta (mind), dukkha (suffering), and nibbana (liberation), as well as how the use of metaphor, personification, and repetition in the text helps convey the spiritual message and wisdom of the Buddha. The results of the study show that the layers of meaning in the Citta Vagga are very complex and rich in symbolic elements that refer to mind control as the core of Buddhist teachings. Furthermore, this research reveals the intricate relationship between linguistic structures and spiritual doctrines, demonstrating how ancient Pali texts employ sophisticated rhetorical devices to transmit timeless wisdom across generations.

The aim of this research is to analyse the suitable contents of the material in an English textbook entitled “Think Globally Act Locally” for ninth grade students of Junior High School focused on the accuracy of the materials based on BSNP (Badan Standar Nasional Pendidikan) by using rubric assessment. The research design of the research is content analysis with descriptive qualitative. The result of the research showed that not all chapters of the textbook entitled “Think Globally Act Locally” were appropriated by the criteria according to BSNP. The researcher found that only 68.75% of the materials that fulfilled the rubric criteria of BSNP focused on the accuracy of the materials. From the result, the researcher concludes that based on the rubric assessment, the accuracy of the materials in the English textbook entitled “Think Globally Act Locally” for ninth grade students of Junior High School appropriate with the content standard from BSNP and good to be used in the teaching learning process.

The semantic study of religious texts is becoming increasingly important in understanding the meaning of spiritual teachings in a deep, contextual, and relevant way to current developments. This article aims to analyze the semantic aspects of Buddhist texts, emphasizing the meaning, symbolism, and interpretation of key terms. This study uses a descriptive qualitative approach with a hermeneutic method to examine key concepts such as dukkha, nirvana, and samsara found in classical Buddhist texts, including the Dhammapada, the Lotus Sutra, and the Abhidhamma. The analysis shows that the meaning of terms in Buddhist texts is not static or merely literal, but rather contains symbolic, philosophical, and spiritual dimensions that develop according to cultural, social, and historical contexts. These findings confirm that a semantic approach can enrich the understanding of Buddhist teachings, broaden the horizons of religious interpretation, and bridge the relevance of Buddhist values ​​in modern human life.

This research is motivated by the State Defense and Security Law contained in Article 30 paragraphs (1) and (2) of the 1945 Constitution which requires citizens to participate in efforts to protect and secure the state. State security is implemented through the entire system, protecting the people with a system national. The army and police are the main forces, the people are the supporting forces, so that state protection and security are structured based on the concept of state protection. The type of legal research carried out in a normative juridical manner is normative juridical where law is conceptualized as what is written in statutory regulations (law in books) or law is conceptualized as rules or norms which are benchmarks for behavior that is considered appropriate. The legal materials used are the 1945 Constitution, textbooks, foreign journals, opinions of scholars, legal cases, and symposiums held by relevant experts. The legal material analysis technique used in this research is interpretation, namely the use of juridical methods in discussing a legal problem. From this study it can be drawn back to the discussion that the State Defense and Security Law as regulated in Article 30 paragraphs (1) and (2) of the 1945 Constitution is a defensive measure which requires citizens to participate in state defense and security. These efforts are structured based on the concept of defending the country in order to foster a spirit of nationalism and patriotism in every Indonesian citizen

This study examines the dynamics of meaning, symbolism, and interpretation in Buddhist religious texts through semantic and hermeneutic approaches using qualitative methods. The research explores how the structure of meaning in texts such as the Dhammapada and Sutta Pitaka shapes understanding of Buddhist values, and how teachings in symbols such as the Middle Way, Three Jewels, and Nirvana undergo transformations of meaning according to cultural contexts. The findings show that the understanding of Buddhist text meanings is not fixed, but dynamic, formed through interactions between text, context, and readers. This research employs semantic analysis to identify denotative and connotative meanings, combined with hermeneutic interpretation following Gadamerian and Ricoeurian frameworks. The results reveal that Buddhist symbols carry multilayered meanings that require contextual interpretation, contributing to contemporary understanding and application of Buddhist teachings in diverse cultural settings

Students have challenges during the learning process, particularly when it comes to descriptive writing. Most students struggle with coming up with ideas, organizing them, and writing paragraphs. Pinterest media is one of the appropriate media for students to enhance their writing. The aim of this research is to assess the impact of utilizing Pinterest visuals on the writing proficiency of seventh-grade students at SMP N 3 Jepara in composing descriptive text. Additionally, it seeks to identify any notable disparities in students' descriptive writing abilities before and after they are instructed using the Pinterest picture media approach. Data is collected via pre-test, post-test, and questionnaires. This study focused on a single group as the main data and it used a pre-experimental quantitative design. This study's sample size is VII H which has 24 students. Students are required to undergo both a pre-test and a post-test for their writing assessments. These test outcomes are subsequently subjected to analysis employing SPSS statistical software version 22. The findings reveal significant disparities, as evidenced by a hypothesis testing value of 0.000, which is less than the significance level of 0.05. This outcome leads to the acceptance of the alternative hypothesis, which asserts that "There is a significant influence of using Pinterest media on student's ability in writing descriptive text at VII H students of SMP N 3 Jepara".  

This research was conducted to (1) develop flipaclip application-based teaching materials so as to produce class VII fable text teaching material products in the form of learning videos, (2) describe the feasibility of class VII flipaclip application-based fable text teaching materials. This study used the Research and Development (R&D) method based on the Borg and Garl model modified by Sugiyono with 6 research stages namely potential and problem analysis, data collection, product design, design validation, design revision, and product testing. The results of this study are class VII fable text teaching material products based on the flipaclip application with an average score of 80% from material experts in the very good category, 82.89% from media experts in the very good category, 92.3% from subject matter teachers study Indonesian with very good category. So it can be concluded that the fable text teaching material product based on the flipaclip application in class VII SMP Negeri 1 Bangko Pusako is suitable for use in the learning process in schools, especially class VII.