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Indonesia is recognized as one of the world’s richest countries in terms of biodiversity, including a wide variety of traditional medicinal plants. One of the lesser-known yet promising local species is matoa (Pometia pinnata J.R. Forst & G. Forst), whose leaves have been traditionally used by local communities to treat various ailments, including diarrhea and seizures. This study aims to investigate the pharmacological effects of matoa leaf extract, with a particular focus on its anticonvulsant activity, while also reviewing its potential chemical constituents as a basis for herbal medicine development. The research was conducted using a combination of literature review and experimental testing on mice (Mus musculus) induced with strychnine to trigger seizures. Key observed parameters included seizure onset time and survival duration (dead time) following the administration of either synthetic drugs or matoa leaf extract. The results demonstrated that the matoa leaf extract exhibited significant anticonvulsant effects, as indicated by prolonged seizure onset and increased survival time in test animals. These pharmacological effects are presumed to be related to the presence of active compounds such as flavonoids, tannins, and alkaloids, which may contribute to the stabilization of the central nervous system. Compared to conventional synthetic anticonvulsants, matoa leaf extract may offer a safer, plant-based alternative with potentially fewer side effects. The findings of this study provide valuable scientific evidence supporting the potential of Pometia pinnata leaves in the development of Indonesian herbal phytopharmaceuticals. Furthermore, they highlight the importance of further research, including preclinical and clinical trials, to validate efficacy, determine optimal dosages, and ensure safety for human use.

Diarrhea remains the leading cause of morbidity and mortality among infants in Indonesia, especially in areas with limited access to clean water and sanitation. This community service activity aims to improve mothers' understanding of the signs and symptoms of diarrhea in children, raise mothers' awareness of maintaining their children's hygiene and health to prevent diarrhea, and provide practical training on the initial treatment of diarrhea. The methods used include interactive lectures, group discussions, demonstrations on making oral rehydration solution (ORS), handwashing practice, and distribution of leaflets. The participants consisted of 30 mothers of young children in Bangun Rejo Village, Tanjung Morawa Subdistrict. Evaluation was conducted using pre-test and post-test knowledge assessments. The results of the activity showed a significant increase in mothers' knowledge regarding the prevention and management of diarrhea. Participants were able to identify diarrhea symptoms, practice making ORS, and were more prepared to take their children to healthcare facilities if dehydration signs were present. This activity demonstrated that community-based health education is effective in enhancing mothers' knowledge and preparedness in preventing diarrhea.

Diarrhea remains a major health problem, contributing significantly to morbidity and mortality rates in children, especially in developing countries like Indonesia. This disease is often linked to poor sanitation, lack of access to clean water, and a lack of public understanding of proper hygiene practices. Toddlers are the most vulnerable group to diarrhea because their immune systems are not yet fully developed. Current diarrhea management efforts rely heavily on providing oral rehydration salts (ORS) and, in some cases, the use of antibiotics. However, pharmacological approaches are not always available or appropriate in all situations. Therefore, alternative treatments are needed that are safe, readily available, and scientifically proven to be effective. One natural ingredient with significant potential for treating diarrhea is honey. Honey is known to contain various active substances such as enzymes, antioxidants, and antimicrobial compounds that can fight various pathogens that cause diarrhea. Furthermore, honey is also known to help repair the integrity of the intestinal mucosa, stimulate the growth of beneficial bacteria in the digestive tract, and accelerate the healing process. Although the health benefits of honey are well-known, public knowledge—especially among mothers—about its use as an adjunct therapy for diarrhea remains limited. Recognizing the importance of mothers' role in caring for sick children, especially during diarrhea, educational interventions are needed to improve their understanding. This educational activity aims to equip mothers with accurate, easy-to-understand information that can be applied in their daily lives. In this case, the counseling was conducted at PMB Andina Palembang using communicative media such as leaflets and accompanied by live demonstrations to increase information absorption. To measure the effectiveness of this activity, evaluations were conducted through pretests and posttests using structured questionnaires. The results obtained showed a significant increase in mothers' knowledge scores after participating in the counseling.

Providing education on how to wash hands properly is an important effort to increase awareness of clean and healthy living, especially for young children. Children at this age are in a very rapid developmental stage, so the information and habits taught are more easily absorbed and formed into daily behavior. However, children's awareness and understanding of the importance of hygiene, especially handwashing, is still relatively low. Therefore, health education is essential to instill good habits from an early age. Washing hands with soap is one of the Clean and Healthy Lifestyle Behaviors (PHBS) that is effective in preventing the spread of various types of diseases, especially diseases transmitted through hands, such as diarrhea, ARI, and skin infections. PHBS about handwashing must be a habit applied in daily life, both in the family, school, and community environment. This educational activity was carried out at St. Francis Xaverius Pineleng Catholic Kindergarten with the aim of increasing knowledge and forming handwashing behavior according to the six recommended handwashing steps. The implementation method included providing educational materials, showing a video song that teaches the six steps of handwashing, demonstrations by the implementer, and direct practice by the children with movements and songs. The results of the activity showed an increase in children's knowledge and skills in washing their hands properly. The children demonstrated enthusiasm and active participation during the educational process. It is hoped that teachers and parents will continue to encourage children to practice hand hygiene to prevent illness and foster healthy lifestyles from an early age.

Globally, the World Health Organization (WHO) notes that diarrhea related to acute gastroenteritis (AGE) is the second leading cause of death in children under five years of age, with more than 1.7 billion cases of diarrhea occurring each year. The economic burden due to AGE is substantial, including healthcare costs, loss of productivity, and long-term impacts on nutrition status and child development. Objective: to increase public awareness regarding the prevention of AGE. Method: The health education activities were conducted in the inpatient room of Bintang Amin Hospital using the method of community service by providing education on AGE prevention. The participants of the counseling were patients and their families. Results: This activity was held on Saturday, June 14, 2025, at Bintang Amin Hospital. All respondents were very enthusiastic about the material and demonstrations presented. Conclusion: After the counseling on the prevention of GEA, there was an increase in knowledge among respondents as seen from their responses when asked about the concept of GEA disease.

Diarrhea is still the leading cause of infant morbidity and mortality in Indonesia, especially in areas with limited access to clean water and adequate sanitation. This community service activity is carried out with the aim of increasing maternal knowledge about the signs and symptoms of diarrhea in children, increasing maternal awareness in maintaining children's hygiene and health to prevent diarrhea, and providing practical training on early treatment of diarrhea. This activity involved 30 mothers who have early childhood in Bangun Rejo Village, Tanjung Morawa District. The methods used include interactive lectures, group discussions, demonstrations of making oralite solution (ORS), correct handwashing practices, and distribution of educational leaflets. Evaluation was carried out through pre-test and post-test to measure the increase in participants' knowledge before and after the activity. The results of the activity showed a significant increase in maternal understanding of the prevention and treatment of diarrhea. Participants were able to identify early symptoms of diarrhea, practice how to make ORS correctly, and show readiness to take the child to a health facility if signs of dehydration appear. This activity proves that community-based health education is effective in increasing maternal knowledge and preparedness in preventing and treating diarrhea in children. Strengthening similar educational programs is essential to be implemented sustainably, especially in areas with a high risk of diarrheal diseases. These efforts can make a real contribution to reducing the incidence of diarrhea and improving the health status of children in vulnerable communities.

Cottage salak (Salacca zalacca (Gaertn.) Voss) is one of the tropical fruits that not only has high nutritional value, but also contains bioactive compounds that have the potential to be natural antibacterial. The skin of the salak pondoh fruit is often considered waste, even though this part is rich in chemical compounds such as flavonoids, saponins, phenols, tannins, alkaloids, chlorogenic acid, ferrulic acid, and protocatetic acid. These compounds are known to have biological activity that is able to inhibit the growth of pathogenic microorganisms. Escherichia coli and Salmonella typhi bacteria are the main causes of diarrhea and typhoid fever that affect many people, especially in areas with poor sanitation. Infection of these two bacteria can cause intestinal tissue damage, dehydration, and even serious complications if not treated immediately. Therefore, efforts to find alternative antibacterial agents from natural ingredients such as salak pondoh bark are important. This study aims to test the effectiveness of ethanol extract of salak pondoh bark against E. coli and S. typhi bacteria. Extraction was carried out by the maceration method using ethanol as a solvent, then continued with testing of antibacterial activity using the disc diffusion method. The concentration of the extract was tested on several variations to determine the minimum concentration capable of providing an optimal buffer zone against both test bacteria. The community service program integrated with this research aims to increase public understanding regarding the potential of salak pondoh skin as a natural antibacterial. Education is carried out through counseling and demonstrations of making simple extracts that can be used to clean household appliances or prevent microbial contamination of foodstuffs. With this approach, it is hoped that the community can use salak pondoh skin waste more productively, while reducing dependence on synthetic chemicals that have the potential to cause side effects.

Pneumonia is a lung infection that causes inflammation in the lung parenchyma. Pneumonia is the third leading cause of death globally. In Indonesia, in 2018, the prevalence of pneumonia among all age groups reached 2.21%. This case report was obtained from primary data through anamnesis, physical examination, and supporting tests. The patient complained of shortness of breath. The shortness of breath occurred during moderate physical activity and improved with rest. The shortness of breath was not affected by the weather. The patient also complained of left chest pain, productive cough, fever, diarrhea, and weakness. Upon physical examination, the general status showed vesicular breath sounds and rhonchi in the left lung field. Chest X-ray revealed diffuse consolidation in the bilateral paracardial pulmonary areas, suggesting pneumonia. Laboratory tests showed elevated white blood cell count. The patient was given pharmacological and non-pharmacological management in the form of respiratory fluoroquinolone.

Bali Province has a high population density, which has the potential to affect the distribution of infectious diseases such as diarrhea. However, mapping the distribution of diarrhea cases based on population density is still limited and does not meet good cartographic principles. Therefore, this study aims to present data on the distribution of diarrhea cases based on population density in Bali Province during the 2020-2022 period. This study used an analytic observational method with a cross-sectional design. The data used were secondary data from the Bali Province Health Profile and the Central Statistics Agency (BPS) for 2020-2022. Data analysis was carried out using geographic mapping with Geographic Information Systems (GIS) and statistical tests in the form of multiple linear regression and Spearman correlation. The results showed an increase in the strength of the relationship between population density and the number of diarrhea cases, as indicated by the rho value which increased from 0.1833 in 2020 to 0.6000 in 2022. However, this relationship was not statistically significant (p-value > 0.05), indicating that population density is not the only factor contributing to the increase in diarrhea cases. Other factors such as sanitation, access to clean water, and public awareness in maintaining hygiene also play a role in the spread of this disease. Although there is a trend that an increase in population density in Bali goes hand in hand with an increase in diarrhea cases, this relationship is not statistically strong enough. Therefore, a multidisciplinary approach is needed to address diarrhea cases, including improved sanitation facilities, public health education, as well as strengthening the spatial data-based disease monitoring system.

Introduction: Diarrhea is one of the most common diseases affecting children worldwide. Diarrhea is a condition when the sufferer defecates more often than usual, namely defecating more than 3 times a day and the diarrhea sufferer's stool is thinner than usual. Puskesmas Tarus is one of the Puskesmas in Kupang Regency with the highest data on diarrhea cases in 2021 compared to other Puskesmas, namely 132 cases of diarrhea in toddlers. In 2022 diarrhea cases increased, namely 139 until 2023 it continued to increase to 145 diarrhea patients in children under five. Methods : This type of research and research design is quantitative research with Cross Sectional design. the population in this study were all mothers of toddlers in the Tarus Puskesmas Working Area. The population of mothers who have toddlers is 2,110 people. The sampling method is determined by simple random sampling, with mothers or respondents who have toddlers totaling 66 people. Data analysis was performed with the Chi-Square statistical test. Results: The results showed that there was a significant relationship between maternal knowledge (ρ=0.034), hand washing behavior (ρ=0.022), ownership of healthy latrines (ρ=0.007), availability of clean water (ρ=0.029) with the incidence of diarrhea in toddlers in the Tarus Health Center Working Area. Conclusion: It is recommended for mothers to maintain personal hygiene before doing or giving activities to toddlers.

A healthy latrine is one of the essential sanitation facilities aimed at maintaining environmental health and improving public health in general. This research was conducted because the use of healthy latrines in Webetun Village remains low, where defecating in the forest has become a common practice among the community. This habit triggers the emergence of diseases such as diarrhea, malnutrition, undernutrition, dengue fever, and respiratory infections. This study aims to examine the behavior of latrine use in households in Webetun Village, Rinhat Subdistrict, Malaka Regency. This research uses a quantitative approach with a cross-sectional design. The study involved 66 housewives who owned healthy latrines, selected through simple random sampling. Data analysis was conducted using the chi-square test. The results showed that variables such as latrine ownership (p=0.000) and water availability (p=0.000) were significantly associated with latrine use, while knowledge (p=0.681), attitude (p=0.588), actions (p=0.007), community leader support (p=0.081), and health worker support (p=0.069) were not significantly associated with latrine use. The findings revealed that water availability significantly influences latrine use. The availability of water facilitates family members in utilizing latrine facilities for activities such as flushing and maintaining cleanliness. Water availability also contributes to user comfort in maintaining latrine hygiene. Conversely, water scarcity hinders optimal latrine use by family members, potentially reducing utilization levels. The study findings also identified a correlation between latrine ownership and its use. Families are considered critical factors in shaping individual health behavior. The relationship between proper latrine ownership and usage behavior can be seen through the role of education in increasing awareness levels for adopting a healthy and clean lifestyle. 

Background: Diarrhea is a condition in which a person experiences bowel movements more than three times a day with liquid-textured feces, often accompanied by mucus or blood, and occurs more often than usual. The purpose of this study was to determine the determinants of diarrhea in toddlers in the work area of ​​the Paal V Health Center in 2024. This study is a quantitative study using a Cross Sectional approach method. The sample in this study was 167 mothers of toddlers with a purposive sampling technique. The study was conducted from August 2024 to January 2025. The research instrument used a questionnaire and observation sheet. The variables used were CTPS habits, exclusive breastfeeding, visits to integrated health posts, maternal employment status, clean water sources, healthy toilets. Cronbach's results Validity Test Diarrhea incidence (0.404), CTPS habits (0.632), exclusive breastfeeding (0.636), visits to integrated health posts (0.690). The results of the CTPS habit analysis obtained p-value (0.034), exclusive breastfeeding (0.016), visits to integrated health posts (0.107), maternal employment status (0.042), clean water sources (0.154), healthy toilets (1.000). There is a relationship between CTPS habits, exclusive breastfeeding, maternal employment with the incidence of diarrhea in toddlers. There is no relationship between visits to integrated health posts, clean water sources, healthy toilets with the incidence of diarrhea.

Health education in early childhood is an important step to establish a healthy lifestyle from a young age. One simple habit that needs to be taught is washing hands properly, especially before eating. This activity was carried out at Wadi Fatimah Kindergarten, Cirebon, to introduce and educate children about the importance of maintaining personal hygiene. The habit of washing hands properly is an effective step in preventing the spread of diseases, such as diarrhea and respiratory infections.This counseling teaches the steps of proper handwashing, such as wetting the hands, rubbing the palms and backs of the hands, cleaning between the fingers, rubbing the nails, cleaning the thumbs, and rinsing the hands thoroughly. To make it more interesting, the methods used include educational games and interactive videos, making it easier for children to understand and remember.The activities are designed to be child-friendly with simple language and interesting illustrations. Children are given the opportunity to practice directly, while parents and teachers are involved so that this habit can be applied at home and school. With this counseling, it is hoped to create a generation that is aware of the importance of hygiene, so that the overall health of the community can improve.

Diarrhea can be defined as a condition in which a person defecates with more liquid feces than usual and with a frequency of three or more times in 24 hours. Diarrhea is closely related to the occurrence of stunting cases. Diarrhea generally attacks toddlers because their immune systems are still weak and vulnerable. WHO and UNICEF policies in the treatment of diarrhea are the provision of oralit and zinc, based on research over 20 years. Iron plays a role in various physiological processes of the body, one of which is the immune system. The purpose of the study was to determine the relationship between hemoglobin levels and compliance with zinc intake with the incidence of recurrent diarrhea in toddlers at the Jaury Jusuf Putera Makassar Academic Hospital. The research design used was a non-experimental analytical cross-sectional study, namely a study conducted observationally to see the relationship between hemoglobin levels and compliance with zinc intake with the incidence of recurrent diarrhea, without providing treatment to the research subjects. The sample in the study was toddlers who experienced recurrent diarrhea at the Jaury Jusuf Putera Makassar Academic Hospital in March - May 2024 as many as 32 people. The results of the study showed that there was a relationship between hemoglobin levels and the incidence of recurrent diarrhea (p = 0.015). And there was a relationship between compliance with zinc consumption and the incidence of recurrent diarrhea (p = 0.004). It is recommended that health workers provide more education and control over the use of zinc drugs given in the management of diarrhea, as well as educate to maintain normal hemoglobin levels in toddlers. So that it can reduce the prevalence of recurrent diarrhea.

Self-medication is the process of recognizing symptom complaints to obtaining medication and carrying out treatment independently. Diarrhea is a disease that causes feces to come out more than three times a day with a liquid consistency that can be accompanied by blood or mucus and the frequency is more frequent than normal. This research aims to determine the relationship between the level of maternal knowledge and self-medication for diarrhea in children in Sidakarya Village. The research method uses descriptive quantitative with a cross sectional study with accidental sampling technique. The number of respondents to this research was 35 people based on calculations using the Slovin formula. The research results showed that the level of self-medication knowledge for diarrhea was categorized as high at (91.4%) and self-medication for diarrhea was categorized as appropriate at (97.1%). Based on the chi-square test, the P-value was 0.001 and the calculated r value was 0.361, indicating that there was a relationship between the level of diarrhea self-medication knowledge and diarrhea self-medication actions.    

Milkwood bark (Alstonia scholaris (L.) R. Br.) is one of the medicinal plants of the genus Alstonia. This plant is traditionally used by the community as a medicine for diarrhea, diabetes, malaria, hemorrhoids, and antihypertensives. This plant contains secondary metabolites that have the potential as antibacterial such as alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins and tannins. The purpose of this study was to determine the inhibition of antibacterial activity and the most effective concentration in inhibiting Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli. The sample used in this study was milkwood bark, the sample was extracted by maceration method using 96% ethanol as solvent. The antibacterial testing method used in this study was disc diffusion. The study used a completely randomized design with 9 treatments, namely 1000 ppm, 750 ppm, 500 ppm, 250 ppm, 100 ppm, 50 ppm, 10 ppm, Ciprofloxacin (positive control), sterile distilled water (negative control). The results of the antibacterial activity test at a concentration of 500 ppm showed that milkwood bark extract could inhibit the growth of S. aureus by 8.22 mm and at a concentration of 250 ppm showed that milkwood bark extract could inhibit the growth of E. coli by 8.75 mm. From the test results, it can be concluded that milkwood bark (A. scholaris (L.) R. Br.) has antibacterial activity that has moderate potential in inhibiting S. aureus and E. coli.

EcoCleanzyme Wash is an innovative dishwashing liquid based on ecoenzyme, a liquid derived from the fermentation of organic waste such as fruit peels, vegetable scraps, brown sugar, and water. This product offers an environmentally friendly solution for household needs while addressing the challenges of suboptimal organic waste management. The three- month ecoenzyme fermentation process produces a liquid rich in natural enzymes with antibacterial, antifungal, and insecticidal properties, capable of breaking down harmful organic compounds. EcoCleanzyme Wash provides a safer alternative compared to conventional dishwashing liquids, which often contain harmful chemicals that can pollute water and soil. This product not only effectively cleans utensils but also supports the concept of sustainability by utilizing household organic waste. Additionally, EcoCleanzyme Wash helps reduce environmental pollution, often caused by improperly managed household waste. In Indonesia, organic waste constitutes the largest portion of household waste, which, if left unmanaged, can contaminate water, soil, and air, leading to various health issues such as diarrhea and skin infections caused by pathogenic microorganisms. The use of ecoenzyme in EcoCleanzyme Wash represents a tangible step toward promoting the concepts of reuse and sustainable waste management, aligned with government regulations on waste handling. This product also contributes to reducing negative impacts on ecosystems and raising public awareness about the importance of managing organic waste. This research aims to provide a detailed guide on the production process of ecoenzyme-based dishwashing liquid, covering the utilization of organic raw materials, fermentation steps, and product formulation. It is expected that the findings of this research can serve as a reference for the development of other environmentally friendly products and encourage innovation in household waste management. EcoCleanzyme Wash is a progressive step in creating a product that not only fulfills household needs but also positively impacts the environment.

This study aims to analyze the influence of socialization of the physical environment on public health in Penggilingan Baru Village RT. 003/RW. 008, Harapan Baru, with an emphasis on preventing and treating infectious diseases caused by floods. The method used in this research is macro social intervention, which involves direct outreach to residents to increase awareness about environmental cleanliness. The findings from this research indicate that the physical environmental conditions in this area still require special attention, especially in the management of irregular air drainage channels. Stagnant water that occurs regularly after heavy rain increases the risk of flooding and the emergence of infectious diseases such as diarrhea and dengue fever. Outreach to the community to carry out environmental cleanliness with monthly community service activities and waste sorting, to be implemented in stages. The conclusion of this research is that socialization of the physical environment through a macro social intervention approach can contribute to reducing the risk of infectious diseases by increasing public awareness of the importance of maintaining environmental cleanliness. The recommendations provided include improving the drainage system, more coordinated waste management, and ongoing education to create a healthier environment.

The problem of anemia in adolescents is still a fundamental problem in the world. Anemia is associated with insufficient food intake and low food quality. Factors that correlate with the incidence of anemia in adolescents both in urban and rural areas are age, sex, health status of toddlers (ARI, diarrhea, tuberculosis), physical activity, nutritional status, breakfast, and diet, parenting and so on. This study aims to determine the anemia in adolescents. This study is an observational analytical study with a cross sectional design. This research was conducted in February-March 2024 in Cinta Damai Village, West Tanjung Jabung Regency. The population in this study were all toddlers aged 12-18 years. A sample of 89 people was taken by total sampling technique. Data collection using questionnaire sheets. The data obtained were analyzed univariately, bivariately using chi square and multivariate tests. The results showed that there was a relationship between infectious diseases (p =), toddler diet (p =) and parenting style (p =) with anemia in adolescents because the p value < 0.05. There was no relationship between giving MP-ASI too early and anemia in toddlers with a value of p = 0.647 > 0.05. The results showed that there was a significant relationship between the incidence of anemia during pregnancy with breakfast (p = 0.003), diet (p = 0.001) and head circumference because the p value < 0.05. There is no significant relationship between the incidence of anemia during pregnancy and chest circumference in newborns at the Jambi Kecil Muaro Jambi Health Center in 2023 with p values of 0.001 > 0.05. The most dominant factor affecting anemia in toddlers is the diet of toddlers with a value of p = 0.001 with OR = 13.108. It is hoped that the results of this study can provide information and recommendations to conduct a series of counseling and counseling activities for mothers of toddlers to prevent and overcome the problem of underweight.

Access to adequate sanitation services and safe drinking water is a fundamental need that influences public health and sustainable development. This study analyzes the percentage of households in Gorontalo Utara Regency with access to adequate sanitation and safe drinking water from 2021 to 2023, linking it to WHO health standards. The results show an increase in access to adequate sanitation from 79.03% in 2021 to 81.80% in 2022, although there was a slight decline to 81.37% in 2023. Meanwhile, access to safe drinking water showed a more positive trend, rising from 86.23% in 2021 to 90.14% in 2023. This improvement reflects the success of government programs in enhancing basic infrastructure and raising community awareness. However, challenges remain in reaching approximately 10% of households still lacking access, particularly in remote areas. According to WHO, access to adequate sanitation and safe drinking water significantly reduces the risk of waterborne diseases such as diarrhea, cholera, and typhoid. This study highlights the importance of sustainable approaches to improving service coverage, such as developing inclusive infrastructure, educating communities on the importance of clean and healthy living behaviors, and strengthening the role of local institutions. In conclusion, although Gorontalo Utara has made significant progress, sustained efforts are needed to achieve universal access to sanitation and safe drinking water, as mandated by the SDGs.