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Teacher performance evaluation is a crucial factor in improving educational quality, but many schools still conduct it manually and subjectively, resulting in less transparent, time‑consuming, and error‑prone outcomes. This study aims to design and develop a web‑based decision support system using the Simple Additive Weighting (SAW) method for selecting the best teacher at MTs Mambaul Ulum. The system was developed using the Waterfall model with the Laravel 12 framework and MySQL database, incorporating two evaluator roles: the principal (assessing 5 criteria: teaching hours, responsibility, mastery of material, personality, and attendance) and the vice principal (assessing 4 criteria excluding personality). Data were collected through observation, interviews, and document review. System testing employed Black Box Testing and accuracy validation by comparing system outputs with manual Excel calculations. The results show that the SAW method effectively ranks teachers objectively, with Kusyanti achieving the highest score of 0.9450. The system attained 100% accuracy, as no difference was found between manual and system calculations. Moreover, the system reduced evaluation time from days to seconds and provides well‑documented results, thus supporting more transparent and accountable decision‑making. Therefore, this system proves to be reliable, objective, and efficient in assisting school administrators in evaluating teacher performance in a structured and fair manner.

The enactment of the Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita, 2023 (BNS) and the Bharatiya Nagarik Suraksha Sanhita, 2023 (BNSS) represents a significant transformation in India’s criminal justice system. Although environmental protection in India has traditionally been governed by specialized environmental statutes, the newly enacted criminal laws also contain provisions capable of addressing environmental crimes and ecological harm. This article examines the role of the BNS and BNSS in promoting environmental accountability and strengthening green justice within India’s legal framework. The study adopts a doctrinal and analytical legal research methodology based on statutory interpretation, constitutional analysis, and judicial precedents. The research finds that provisions relating to public nuisance, water pollution, atmospheric contamination, hazardous substances, and acts likely to spread disease collectively establish a broader criminal law framework for environmental protection. Judicial interpretation of Article 21 of the Constitution, together with principles such as the polluter pays principle, precautionary principle, and sustainable development, has further strengthened environmental jurisprudence in India. The article argues that the BNS and BNSS contribute toward mainstreaming environmental protection within criminal law, but effective enforcement, institutional coordination, and stronger implementation mechanisms remain necessary for achieving sustainable environmental justice.

Digital democracy and e-governance have emerged as transformative instruments for promoting transparency, accountability, and efficient public administration in India. This study examines the role of digital governance initiatives in strengthening democratic participation and reducing corruption through technology-driven governance mechanisms. Using a qualitative and doctrinal research methodology based on secondary sources, the study analyses major initiatives such as Digital India, Aadhaar, DigiLocker, BharatNet, BHIM-UPI, and MyGov. The findings demonstrate that digital governance has improved accessibility to public services, enhanced administrative efficiency, and minimized bureaucratic corruption through automation and electronic monitoring systems. Furthermore, digital platforms have expanded citizen participation in democratic processes by facilitating communication between governmental institutions and the public. However, challenges such as digital inequality, cyber-security risks, infrastructural limitations, and privacy concerns continue to affect the effectiveness of digital democracy in India

Lead (Pb²⁺) is a hazardous heavy metal commonly found in industrial wastewater and poses serious risks to human health and the environment due to its toxic and non-biodegradable nature. Therefore, an effective and environmentally friendly treatment method is required to reduce Pb²⁺ concentration in wastewater. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of pH and initial Pb²⁺ concentration on the adsorption capacity of ramie leaf (Boehmeria nivea) bioadsorbent activated with NaOH. The adsorption process was conducted using a batch system with pH variations of 4, 5, and 7 and initial Pb²⁺ concentrations of 20, 25, and 30 mg/L. The residual Pb²⁺ concentration was analyzed using Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry (AAS), and the adsorption performance was evaluated based on removal efficiency and adsorption capacity (Qe). The results showed that pH and initial Pb²⁺ concentration significantly affected the adsorption performance. The optimum adsorption condition was obtained at pH 5, with a maximum removal efficiency of 99.20% and a total adsorption capacity of 18.56 mg/g. The increase in pH from 4 to 5 enhanced adsorption performance due to reduced competition between H⁺ and Pb²⁺ ions for active sites on the adsorbent surface. Increasing the initial Pb²⁺ concentration tended to increase adsorption capacity, although removal efficiency remained relatively stable due to the limited number of active adsorption sites. The Relative Standard Deviation (RSD) values ranged from 1.56% to 3.37%, indicating good precision and repeatability of the experimental data. These findings demonstrate that NaOH-activated ramie leaves have considerable potential as an effective, low-cost, and environmentally friendly bioadsorbent for Pb²⁺ removal from wastewater.

Plastic waste, particularly plastic bottles, has become one of the major challenges in urban environmental management due to its increasing volume and potential to pollute ecosystems. In Bogor City, plastic waste constitutes a significant proportion of daily municipal solid waste, highlighting the need for effective and sustainable waste management models. This study aims to analyze the role of the Reduce, Reuse, Recycle Waste Processing Facility (TPS3R) in managing plastic bottle waste in Bogor City, with a case study of the Eco Techno Park at Ibn Khaldun University (UIKA) Bogor. The research employed a descriptive qualitative method using a case study approach. Data were collected through field observations, in-depth interviews with facility managers, and reviews of relevant documents and literature. The findings indicate that the TPS3R Eco Techno Park has successfully implemented the 3R principles through an integrated system supported by environmentally friendly technologies and a circular economy framework. Plastic bottle waste is managed through sorting, shredding, and recycling processes to produce value-added products, including plastic pellets, handicrafts, and construction materials. In addition, organic waste management is integrated through the cultivation of Black Soldier Fly (BSF) larvae. The facility has contributed to reducing the volume of waste sent to landfills by approximately 18%. The study implies that strengthening regulatory support, enhancing community participation, and developing circular economy-based business models are essential to ensure the long-term sustainability of waste management programs and support Bogor City's waste reduction targets.

Substandard housing remains a multidimensional urban problem because it intersects with structural safety, indoor environmental quality, sanitation, clean water, poverty, and the effectiveness of policy implementation. This study evaluates the implementation of the substandard housing improvement program (RTLH) in Lubuk Linggau City by integrating a technical audit of housing quality with an implementation analysis based on the variables of communication, resources, implementer disposition, and bureaucratic structure. A descriptive-evaluative mixed approach was applied through field observation, technical scoring of ten rehabilitated houses, document review, and structured interviews with regulators, field facilitators, and beneficiary households. The results show that the cumulative technical conformity index reached 3.325 out of 4.00, equivalent to 83%, and was classified as adequate housing. Structural resilience achieved the highest score at 88%, followed by space adequacy at 85%, natural lighting and ventilation at 80%, and sanitation and clean water at 75%. Five houses were classified as adequate housing, while five were classified as fairly adequate/light substandard housing. The implementation analysis indicates that clear practical communication and facilitator assistance strengthened structural quality, but limited financial resources, weak environmental-health prioritization, and administratively oriented supervision reduced sanitation and ventilation performance. The study recommends standardized septic systems, stronger post-construction technical verification, healthy-housing education, realistic unit budgets, and quality-oriented monitoring.

Road improvement projects require consistency between technical planning documents and field implementation to ensure that service quality, structural performance, construction time, and user safety are achieved. This article evaluates the conformity between planning and realization in the Pangkalan-Batas Jambi road improvement project in Rawas Ulu District, North Musi Rawas Regency. The study used a descriptive-quantitative evaluative approach based on field monitoring, project technical documents, comparative quantity analysis between contract and Contract Change Order (CCO), and identification of implementation constraints. The results showed that several work items changed during construction because initial planning data did not fully capture actual field conditions. Quantities increased for drainage excavation (+18.87%), roadbed preparation (+8.99%), aggregate class A base course (+12.51%), and AC-Base (+11.98%). Conversely, reinforced pipe culverts decreased (-58.33%), unsealed aggregate base/sirtu decreased (-43.50%), and tack/prime coat volume slightly decreased (-0.47%). The time schedule showed a minor delay of -0.13% in the first week but recovered in the second week, indicating effective field coordination. Main constraints included traffic interference, limited worker visibility, and equipment visibility. The study recommends more detailed site surveys during planning, stronger traffic management, stricter occupational safety implementation, systematic progress control, and routine post-construction maintenance to maintain road service life.

Lead (Pb²⁺) contamination in wastewater is a major environmental concern due to its toxicity, persistence, and ability to accumulate in living organisms. Adsorption using biomass-based materials has been developed as an alternative treatment method because it is efficient, economical, and environmentally friendly. This study aimed to analyze the effect of bioadsorbent dosage and contact time on Pb²⁺ removal efficiency and evaluate Pb²⁺ mass distribution using mass balance analysis in a batch adsorption system. Ramie leaf (Boehmeria nivea) was utilized as a bioadsorbent due to its lignocellulosic content, which provides active sites for metal ion adsorption. The research was conducted experimentally through bioadsorbent preparation, chemical activation, and batch adsorption using artificial Pb²⁺ solutions with variations in bioadsorbent dosage and contact time. Pb²⁺ concentrations before and after adsorption were analyzed using Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy (AAS). The obtained data were used to determine removal efficiency and Pb²⁺ distribution between the liquid phase and bioadsorbent. The results showed that ramie leaf bioadsorbent effectively reduced Pb²⁺ concentration, with the optimum condition obtained at 4 g/L bioadsorbent dosage and 90 minutes contact time, achieving 98.46% removal efficiency. Mass balance analysis indicated that Pb²⁺ ions were successfully transferred from the solution phase onto the bioadsorbent surface. These findings demonstrate that ramie leaf bioadsorbent has potential as a sustainable alternative material for heavy metal removal in wastewater treatment.

Land-use changes dominated by impervious surfaces in residential areas reduce the natural infiltration capacity of the soil and increase surface runoff, which may lead to flooding and waterlogging. This study aimed to design a rainwater infiltration well system as an effort to reduce surface runoff in Samudera Afroza 3 Housing Estate, Jambi City. A quantitative approach was employed through field surveys, hydrological analysis, soil permeability testing, GIS-based land-use analysis, and infiltration well design in accordance with SNI 8456:2017 and SNI 03-2453-2002 standards. Rainfall analysis was conducted using maximum daily rainfall data from 2014–2023, applying several probability distributions, with the Gumbel distribution identified as the most representative model. The results revealed that the residential area covers 8,104 m², with 91.84% of the land occupied by built-up surfaces, resulting in limited natural infiltration capacity. The average soil permeability value of 0.00024 m/s indicates favorable conditions for the implementation of infiltration wells. Based on the design calculations, 41 Type III infiltration wells are required, providing a total storage capacity of 289.665 m³ and an infiltration discharge of 0.0919 m³/s. The proposed infiltration well system is capable of reducing runoff volumes by 15.044%, 12.486%, and 11.223% for 2-year, 5-year, and 10-year return periods, respectively. Therefore, infiltration wells can be considered an effective alternative for water conservation and runoff management in residential areas.

This study examines the role of inclusive curriculum reform in promoting educational equity within multicultural education systems. The research focuses on the interconnected roles of curriculum transformation, educational policy, and transformative leadership in fostering inclusive and socially just learning environments. Using a qualitative content analysis approach, the study analyzed scholarly articles, policy documents, educational reports, and academic literature related to multicultural education, inclusive pedagogy, leadership, and equity-oriented policies. The findings reveal that inclusive curriculum reform serves as a fundamental strategy for recognizing cultural diversity, reducing discrimination, and enhancing equal participation among students from diverse backgrounds. Furthermore, effective educational policies and transformative leadership practices were identified as essential factors in supporting sustainable inclusive educational reform. However, the study also found that the implementation of inclusive curriculum reform continues to face significant challenges, including inadequate teacher preparation, limited institutional resources, policy inconsistency, technological inequality, and sociocultural resistance

Digital transformation in the military procurement sector has brought significant changes to accountability patterns at the Naval Academy (AAL). Using the AP2EP management cycle (Analysis, Planning, Execution, Evaluation, and Control) as an analytical tool, this paper dissects the extent to which the E-Procurement system can mitigate budget deviation risks and enhance financial transparency. As a military educational institution striving to become a World Class Naval Academy, AAL faces unique challenges in balancing state financial regulations with specific educational logistics needs. Through a descriptive qualitative approach, this research demonstrates that procurement digitalization provides an automated audit trail that minimizes human intervention. Despite technical and cultural obstacles, strategic steps such as developing real-time dashboards have proven effective in optimizing state financial governance to support cadet education quality and maintain an Unqualified Opinion (WTP).

Braking performance is an important aspect of motorcycle safety because it relates to the vehicle’s ability to reduce speed and stop properly. In a hydraulic disc brake system, braking is influenced by mechanical and hydraulic factors, especially disc brake diameter and master cylinder pressure. Disc brake diameter determines the effective braking radius, while master cylinder pressure generates hydraulic pressure that is transmitted to the caliper. This study aims to analyze the effect of disc brake diameter and master cylinder pressure variations on the braking distance and braking time of a 110 cc motorcycle. This research used a quantitative experimental method with a Honda Revo Injection 110 cc motorcycle as the test object. The disc brake diameter variations were 190 mm, 220 mm, and 260 mm, while the master cylinder pressures were 2 bar, 4 bar, and 6 bar. Each treatment combination was tested three times at an initial speed of 40 km/h on a dry and flat asphalt road. Braking distance was obtained from front wheel rotation data recorded by a magnetic digital counter, while braking time was determined from video recordings. The data were analyzed using Two-Way ANOVA and response optimization. The results showed that increasing disc brake diameter and master cylinder pressure reduced braking distance and braking time. The best combination was obtained at a 260 mm disc brake diameter and 6 bar master cylinder pressure, producing a braking distance of 12.8 m and a braking time of 2.3 s.

This research was conducted at the Semarang City Public Works Department, particularly in the secretariat section responsible for correspondence administration and public information management (PPID). The study focuses on the conventional management of letter disposition, which makes it difficult for PPID officers to monitor letter status quickly, reduces process transparency, and may cause delays in decision-making and public services. This research aims to develop and implement a Disposition Monitoring Information System (SIMODIS) to digitize correspondence administration so that it becomes more effective, efficient, transparent, and accountable. The study uses ASTRID Analysis to identify strategic issues and a Design Thinking approach consisting of the Empathize, Define, Ideate, and Prototype stages. Empathy Map and Persona were also used to understand user needs. System testing was conducted using Black Box Testing to assess functionality and the System Usability Scale (SUS) to evaluate user experience. The results show that SIMODIS was successfully developed with features such as an admin dashboard, digital disposition forms, and a public mail status search portal. The SUS score reached 83, categorized as Excellent, indicating high usability and user acceptance.

The implementation of web-based archive digitalization can help improve performance in the field of archive recording, which was previously still manual at the Naval Academy. Some of the obstacles include archiving that is still manual, many files lost due to piled-up storage systems, and human resources in the field of archiving that are still lacking. This study aims to increase time and cost efficiency in archive processing, reduce the risk of loss and damage to archives, and improve the abilities and skills of human resources in the process of using digital archives. This type of research is descriptive qualitative. The data collection techniques are interviews, observation, and documentation with respondents as well as appropriate documentation. The data analysis was carried out through the processes of data reduction, data display, as well as verification or drawing conclusions. The research results can help improve the efficiency and security of archiving by minimizing risks, so that archive management can enhance efficiency and effectiveness, focusing on the implementation of web-based applications.


The rapid development of information and communication technology has encouraged military organizations to adopt modern systems capable of supporting operational effectiveness. One of the challenges faced by the Indonesian Marine Corps is the limitation of conventional monitoring methods that still rely on voice reports through tactical radios and manual communication systems. This condition often causes delays in information delivery, inaccuracies in troop positioning data, and difficulties in controlling personnel and logistics in dynamic operational environments. This study aims to formulate a conceptual model for the utilization of a GPS Tracking System integrated with Marine Corps communication equipment to improve troop and material movement monitoring. The study employed a Research and Development (R&D) method with a descriptive qualitative approach. Data were collected through literature review, observation, interviews, questionnaires, and documentation involving operational personnel and military communication experts. The results indicate that integrating GPS Tracking Systems with communication equipment can provide real-time location information, improve command and control effectiveness, accelerate reporting processes, enhance logistics supervision, and support operational evaluations through recorded movement data. The proposed concept is expected to strengthen situational awareness, increase operational efficiency, and support mission success in future Marine Corps operations.

The Indonesian Archipelagic Sea Lane II (ALKI II) constitutes a strategic route stretching from the Sulawesi Sea to the Indian Ocean with trade values reaching USD 1.5 million daily and traversed by more than 36,773 vessels annually. The complexity of maritime security threats in this region has increasingly intensified following the relocation of the capital city to East Kalimantan, thereby demanding an effective decision support system to assist Indonesian Warship Commanders in making operational decisions that are rapid, accurate, and in accordance with applicable legal provisions. This research employs a qualitative approach through in-depth interviews with four maritime expert sources, with data analysis using NVivo 12 software. Analysis results identified maritime operational complexity and the urgent need for a comprehensive decision support system. These findings subsequently served as guidance in designing a Decision Support System (DSS) with a tab-based interface that integrates international legal frameworks such as UNCLOS 1982, Law No. 3/2025 on TNI, and related national regulations to generate structured action recommendations along with their legal foundations. Research findings demonstrate that the developed DSS successfully integrates operational, legal, and situational aspects to support decision-making that is rapid, accurate, and legally compliant. This system has proven to enhance the effectiveness of Indonesian Warship Commanders in addressing the complexity of maritime security (KAMLA) challenges in ALKI II through the provision of legally-based action recommendations from national and international frameworks accessible in realtime during operational situations.  

Children's literacy can be improved through interactive learning media. A digital children's story platform, previously a mobile application, required web version development to expand user accessibility via browsers. The main challenge in this development was presenting multimedia content such as text, images, and audio dubbing synchronously scene-by-scene without degrading system performance, as well as facilitating reader interaction through a rating feature. This research aims to design and develop the platform using a Decoupled Architecture approach. The software development method used is Waterfall, encompassing requirement analysis, system design (UML, CDM, and PDM), implementation, testing, and maintenance. During implementation, ReactJS is utilized on the client-side for responsive interface rendering and state management, while Laravel is implemented on the server-side as a RESTful API provider to manage multimedia asset transmission, rating records, and the MySQL database. Functional system testing was evaluated using Black-box Testing, while user experience was validated using Spearman's Rank Correlation. The results indicate that this architectural separation (front-end and back-end) effectively resolves server overload issues commonly found in monolithic architectures and produces a seamless, stable asynchronous data transmission system across various devices.

The high number of elderly people has led to various health problems that must be faced. However, there are still elderly people who are reluctant to carry out regular physical activity, so the health status and quality of life of the elderly also decline. Aims: This systematic review aims to identify the relationship between social cognitive theory (SCT) on physical activity in the elderly. Methods: This systematic review method approach is based on PRISMA. This systematic review examines several research articles from journal databases, namely PubMed and ScienceDirect, and obtained 13 articles in 2019-2024. The keywords used in the search are “Social Cognitive Theory”, “SCT”, “Physical Activity”, “PA”, and “Elderly”. The articles reviewed met the inclusion criteria, namely relevant article topics, original research articles in English, and publications in the last five years. The eligibility criteria were then assessed separately using the JBI Critical Appraisal Checklist tool.  Results: From a total of 13 articles reviewed, it can be concluded that the majority of articles explain how important the social cognitive patterns that elderly people must have in relation to the physical activity of the elderly, such as predicting the physical activity of the elderly, increasing the exercise behavior of the elderly, influencing the level of physical activity for people with chronic diseases, and adjusting physical activity with the abilities of the elderly. The higher an elderly person's social cognition, self-efficacy, encouragement, and social support to be able and willing to carry out physical activities in accordance with the elderly's abilities and physical condition. Conclusion: The social cognition of the elderly places more emphasis on the ability of the elderly to learn things around them, so that the elderly have self-efficacy, encouragement, and social support to do things in according to their goals and beliefs. Health workers in provide health services to the community, social cognitive theory can be used for alternative to increase the physical activity of the elderly. A personalized smartphone-based intervention based on SCT is highly effective for promoting physical activity in older adults.  

The KRI Nagapasa Class is a submarine of the Indonesian Navy that has the capability to deploy sea mines, launch anti-surface missiles, and release countermeasure torpedoes. However, to face the increasingly complex dynamics of the regional strategic environment, it is necessary to increase combat power through the installation of a Sub Launch Missile weapon system. Until now, the Indonesian Navy does not have a submarine equipped with this underwater missile, especially in the Chang Bogo class. This study aims to analyze and determine the most appropriate choice of Sub Launch Missile missiles to support submarine training and operations. The method used is the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) with a quantitative approach. The results of the ranking of five respondents showed that the SM-39 Exocet missile was in first place with a value of 0.46424 followed by the CM-708UNB with a value of 0.41461 and the UGM-84 Harpoon with a value of 0.12115. The SM-39 Exocet missile was chosen as a priority because it has technical specifications that best meet the operational needs of the Indonesian Navy (TNI AL), as well as significantly contributing to enhancing the deterrence effect and combat capability of the Nagapasa-class submarines.

The increasingly dynamic organizational environment demands strategic human resource management to maintain competitiveness and achieve organizational goals. Performance appraisal serves not only as an evaluation tool but also as the basis for decision-making regarding employee career development. This study aims to analyze the impact of performance appraisal on career development based on various empirical research findings. The method used is a Systematic Literature Review (SLR) with the PRISMA framework and a descriptive-qualitative approach. Data were obtained from scientific articles on Google Scholar, Garuda, and ScienceDirect containing quantitative studies from the 2022–2026 period. The data were then analyzed using narrative synthesis to identify patterns of relationships between performance appraisal and career development. The results of the study indicate that performance appraisal has a positive and significant effect on employee career development. An objective, transparent, and measurable appraisal system helps organizations identify employee potential, enhance competencies, determine training needs, and support promotions and career opportunities. These findings align with Performance Management Theory, Human Capital Theory, Goal-Setting Theory, and Expectancy Theory. Therefore, the integration of performance appraisal and career development is a key strategy in building a competent, productive, and sustainable workforce.