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Human Trafficking (TPPO) has undergone a significant transformation in its modus operandi alongside the massive use of information technology, giving rise to the phenomenon of cyber-recruitment within the online scam industry. This study aims to analyze the juridical construction of the criminal elements in the cyber-recruitment modus operandi based on Law Number 21 of 2007, and to evaluate the potential disharmony of norms between the TPPO regulation and the Electronic Information and Transactions Law (UU ITE) regarding the regulation of digital evidence. The research method employed is normative legal research with a statutory approach and a conceptual approach. The results indicate that, dogmatically, the elements of TPPO—comprising the process of virtual recruitment, the means of fraudulent job promises, and the purpose of digital forced labor exploitation—under Law No. 21 of 2007 remain relevant for prosecuting cyber-recruitment perpetrators, although it demands a broader legal interpretation of cyberspace realities. However, legal certainty issues were found due to the lack of synchronicity in the regulation of digital evidence, where differences in procedures and qualifications exist between electronic evidence in the TPPO Law and the evidentiary standards in the UU ITE, which are volatile in nature. The implications of this research conclude the need for regulatory synchronization through the establishment of technical guidelines for handling TPPO-specific electronic evidence to provide a solid legal foundation for law enforcement agencies. This step is crucial to overcome cross-border jurisdictional obstacles and to ensure substantive justice and comprehensive protection of victims' rights in the digital era.

Sustainability issues encompassing economic, social and environmental aspects are driving reform in the global financial sector, including in Indonesia. Although the OJK has published a Sustainable Finance Roadmap since 2015, Indonesia does not yet have comprehensive green finance regulations in the banking sector. This study aims to analyse the state of green finance regulation in the Indonesian banking sector and compare it with China’s Green Credit Guidelines, in order to identify relevant aspects for adoption in strengthening national green finance policy. This study employs a normative legal methodology using a legislative and comparative law approach, alongside a qualitative descriptive-analytical analysis of secondary data. The author found that green finance regulations in Indonesia remain fragmented and scattered across various sectoral legal instruments without adequate integration, thereby creating loopholes for greenwashing practices and the adoption of green principles that are merely administrative in nature. The Sustainable Finance Committee mandated by the P2SK Act has not yet been established, exacerbating the lack of coordination between institutions. In contrast, China, through its 2012 Green Credit Guidelines and 2016 Guidelines for Establishing a Green Financial System, demonstrates a regulatory model that is hierarchical, standardised, and legally binding. A comparison of the two identifies four relevant aspects for Indonesia to adopt: an integrated regulatory approach, standardisation of environmental risk operations, strengthening of oversight mechanisms and due diligence, and cross-sectoral institutional coordination. Consequently, Indonesia requires comprehensive, dedicated green finance regulations and must promptly establish the Sustainable Finance Committee as the sole coordinating authority.

The global ecological crisis is not only a scientific issue but also reflects the decline of human moral and spiritual awareness toward nature. This study aims to examine the acculturation approach of Islam Nusantara in Islamic Religious Education (PAI) learning as an effort to foster students’ ecological awareness. The research employed a qualitative library research method using various relevant sources, including books, national and international journal articles, and educational policy documents. Data analysis was conducted through data reduction, thematic presentation, and interpretive-analytical conclusion drawing. The findings indicate that Islam Nusantara, as a product of the acculturation between universal Islamic values and local Nusantara wisdom, contains various ecological traditions such as sasi, subak, and hutan larangan (forbidden forests), which can be contextually integrated into PAI learning. The developed learning model includes the use of local wisdom as learning resources, participatory project-based learning methods, and thematic Qur’anic interpretation related to environmental issues. The ecotheological approach of Islam Nusantara is considered effective in connecting religious teachings with students’ ecological realities, thereby fostering a religious-ecological character that views environmental preservation as part of worship. Although challenges remain in theological, pedagogical, and institutional aspects, this approach contributes strategically to shaping environmentally responsible Muslim generations.

Burnout among nurses is a serious problem that can reduce the quality of nursing services and the well being of nurses. Work motivation and self efficacy are psychological factors that play an important role in reducing burnout. The aim is to minimize the occurrence of burnout among nurses in their performance.The purpose of this study is to determine the significance of the relationship between work motivation and self efficacy with the level of burnout among nurses. This research is quantitative in nature with a cross-sectional approach. Data collection was conducted using questionnaires administered to 98 respondents from the total population. The instruments used included a work motivation questionnaire (ERG), a general self-efficacy scale (GSES), and a Maslach Burnout Inventory (MBI). The data collected was processed using Spearman's test and ordinal logistic regression. Results researchers found that respondents who reported high work motivation numbered 89 respondents with a percentage of (90.8%), self-efficacy among nurses also showed a high category in 90 respondents with a percentage of (91.8%), and the majority of burnout levels were in the low category range of 65 respondents with a percentage of (66.4). Statistical tests showed a relationship between work motivation and burnout levels with a p-value of 0.000 (a = -0.358), and showed that there was a relationship between self-efficacy and burnout levels with a p-value of 0.013 (a = -0.250). Furthermore, multivariate statistics found that work motivation was the dominant factor influencing burnout with a p-value of 0.012 (E = -2.030). Conclusion there is a significant relationship between work motivation and self-efficacy with the level of burnout among nurses. Nurses with high work motivation and self-efficacy tend to have lower levels of burnout. Work motivation is a dominant factor in influencing burnout.

This study aims to analyze Catholic marriage in the perspective of Martin Buber's dialogical philosophy, particularly the concept of “I-Thou,” as an integrative and applicable approach to building family life. Catholic marriage is understood as a sacrament that is monogamous and indissoluble, based on the Holy Scriptures, Church teachings, and the Code of Canon Law. However, various contemporary challenges such as communication crises, technological developments, and internal family conflicts demand a renewal of the way of understanding husband-wife relationships in a more dialogical and personal manner. This study uses a qualitative method with a literature approach, descriptive-analytical in nature, through content analysis and hermeneutics of relevant primary and secondary sources. The results of the study show that the integration of the “I-You” concept in Catholic marriage affirms the husband-wife relationship as an encounter between subjects who are equal, dialogical, and reciprocal. This model places marriage as a responsibility for unity, a practice of dialogue for the bonum coniugum, and a communion that reaches its peak in a relationship with God, so that sacramental teachings are concretely realized in the dynamics of family life.

This study investigates the influence of drug availability, location, and service quality on consumer purchasing decisions at Toko Obat Zahwa Batam. The phenomenon underlying this research is a significant decline of 23.3% in transactions at Toko Obat Zahwa over three years (2022–2024). A quantitative approach with survey method was employed, involving 100 respondents selected through purposive sampling. Data were collected using a Likert-scale questionnaire and analyzed through multiple linear regression using IBM SPSS 26. The results indicate that drug availability has a positive and significant effect on purchasing decisions (t = 5.390; sig. = .000), service quality has a positive and significant effect (t = 4.700; sig. = .000), while location does not significantly influence purchasing decisions (t = –0.556; sig. = .579). Simultaneously, all three variables significantly affect purchasing decisions (F = 38.203; sig. = .000) and explain 53.0% of the variance (Adjusted R² = .530). The dominant influence of drug availability confirms the need-driven nature of pharmaceutical retail purchases, while the non-significant effect of location reflects habitual buying behavior among loyal consumers. These findings provide practical implications for independent drug store management in competitive markets.

This study, entitled "Value Added Tax Fairness in Samarinda City," analyzes the fairness of the 11% VAT rate under Law No. 7 of 2021 using socio-legal methods. The results show that although the single 11% VAT rate meets the principles of legality and horizontal justice because it applies equally to all consumers, this policy is not entirely fair from a vertical justice perspective. The regressive nature of the consumption tax tends to place a greater burden on low-income households. Field findings reveal that MSMEs feel burdened because the rate does not take into account their economic capacity, coupled with a lack of understanding of the input and output tax credit mechanisms. Administrative complexity and minimal education from tax authorities contribute to low compliance rates. This study recommends the implementation of a more flexible tiered VAT rate, strengthening tax education, providing technical assistance, and simplifying reporting for MSMEs to improve compliance and create more equitable tax justice.  

This study examines the comparison between litigation and Alternative Dispute Resolution (ADR) in resolving business conflicts in Indonesia. The increasingly complex nature of business activities has led to a variety of conflicts, such as breach of contract, share ownership disputes, and payment issues, which require efficient resolution methods that provide legal certainty. This study aims to explore the characteristics, procedures, advantages, and disadvantages of dispute resolution through litigation and ADR, which include negotiation, mediation, conciliation, and arbitration. The method applied is normative juridical, drawing on legislation, legal doctrine, and relevant literature. The research findings indicate that litigation offers stronger legal certainty through binding court decisions and organized procedures, but is often time-consuming, expensive, and produces win-lose outcomes. On the other hand, ADR offers flexibility, confidentiality, efficiency, and the opportunity to reach mutually beneficial solutions, although in some situations it requires court confirmation for enforcement. Therefore, the choice of dispute resolution method needs to be adjusted to the nature of the conflict, the relationship between the parties, and the need for legal certainty.

Nahwu (Arabic grammar) is a fundamental discipline in learning the Arabic language, helping to prevent errors in speech and serving as a primary key to clearly understanding Islamic legal texts. However, in practice, the teaching of Nahwu often faces complex challenges, particularly the lack of active participation among female students and their uneven mastery of the subject. Therefore, this study aims to explore the problems in teaching Nahwu at Al-Madani Islamic Boarding School in Cikalong and to identify the factors causing these issues. This study aims to: (1) reveal the problems faced by second-grade female students of KMI in learning Nahwu at Al-Madani Islamic Boarding School in Cikalong, and (2) identify the contributing factors influencing the emergence of these problems. This research employs a descriptive qualitative approach. The researcher used three data collection techniques: classroom observation, in-depth interviews with the Nahwu teacher, and questionnaires distributed to the students. For data analysis, the researcher applied the Miles and Huberman model, which consists of data reduction, data display, and conclusion drawing. To ensure data validity, data triangulation techniques were used. The results of the study indicate that the problems are divided into two main aspects: (1) learning-related problems, including the gap between memorization of grammatical rules and their application (i‘rab), high levels of academic anxiety, and decreased classroom concentration; and (2) contributing factors, including methodological factors, linguistic-psychological factors, and classroom management factors. The researcher suggests that teachers adopt more interactive teaching methods and media, as well as innovative visual tools to reduce the abstract nature of Nahwu materials and enhance students’ functional understanding. Additionally, activating “Halaqah Nahwiyyah” (grammar study circles) in dormitories is recommended to overcome psychological barriers and improve students’ linguistic confidence.

Accurate classification of rainfall intensity patterns is important for early warning systems, hydrometeorological risk assessment, and water resource management. Surface rain gauges have limited spatial coverage, so this study uses NOAA NEXRAD Level II radar data from the KTLX station in 2023. K-Means clustering was applied to identify rainfall intensity patterns from 30 randomly selected days, with scans stratified into four daily time intervals. Seven features were extracted from each radar sweep, including reflectivity statistics, convective and stratiform ratios, and rainfall coverage. The data were normalized and balanced before clustering. The optimal cluster count was determined through a combined evaluation of the Elbow Method, Silhouette Score, and Davies-Bouldin Index, yielding K=5 as the most representative configuration. Evaluation results demonstrated a Silhouette Score of 0.3871 and a Davies-Bouldin Index of 0.8599, indicating moderate cluster cohesion that reflects the inherent overlapping nature of rainfall intensity transitions in radar reflectivity data. The clusters represent rainfall regimes from non-precipitating conditions to intense convective events. These results support the use of K-Means for automated rainfall pattern recognition and flood forecasting applications. 

The concept of fides quaerens intellectum (faith seeking understanding) in this study is interpreted by emphasizing the rationality of faith as a form of apologia based on 1 Peter 3:15. This study aims to demonstrate that Christian faith is not merely spiritual and normative in nature, but also possesses a rational dimension that can be intellectually justified. In this context, 1 Peter 3:15 serves as a biblical foundation that underscores the importance of believers being prepared to provide a logical and responsible explanation for the hope they possess.This research employs a qualitative approach through library research, combined with an exegetical analysis of 1 Peter 3:15 and a philosophical-theological approach to understand the relationship between faith and reason. Through this framework, the rationality of faith is examined as an integral part of the Christian apologetic tradition. Furthermore, this study affirms that faith and reason are not contradictory realities, but rather complementary elements in the pursuit of truth. The findings indicate that the rationality of faith functions not only defensively but also constructively in fostering dialogue between faith and the intellectual world. Christian faith is understood as a conviction that remains open to rational examination without losing its dimension of mystery. Therefore, fides quaerens intellectum emerges as a relevant paradigm in addressing modern challenges, while also contributing to the development of theological and philosophical studies, particularly in strengthening the integration of faith and reason in the life of believers.

A scriptwriter is the individual responsible for organizing and designing the storyline as the foundation for the documentary video production process. In the production of the documentary video “Bisakah Aku Kembali?”, the scriptwriter plays a crucial role in processing facts and research data into a structured narrative, thereby delivering messages informatively while building emotional resonance with the audience. The purpose of this report is to explain the narrative script planning process and describe the application of the three-act structure as the primary approach in building the storyline. The writing method used is descriptive through the stages of research, observation, and interviews, processing field facts into a structured narrative. Synthesis of the work was carried out by applying the three-act structure, consisting of Act I (setup) to introduce the issue and context of rehabilitation, Act II (confrontation) to develop conflict through medical realities and animal behavior during rehabilitation, and Act III (resolution) to present the conclusion and reflection on the relationship between humans and nature. In conclusion, documentary script planning using a narrative approach and a three-act structure is capable of producing a coherent, informative, and reflective storyline in conveying conservation messages regarding the rehabilitation of the Javan Slow Loris as a protected species.

This research aims to analyze the protection of state forest areas against unauthorized forest product collection in Pasangkayu Regency, specifically from the perspective of preventive and repressive legal protection. The research method used is normative juridical with a descriptive-analytical nature, utilizing secondary data collected through literature studies. The results indicate that forest area protection in Pasangkayu Regency is currently still dominated by a repressive approach, namely legal actions taken after violations occur, such as enforcement operations and criminal proceedings. However, this approach has proven ineffective in providing a maximum deterrent effect due to the high rate of violations triggered by low legal awareness and the community's economic dependence on forest products. Meanwhile, preventive efforts such as monitoring and legal counseling have not operated optimally due to limitations in human resources and budget. Therefore, a balance between preventive and repressive approaches is required, along with strengthening community participation through economic empowerment to enhance the effectiveness of forest protection.

Dairi Regency is known as a regency that has a natural charm that can be a potential attraction that can attract many tourists. Puncak Sidiangkat is one of the destinations that is often visited because of its natural beauty which is still very beautiful and green. So this research was conducted with the aim of planning hotels and tourist areas using ecovillage design. Puncak Sidiangkat which has the opportunity to build hotels and glamping along with other tourist facilities, develops knowledge about the advantages of natural resources in Dairi Regency which blends directly with nature in an effort to achieve economic sustainability. The design of hotel and tourist areas is inseparable from how to design buildings that have a positive effect on the surrounding environment, especially the development of mountain tourism infrastructure and facilities as an environmentally friendly and energy-efficient tourism sector. This study also considers local cultural values, community participation, and the use of sustainable materials to ensure long-term environmental balance. Furthermore, the integration of renewable energy systems, proper waste management, and landscape conservation is emphasized to support eco-friendly tourism development. Through this approach, the project is expected to enhance tourist experience while preserving natural resources and improving the local economy.

This study aims to analyze exegetically and socio-historically the text of Deuteronomy 21:10–14 concerning the treatment of female war captives in ancient Israel. This passage has often been debated as it is perceived to reflect a patriarchal system, thus requiring a comprehensive interpretation to understand its original intent. This research employs a qualitative approach based on library research, utilizing textual exegesis, historical-critical, and literary analysis of the Hebrew text, as well as an examination of the Ancient Near Eastern context. The findings reveal that the legal structure of the text is progressive and regulatory in nature, not legitimizing exploitation but rather restricting male behavior through specific procedures, including a mourning period and a process of social transition for the captive woman. The analysis of Hebrew terminology highlights symbolic meanings related to status transformation, purification, and recognition of the woman's humanity. In its socio-historical context, this law differs significantly from common practices in the Ancient Near East, which often exploited war captives, by imposing limitations on economic and social exploitation and providing a degree of protection. Theologically, the text reflects the function of the Mosaic law as a regulatory framework that introduces justice and humanity within a complex social reality. Therefore, Deuteronomy 21:10–14 is best understood as an ethical effort to limit inhumane practices rather than to endorse them.

Environmental damage caused by human activities has become an increasingly pressing global issue. Poetry as a literary work has the power to represent ecological problems symbolically and critically. This study aims to describe the representation of the impact of the environmental crisis in Taufiq Ismail's poems, namely "Menengajah Ke Atas, Merenungi Ozone yang Tak terlihat" and "Membaca Tanda-Tanda." The analysis is based on Greg Garrard's ecocritical study. This study uses a qualitative method with content analysis techniques. There are two stages of analysis, namely the literal and symbolic meaning of the poems, then an ecocritical interpretation is carried out based on Garrard's categories which include pollution, wilderness, apocalypse, dwelling, animals, and earth. The results of the study indicate that both poems represent the impact of the environmental crisis through health problems due to pollution and radiation, damage to water and forest ecosystems, climate change, threats to human living space, and the decline in biodiversity. The research findings also show that the most dominant categories are pollution and apocalypse, which confirms that the environmental crisis in Taufiq Ismail's poems is the result of human behavior that ignores nature. Thus, Taufiq Ismail's poems not only function as aesthetic works, but also as cultural criticism and moral warnings for humanity.

Thomas Aquinas was a major figure in the Era of Scholasticism in the Middle Ages, who was very influential and famous for driving the Western world's resistance to Augustine and Plato's teachings on Eastern mysticism that are still preserved. According to Thomas Aquinas, faith and reason are processes in Christian philosophy. However, please note that this is not possible due to a limitation of reason. Although reason does not transcend mystery, reason can facilitate the understanding of the mystery of God, whereas faith is an intermediary to bridge man's mind with God. Although mystery can overcome the intellect, the two are complementary understandings. Thus, Thomas concludes that two kinds of knowledge do not contradict each other, but that stand side by side, namely natural knowledge, which is based on rare intellect and has things of a general human nature as its object, and the knowledge of faith, which is based on revelation and has divine truth, which is in the scriptures, as its object. Thomas himself provided 5 proofs that God is always there.

The creation narrative in Genesis 1–2 serves as an essential theological foundation for understanding the origin of the world and the nature of humanity. This text not only describes God’s creative acts but also affirms the unique dignity of human beings. This study aims to examine the meaning of the creation narrative in Genesis 1–2 and its relevance to the concept of human dignity in the modern era. The method employed is a literature study using exegetical and theological approaches, through analysis of biblical texts and relevant scholarly sources. The findings indicate that Genesis 1 emphasizes order, the goodness of creation, and the creation of humans in the image and likeness of God (imago Dei), while Genesis 2 highlights the relational and existential dimensions of humanity, including relationships with God, others, and nature. The concept of imago Dei affirms that humans possess intrinsic value, freedom, reason, and moral responsibility. In a contemporary context, this narrative remains relevant as an ethical foundation to reject violations of human dignity such as discrimination, violence, and exploitation, while also encouraging ecological awareness and responsibility toward the environment. Therefore, the creation narrative holds not only theological significance but also contributes meaningfully to the development of humane, dignified, and sustainable values.

Environmental damage caused by human activities has become an increasingly pressing global issue. Poetry as a literary work has the power to represent ecological problems symbolically and critically. This study aims to describe the representation of the impact of the environmental crisis in Taufiq Ismail's poems, namely "Menengajah Ke Atas, Merenungi Ozone yang Tak terlihat" and "Membaca Tanda-Tanda." The analysis is based on Greg Garrard's ecocritical study. This study uses a qualitative method with content analysis techniques. There are two stages of analysis, namely the literal and symbolic meaning of the poems, then an ecocritical interpretation is carried out based on Garrard's categories which include pollution, wilderness, apocalypse, dwelling, animals, and earth. The results of the study indicate that both poems represent the impact of the environmental crisis through health problems due to pollution and radiation, damage to water and forest ecosystems, climate change, threats to human living space, and the decline in biodiversity. The research findings also show that the most dominant categories are pollution and apocalypse, which confirms that the environmental crisis in Taufiq Ismail's poems is the result of human behavior that ignores nature. Thus, Taufiq Ismail's poems not only function as aesthetic works, but also as cultural criticism and moral warnings for humanity.

This study focuses on the historical dynamics of the Qur’anic revelation process to examine in greater depth the relationship between the gradual nature of the revelation process and the social conditions of Arab society, particularly during the Mecca and Medina periods. The method used in this study is library research, utilizing sources such as scientific journals, books, and articles relevant to the research topic. The findings indicate that revelation was received gradually over 23 years, in accordance with the development of Islamic da’wah and the social dynamics of the time. During the Mecca period, the revelations focused on the teachings of tawhid, creed, and ethics, as Arab society was still in a state of jahiliyyah. In the Medina period, the focus shifted to the rituals of worship and Islamic law as the Islamic community in Medina grew. Furthermore, some verses of the Qur’an were revealed in response to issues within society. This indicates a connection between revelation and the socio-historical context during the process of revelation. A deeper understanding of the process of revelation requires further study, and this research is expected to provide a more profound understanding of the Qur’anic revelation process through a historical approach.