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Research on digital payment systems has grown rapidly over the past decades; however, comprehensive and in‑depth studies that synthesize existing empirical findings remain limited. This study aims to conduct a systematic literature review and bibliometric analysis on digital payment research based on empirical publications indexed in Scopus. Using the keyword “Digital Payment” in the article title, abstract, and keywords, a total of 485 documents published between 1989 and 2025 were identified. The evaluation was conducted on November 30, 2025, and the collected data were analyzed using bibliometric techniques with VOSviewer software. The findings reveal a significant surge in digital payment research beginning in 2016, with its peak occurring during 2023–2025, in line with the accelerating digital economic transformation worldwide. Knowledge production has shifted toward emerging economies—particularly India, Indonesia, and Malaysia—supported by dense inter‑institutional and inter‑author collaboration networks. Research themes have expanded beyond technical payment system aspects to interdisciplinary issues involving technology, finance, financial inclusion, human behavior, public policy, and the application of machine learning for security and system optimization. Journal sources, affiliations, authors, and keyword analyses confirm that digital payments have become essential infrastructure for the modern economy and a rich empirical domain for advanced studies on financial stability, consumer protection, regulation, and digital financial innovation.

This study discusses consumer protection in the circulation of illegal cosmetic products through electronic commerce systems, focusing on the implementation of Law Number 8 of 1999 concerning Consumer Protection. The main problems of the research include legal regulations related to illegal cosmetics, legal provisions regarding electronic commerce, and consumer protection mechanisms against the circulation of illegal cosmetics on e-commerce platforms. This study uses a qualitative method with a normative legal research approach through literature studies, which involves primary, secondary, and tertiary data sources. The results of the study show that cosmetic distribution permits are regulated in the Regulation of the Food and Drug Supervisory Agency Number 12 of 2023 concerning the Supervision of the Manufacture and Circulation of Cosmetics. In electronic commerce, transactions occur electronically between sellers and buyers by involving a third party as the platform provider. Dispute resolution between consumers and business actors is regulated in the Consumer Protection Law through two channels, namely litigation and out-of-court dispute resolution. The research concluded that every cosmetic in circulation must have a distribution permit in the form of a BPOM Notification, and business actors are responsible for providing compensation in the form of refunds or product replacements. The research recommendations emphasize the importance of consumer prudence, honesty of business actors, and the government's firmness in handling consumer problems.

Consumer criticism on social media is a common form of expression used to convey dissatisfaction with products or services. However, such criticism often generates controversy, especially when it is perceived to harm the reputation of a company. Although the right to freedom of expression is guaranteed by the Consumer Protection Law, in practice, this guarantee frequently conflicts with the defamation provisions outlined in the Electronic Information and Transactions (ITE) Law. The case of "Om Polos Banget" serves as a concrete example where consumer criticism led to legal charges due to allegations of defamation. This study aims to analyze the boundaries of consumer freedom of expression on social media within the context of Indonesian legal regulations and to identify the elements of defamation that may ensnare consumers. The research utilizes a normative juridical method, focusing on the analysis of relevant laws and regulations concerning freedom of expression and defamation. The results of the study indicate that while consumers have the right to criticize, there are legal boundaries that must be observed to prevent the criticism from resulting in legal action. Therefore, clearer policies are needed to ensure a fair balance between consumer freedom of expression and corporate reputation protection, as well as the importance of consumers maintaining ethical conduct when expressing criticism on social media.

This study maps the regulatory landscape of financial technology (fintech), focusing on cryptocurrency regulation at both global and Indonesian levels. Cryptocurrency, one of the fastest-growing fintech instruments, functions as a virtual currency secured by cryptography. Despite lacking physical form, it is widely used for investment, transactions, and speculation, with trust supported by blockchain’s transparency and immutability. However, regulatory frameworks remain fragmented across countries. The research applies a bibliometric approach, using Bibliometrix (R Studio) for descriptive analysis and VosViewer for keyword network visualization. Data were retrieved from Scopus with the keywords “cryptocurrency regulation” and “fintech regulation,” covering 2016–2025. Findings reveal 1,178 documents from 484 sources, contributed by 4,693 authors, with an average of 7.43 authors per document and an international collaboration rate of 24.79%. The annual growth rate reaches 44.31%, with an average of 14.01 citations per document. Keyword analysis identifies four main clusters: financial regulation, green finance and sustainability, decentralized finance (DeFi), and blockchain cybersecurity. This study provides a knowledge map of regulatory evolution from conventional finance to blockchain-based fintech, offering insights for academics, regulators, and industry to balance innovation, consumer protection, and financial stability.

The rapid growth of financial technology (fintech) Peer-to-Peer Lending (P2PL) in Indonesia has created both opportunities and challenges, particularly regarding debt collection practices by third parties (debt collectors). Such practices often result in violations of consumer rights, including intimidation, harassment, and breaches of privacy. To address these issues, the Financial Services Authority of Indonesia (OJK) issued Regulation No. 22 of 2023 on Consumer and Public Protection in the Financial Services Sector, which establishes legal standards for protecting fintech P2PL consumers. This study aims to analyze the regulation of debt collection by third parties under OJK Regulation No. 22/2023, assess the forms of legal protection for consumers, and identify the obligations of fintech P2PL providers in managing collection practices. The research applies a normative juridical method with statutory and conceptual approaches. The findings indicate that OJK Regulation No. 22/2023 provides consumer protection through preventive mechanisms (mandatory transparency, prohibition of intimidation, and regulation of third-party involvement) and repressive mechanisms (complaint handling and administrative sanctions). However, challenges remain in implementation, such as low consumer literacy, outsourced collection practices, and weak on-site supervision. Therefore, stronger regulation, tighter controls by providers, and collaboration among regulators, law enforcement, and fintech associations are required to ensure optimal consumer protection.

This research examines compliance with gold pawn guarantee execution procedures from a civil law perspective, using a case study of Medan District Court Decision Number 738/Pdt.G/2023/PN Mdn. The background to this research stems from the growing practice of gold pawning in society as a solution for quick cash needs, but it often raises legal issues related to the execution process of the pawned goods. The issues raised in this paper are the procedures for executing gold pawn guarantees according to applicable law and whether PT. Gadai Mas Sumut's actions in this case comply with legal provisions. This research method uses a normative juridical approach by examining Articles 1150-1160 of the Civil Code, the Consumer Protection Law, and PMK Number 122 of 2023. The analysis shows that, normatively, creditors have the right to execute pawned goods if the debtor defaults. However, execution must be carried out in accordance with legal procedures, the principle of good faith, and transparency, including through a public or voluntary auction. In the case of PT. In the case of the North Sumatra Gold Pawn, the execution was carried out without adequate notification and without evidence of an official auction, thus being deemed to have failed to meet the principle of legal compliance. Therefore, this article concludes that gold pawn execution practices must be based on the principles of legal certainty and debtor protection to prevent similar losses and disputes in the future.

The rapid growth of global digital technology has significantly reshaped social, economic, and legal systems. This transformation presents new challenges for states in fulfilling their legal responsibilities toward digital consumer protection amid the emergence of global citizenship. This study aims to analyze the forms of state responsibility in protecting digital consumer rights through legal and transnational ethical perspectives. Using a normative juridical method with conceptual and statutory approaches, this research focuses on national legal instruments such as Indonesia’s Personal Data Protection Act No. 27 of 2022 and regional policies such as the ASEAN Digital Framework Agreement 2025. The findings reveal that states bear dual responsibilities: protecting citizens’ digital rights domestically and adhering to international norms globally. This responsibility involves law enforcement against data violations, policy harmonization, and the strengthening of digital ethics. The study concludes that cross-border cooperation and ethical integration are essential to ensure fair and sustainable digital governance.

This research aims to analyze the forms of legal protection for consumers in the case of illegal cosmetic circulation in the Traditional Market of Moluo Village, Kwandang District, North Gorontalo Regency, and to examine the roles of the Health Department and the Gorontalo Food and Drug Supervisory Agency (BBPOM) in supervising and guiding business actors. The research method used is empirical legal research with a non-doctrinal qualitative approach, thru interviews with sellers, consumers, and supervisory authorities, as well as field observations and document studies. The research results show that the majority of vendors in the market already understand the importance of a distribution permit from BPOM and choose to sell legal products, although in practice illegal cosmetics are still found due to high consumer demand for instant results. The main obstacle lies in consumers who are often aware of the dangers of illegal cosmetics but still purchase them. BPOM Gorontalo implements legal protection thru two channels: preventive measures such as socialization, education, and routine inspections, and repressive measures such as legal action in accordance with Article 435 of Law Number 17 of 2023 concerning Health. The implications of this research confirm the need for more comprehensive legal protection strategies with cross-agency collaboration, increased public legal literacy, and consumer empowerment to make them more critical in product selection.

Strengthening the capacity of Micro, Small, and Medium Enterprises (MSMEs) is a crucial step in enhancing competitiveness and sustainability in Indonesia, especially in rural areas such as Doyo Baru Village. Many MSME actors in this village face difficulties in understanding and fulfilling the legal aspects and permits required to operate their businesses legally and effectively. This research aims to provide comprehensive legal assistance to MSME actors, focusing on understanding regulations, licensing processes, and consumer rights. The methodology used in this research is a participatory approach that includes training, group discussions, and individual consultations. The results of this activity show a significant increase in the understanding of legal and licensing aspects among MSME actors, with 80% of participants reporting improved knowledge and confidence in facing legal challenges. Additionally, participants have started to apply the knowledge gained in their daily practices, such as business registration and consumer protection. The conclusion of this research emphasizes the importance of ongoing support for MSMEs to adapt to regulatory changes and improve their competitiveness in the market. It is hoped that this legal assistance program can serve as a model for other regions in efforts to empower MSMEs.

The development of digital technology has transformed children’s patterns of interaction through online games, which serve both as entertainment and transactional spaces. As digital consumers, children are entitled to protection equal to adults, yet they remain vulnerable to risks such as inappropriate content, fraud, data manipulation, and exploitation. Despite the existence of legal frameworks like the Consumer Protection Law, the Child Protection Law, and the Electronic Information and Transactions Law, this study reveals that these laws do not specifically address children as a vulnerable group in the digital environment. This research employs an empirical normative approach to highlight the shortcomings of current regulations. Given the rapidly growing use of digital platforms by children, stronger regulatory measures, greater parental involvement, and increased responsibility from platform providers are essential to ensure the fulfillment of children’s rights and provide adequate protection in the digital space. These findings emphasize the need for comprehensive legal reform to safeguard children’s digital rights.

Digital transformation in the banking sector has introduced numerous conveniences in financial transactions, yet simultaneously opened opportunities for increasingly sophisticated and damaging new forms of crime. This article comprehensively analyzes criminal policy in combating digital banking crime in Indonesia, exploring the legal, technological, and institutional challenges faced, and formulating effective prevention strategies. Through systematic literature review and critical policy analysis, this research demonstrates that digital banking crime in Indonesia has experienced significant increases both in quantity and complexity of modus operandi, encompassing phishing, skimming, hacking, social engineering, banking trojan malware, and various technology-based fraud schemes. Financial losses amount to trillions of rupiah annually, excluding the psychological impact on victims and erosion of public trust in digital banking systems. Research findings identify fundamental challenges in combating digital banking crime, including limitations in legal frameworks that have not fully accommodated technological developments, gaps in law enforcement capacity for cyber investigation, complexity of evidence in digital cases, complicated cross-border jurisdiction, rapid evolution of crime modi outpacing regulatory adaptation, and low digital security literacy among banking service users. Policy analysis shows that penal approaches through criminalization and law enforcement, while important, are insufficient without comprehensive non-penal strategies.

The development of digital technology has fueled the rise of online buying and selling practices through marketplaces and social media, including among students. This convenience is not without legal and ethical issues, such as misdescribed goods, fraud, and the weakening of consumers' position compared to businesses. This research uses a normative method with a qualitative approach through literature review, regulatory analysis, and interviews with UNIMED Civics students to examine consumer protection from the perspective of positive law and Islamic law. Theoretical studies indicate that Law Number 8 of 1999 concerning Consumer Protection (UUPK) affirms consumers' rights to security, comfort, accurate information, and opens up opportunities, although its implementation remains hampered by low legal awareness. Meanwhile, muamalah jurisprudence affirms the validity of a sale and purchase contract if it meets the pillars and conditions, and upholds the values ​​of honesty (ṣidq), justice (‘adl), trustworthiness, and the prohibition of gharar and tadlis. The results of the study indicate that violations of online transactions not only violate the UUPK but also undermine Islamic business ethics. Therefore, the integration of Islamic law and positive law is necessary to strengthen digital consumer protection in a fair and beneficial manner.

Citizenship rights are a fundamental foundation for ensuring the fulfillment of basic rights, including the right to consumer protection. In the context of globalization and the development of the digital economy, the potential for violations of consumer rights is increasing, thereby requiring the state to strengthen its responsibilities. This study aims to analyze the relationship between citizenship rights and the state’s obligations in guaranteeing consumer protection from the perspective of positive law and policy practices in Indonesia. The research method employed is a normative approach with juridical analysis of legislation, court decisions, and legal doctrines, complemented by a comparative study of international regulations. The findings reveal that consumer protection cannot be separated from the state’s recognition of universal citizenship rights. The state plays a role as regulator, facilitator, and supervisor to ensure the fulfillment of consumer rights to safety, comfort, and fairness in transactions. However, gaps were identified between legal norms and implementation, particularly in digital market oversight and the protection of vulnerable consumers. The study concludes that consumer protection is a concrete manifestation of the state’s responsibility for citizenship rights, requiring regulatory strengthening, effective supervisory institutions, and synergy among the state, business actors, and society.

Consumer protection plays a crucial role in the insurance industry due to the complex, long-term, and trust-based nature of insurance products. Consumers are often in a vulnerable position because of limited access to information and a lack of understanding of policy terms, which increases the risk of losses, especially during claim settlement processes. This study aims to analyze the factors that influence the importance of consumer protection in Indonesia’s insurance sector and to examine the role of the Financial Services Authority (OJK) as the regulatory and supervisory body in financial services. The findings indicate that low financial literacy, information asymmetry, and the dominance of standard contracts are key factors that underscore the need for consumer protection. Meanwhile, OJK plays a strategic role through regulation, supervision, dispute resolution, and financial education for consumers. This study concludes that the effectiveness of consumer protection in the insurance sector depends largely on the synergy between strong regulations, consistent supervision, and improved public awareness of consumer rights.

Consumer protection is a fundamental aspect in ensuring social justice and legal certainty for all individuals involved in the market, including citizens (WN) and non-citizens (NWN). This study aims to analyze the differences in legal protection for WN and NWN consumers in Indonesia by examining the legal status as well as the practice of its implementation. The research applies a normative juridical approach with descriptive-qualitative analysis based on the Consumer Protection Law, its derivative regulations, and case studies of court decisions related to consumer disputes. The results show that, normatively, Law No. 8 of 1999 concerning Consumer Protection does not differentiate between citizens and non-citizens. However, in practice, there are significant challenges such as administrative barriers, limited access to information, and language difficulties faced by non-citizen consumers. These findings indicate a gap between universal legal norms and the implementation that remains biased toward citizenship status.The study concludes that although Indonesian regulations guarantee equality in consumer rights, there is a need to strengthen implementation mechanisms that are more inclusive, particularly for foreign consumers. This research contributes to the discourse on consumer protection by emphasizing the importance of harmonizing non-discrimination principles with the effectiveness of law enforcement.

The development of the internet in Indonesia has opened up numerous opportunities, including in the field of online commerce. One widely used feature in online transactions is the "Paylater" system, as implemented by Shopee through its Shopee Paylater service. This feature allows users to purchase goods now and pay for them later, with relatively low interest rates. This study aims to examine the regulations and implementation of Shopee Paylater, as well as the legal protection available to consumers in cases of default or issues with the service. The study refers to the Indonesian Civil Code, Law No. 8 of 1999 on Consumer Protection, and the Financial Services Authority Regulation (POJK) No. 77/POJK.01/2016 on Information Technology-Based Lending Services. The research findings indicate that Shopee Paylater users are bound by a standard agreement with PT. Commerce Finance during the purchasing process. Shopee is responsible for protecting consumers in accordance with applicable regulations, but breaches related to network security can pose risks to consumers. In addition, while the service facilitates easier access to goods and services for users, it is crucial that consumers fully understand the terms and conditions of the service, including the consequences of late payments. The study also emphasizes the need for clearer and more comprehensive consumer protection regulations, especially in light of the rapid growth of digital financial services. This research highlights the importance of adequate legal protection for users of Paylater services to ensure their rights are safeguarded in the evolving digital economy.

This research is directed to answer two main problems: the form of liability imposed on parking service providers toward consumers, and how the Supreme Court decision reflects (or diverges from) legal justice and proportionality. The study aims to examine the legal liability approach adopted in the Supreme Court Decision Number 2157/K/Pdt/2010 and to formulate an ideal concept of a fair and proportional limitation of liability for parking service operators. In the aforementioned decision, the Supreme Court held the parking operator liable for the loss of a consumer’s vehicle, even though a disclaimer clause had been clearly printed on the parking ticket. This ruling raised controversy, as it seemed to overlook the fact that the operator had fulfilled their duties to a reasonable and professional standard. The substance of parking as an object of regional tax was disregarded in the judicial consideration, which focused solely on consumer protection law. This has led to an interpretation that imposes an almost unlimited liability on the service provider. This study employs doctrinal legal research, supported by conceptual approaches in parking regulation and legal case analysis. The method used is normative legal research (doctrinal) with statutory, conceptual (regarding lease and deposit agreements), and judicial approaches. The findings indicate that parking service providers should not be subjected to absolute liability. Instead, the assessment of liability must take into account the principles of justice, proportionality, and contributory negligence. Hence, there is a need for a clear formulation of liability limitations that not only safeguard consumer rights but also consider the reasonable obligations of business actors, particularly within the context of regional tax regulations related to parking.

The skincare industry is growing very rapidly along with increasing public awareness of the importance of proper skin care. However, in marketing their products, many business actors make exaggerated claims regarding product benefits that are often not supported by facts or scientific evidence. The study aims to analyze the application of consumer legal protection in overclaiming actions carried out by business actors on skincare products from the perspective of Law Number 8 of 1999 concerning Consumer Protection. The research method applied is the normative juridical method with a statutory approach and a conceptual approach. In this study, the practice of overclaiming carried out by business actors on skincare products is contrary to applicable legal provisions, namely Articles 8 and 10 of the Consumer Protection Law. These articles prohibit business actors from providing misleading information about a product and violate consumer rights as defined in Article 4 of the Consumer Protection Law. Although normatively the law has provided sufficient protection for consumers, its implementation in the field still faces many challenges. Supervision from the government and related institutions such as the BPOM is very necessary to ensure business actors' compliance with applicable regulations. Firm and consistent law enforcement is also needed to make business actors more responsible in providing information to consumers and to foster healthy and ethical skincare industry climate.

Marketing activities of limited liability companies (LLC) in Indonesia are not merely business strategies but also legal activities that entail juridical consequences. The increasingly complex dynamics of modern marketing, including digital marketing, e-commerce, and the utilization of consumer personal data, demonstrate that marketing activities cannot be separated from business law regulations, whether related to consumer protection, fair competition, electronic information, or personal data protection. Marketing by LLC in Indonesia is regulated by various laws aimed at creating fair, transparent transactions while avoiding practices that could harm consumers. From a business law perspective, marketing in Indonesia, especially within limited liability companies, plays a crucial role in maintaining the smooth operation of businesses that benefit not only the company but also the wider society, including consumers. Marketing activities by LLC must consistently adhere to the principles of law, including consumer protection and the obligation to ensure transparency in every promotional activity or advertisement. This study employs a normative juridical method with both statutory and conceptual approaches. The analysis is conducted qualitatively through systematic and teleological legal interpretation, supported by secondary legal materials such as academic literature and recent scholarly articles on business law and marketing. The findings reveal that marketing activities of limited liability companies are closely intertwined with business law, as all contracts, promotions, and marketing strategies constitute legal acts that must adhere to the principles of honesty, transparency, and fair competition. Revenue growth through effective marketing can only be achieved sustainably if it is designed in accordance with the principles of good corporate governance and legal compliance. Thus, marketing in the perspective of business law functions not only as a commercial tool but also as an instrument for creating legitimate, ethical, and equitable value for both the company and society.

This study discusses the implementation of consumer law in the context of gold investment through PT X's digital application and the consumer protection guarantee mechanisms presented in the system. The research method used is normative juridical, namely a method that emphasizes the study of applicable positive legal norms, legal doctrine, and the application of relevant legal principles. The results of the study indicate that the implementation of consumer law in digital-based gold investment has been carried out in accordance with contractual principles as stipulated in civil law and in line with the provisions of Law Number 8 of 1999 concerning Consumer Protection. In practice, gold investment transactions through the X application are carried out with a mixed agreement containing elements of sale and purchase, deposit, and pawn. This is an important basis because the legal relationship between consumers and companies is not only a single transaction, but a combination that requires guaranteed protection of consumer rights. The legal basis for this mechanism is reflected in the X Digital Application Operational Guidelines Number 28 of 2024, which detailed administrative procedures, application usage requirements, and the implementation of consumer protection principles as stipulated in Articles 4, 7, 18, and 45 of the Consumer Protection Law. Thus, the implemented system not only emphasizes commercial aspects but also ensures a balance between the rights and obligations of consumers and businesses. This study highlights how digital transformation in financial services requires a robust legal framework to protect consumers from potential risks. Therefore, internal company regulations and guidelines play a strategic role in ensuring fairness and providing a sense of security for people investing in gold through digital applications.