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Maritime security is a strategic issue in Southeast Asia due to the high dependence of ASEAN countries on sea lanes for trade and regional stability. This study aims to analyze Indonesia's role in strengthening maritime security cooperation in ASEAN. The methods used are literature studies and analysis of policy documents related to ASEAN maritime cooperation and national maritime policies. The results of the study show that Indonesia is active in various regional forums such as the ASEAN Maritime Forum (AMF) and the Expanded ASEAN Maritime Forum (EAMF), and carries the Global Maritime Fulcrum (GMF) initiative. Despite challenges such as overlapping institutional authority and limited resources, Indonesia continues to demonstrate a strong commitment to promoting maritime diplomacy, strengthening governance, and handling issues such as IUU Fishing and the South China Sea conflict. The implications of this cooperation are increased regional stability and strengthening ASEAN's position in facing the geopolitical dynamics of the Indo-Pacific.

In the first quarter of 2025, the Indonesian rupiah experienced a significant depreciation, weakening from approximately IDR 15,800 per USD in January to IDR 17,200 per USD by the end of March 2025. This study aims to identify and analyze the external and domestic factors contributing to the rupiah’s decline during this period. External pressure mainly stemmed from the U.S. Federal Reserve’s hawkish stance—maintaining its benchmark interest rate at 5.25%–5.50% which triggered capital outflows from emerging markets. Additionally, global geopolitical uncertainty, including tensions in Eastern Europe and trade frictions between the U.S. and China, raised the global risk premium and strengthened the U.S. dollar against the rupiah. On the domestic side, Indonesia’s trade deficit widened to USD 3.2 billion in Q1 2025 due to rising energy import demand amid surging global oil prices. Furthermore, the state budget deficit increased to IDR 104.2 trillion by March 2025 up 20% year on year undermining investor confidence. Using a qualitative descriptive method through content analysis of reports from Bank Indonesia, BPS trade statistics, and relevant media sources, this study finds that the combination of elevated U.S. interest rates, geopolitical tensions, trade imbalances, and fiscal deficits accelerated the depreciation of the rupiah. Policy recommendations include targeted foreign exchange intervention by Bank Indonesia, monetary tightening in line with global trends, fiscal consolidation to reduce the budget deficit, and export diversification to mitigate external shocks.

Language plays a vital role in expressing emotions, facilitating communication, and conveying a speaker’s stance through modality. This study analyzes the use of modality in a political speech by Donald Trump regarding a new U.S.-China trade deal, delivered on May 12, 2025. Employing a descriptive qualitative method, the research investigates how modality reflects Trump's intentions, beliefs, and authority. Data were collected through indirect observation of a YouTube video titled “President Trump touts new US-China trade deal: We Opened Up China”, followed by transcription, identification, and categorization of modality types based on Palmer's (2013) framework: epistemic, deontic, and dynamic modality. The findings reveal that Trump uses epistemic modality to express speculation, deontic modality to convey obligation and prohibition, and dynamic modality to demonstrate capability and initiative. These elements function strategically to shape his image as a decisive and persuasive leader. The study supports previous findings that modality serves as a rhetorical device in political discourse, contributing to influence and narrative construction.

Knife, knife is an important tool for cooks and even head chefs. There are various types and materials of knives, each knife has the same function but with different effectiveness for cutting certain ingredients. For example, 'Chef knife' This chef knife is most commonly used in the f&b world or at home, the second is 'Cleaver' cleaver or often called machete is most often used in China, and if in Indonesia it is most often used to cut poultry, and to chop various meats, the third is 'Bread knife' bread knife, as the name suggests bread knife or bread knife, usually used to cut bread or, bread knife is highly recommended for cutting bread or cake because the blade is serrated which makes it not necessary to make more effort because it is just in the usual slice, this is very effective because there is no need to press the bread or cake, and this will not damage the appearance of your bread or cake.

PT. The Indonesian China Fast Train is one of the companies operating in the field of public transportation services under the auspices of the government which was inaugurated directly by the President of Indonesia, namely Mr. Jokowi, who collaborates directly with China. This research aims at the Role of Public Relations Expert Prescriber PT. KCIC in building Brand Awareness for the Fast Train whoosh, the Role of Public Relations PT. KCIC as Communication Facilitator in building Brand Awareness regarding the Whoosh Fast Train, Role of Public Relations PT. KCIC in Communication Technician to build Brand Awareness of the Whoosh Fast Train, the Role of Public Relations as a Problem Solving Facilitator in handling the issue of the Whoosh Fast Train "Whoosh" Fast Train. The approach used in this research is qualitative with descriptive methods using data collection techniques, documentation and direct interviews with informants. Using triangulation techniques and data analysis using Dozier & Broom's Public Relations Role theory in Ruslan (2020). For the information obtained, 2 informants were interviewed, consisting of key informants, supporting informants and 1 triangulation. The results of this research found that PT Kereta Cepat Indonesia China's public relations will continue to provide updated information using social media and the available the public continues to remember the existence of the Whoosh Fast Train.

The Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) is China's foreign policy introduced during the administration of Xi Jinping. This policy represents China's efforts to expand cooperation in the economic sector and aims to shift the United States' hegemony, both in security and particularly in the economic domain. The project spans across various regions, including the Middle East, a region abundant in energy resources and petroleum, prompting China to focus on collaboration with Arab nations. This approach has been positively received by countries in the Middle East as China adopts a proactive method without military intervention, concentrating solely on economic cooperation. Furthermore, China's recent appointment as the Chair of the United Nations Security Council presents an opportune moment. This positions China to play a more significant role in its extensive projects, serving as a mediator for peace in the Palestine-Israel conflict. This article seeks to address questions regarding China's interests as the Chair of the UN Security Council in the Palestine-Israel conflict, employing the theories of hegemonic stability and the concept of national interest.    

The Jakarta-Bandung High Speed Rail (KCJB) project is one of the strategic infrastructure initiatives resulting from the output of cooperation between Indonesia and China following the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) policy. Although the project is promising in improving transportation efficiency, reducing carbon emissions, and the potential for regional economic growth, its implementation is inseparable from various challenges, one of which is geopolitics. This research aims to find out the geopolitical dynamics that arise due to China's incentives in financing and mastering KCJB technology, and also examine Indonesia's position in the midst of regional conflicts, one of which is the South China Sea dispute. The method in this research is qualitative based on literature study. This research reveals that the KCJB project is not just technical cooperation, but reflects a struggle for strategic influence. Indonesia's dependence on financing and technology from China creates potential asymmetry in bilateral relations and risks to sovereignty. The findings are expected to enrich the discourse on foreign policy and national infrastructure in the face of increasingly complex regional or global challenges.

This article explores the contextualisation of Christianity within Chinese culture by examining how Christian worship can embrace local wisdom and cultural values. Contextualisation plays a crucial role in ensuring that the expression of Christian faith remains both theologically sound and cul-turally resonant. In the Chinese context, where ancestral reverence, symbolic traditions, and fami-ly-centered values are deeply embedded, a sensitive and thoughtful approach is required. The study employs a qualitative method through a literature review of theological writings, historical records, and cultural analyses to investigate how Christian theology can engage meaningfully with Chinese traditions. The findings reveal that certain cultural elements—such as ancestor honour, which is central to filial piety; the colour red, symbolising prosperity and joy; and the collectivist view of family—can be reinterpreted within a Christian framework. Ancestor honour, for instance, can be seen not as idol worship but as a celebration of faith heritage and family lineage. The use of tradi-tional music, symbols, and festivals such as Chinese New Year in church services demonstrates that cultural integration is possible without compromising the gospel's core message.Moreover, the emphasis on harmony and extended family in Chinese society parallels the Christian concept of koinonia, or spiritual fellowship. By embracing these cultural values, churches in China can present the Christian faith in ways that are both biblically faithful and culturally meaningful. This research underscores the importance of contextual theology in nurturing indigenous expressions of Chris-tianity that honor both Christ and culture.

The Tigray conflict and the Ethiopian Government in 2020-2022 were mainly motivated by dissatisfaction with the policies of Prime Minister Abiy Ahmed. TPLF as a representative party of the Tigray ethnic group attacked the government until it received a counterattack that further prolonged the conflict situation. The conflict then sparked international attention, including China. China played a role in bridging the conflict resolution indirectly. This study aims to review the efforts made by China in helping to bridge the conflict resolution. The method used uses a descriptive qualitative approach. The study found that China fully used a quasi-mediation diplomacy strategy in an effort to resolve the conflict. China's efforts are reflected through personal identity and the results of the interactions that were established. China promotes the principle of non-intervention and regional resolution, even providing humanitarian assistance and sustainable development. China is not directly involved in maintaining national interests, both materially and socially, in the form of applicable relations and norms.

The Mekong River is at the heart of the survival of the people of six countries that live around the upper and lower reaches of the Mekong River including Myanmar, Laos, Vietnam, Thailand, China, and Cambodia. The Mekong River is utilized to meet the national food security of six countries. One of the countries that utilize the Mekong River is China by building dams to meet the flow of environmentally friendly electricity for the Chinese people by utilizing dams for hydroelectric power plants built in the upper reaches of the Mekong River. This research uses the theory of neoliberalism and food security by using descriptive qualitative methodology to explain the impact of China's dam construction on the food security of countries downstream of the Mekong River. The impact of China's dam construction has an impact on the food security of countries downstream of the Mekong River because the majority of them utilize the Mekong River to meet their food needs and have professions as farmers and fishermen. The impact of the dam construction has an impact on changes in water quality that pollute the irrigation of rice fields of countries downstream of the Mekong River. In addition, many fish that live in the Mekong River immigrate to places with good water quality. Although China is a member of the Mekong River Commission, China has been unable to overcome the problems caused by the construction of dams at several points on the Mekong River.

As China accelerates Hainan's development into a globally competitive Free Trade Port (FTP), this study examines how strategic policies are transforming the island into an international tourism hub. Against the backdrop of China's dual-circulation economic strategy, the research employs policy analysis, tourism statistics (2018-2023), and case studies of key projects like the Haitang Bay duty-free shopping complex and Sanya's luxury resort developments to assess Hainan's transformation. The methodology combines quantitative analysis of visitor growth patterns with qualitative evaluation of infrastructure investments and marketing campaigns targeting international markets. Findings reveal that visa-free policies for 59 countries and expanded duty-free quotas (100,000 RMB annually per visitor) have increased foreign tourist arrivals by 48% since 2020, while digital initiatives like the "Hainan Travel App" have enhanced visitor experiences. However, results also identify persistent challenges including seasonal tourism imbalances, environmental pressures from coastal development, and competition with established Southeast Asian destinations. The study concludes that while Hainan has successfully elevated its status among Chinese domestic tourists, achieving global hub status requires improved air connectivity, cultural tourism diversification beyond beach resorts, and stronger sustainability measures - offering valuable lessons for tourism-led development in emerging economies.

The World Trade Organization (WTO) acts as the main institution in regulating the global trading system based on the principles of fairness and openness. However, in practice, protectionist challenges arising from large countries, such as in the trade conflict between the United States and China, hamper economic liberalization efforts and create instability in the global market. This study aims to analyze the effectiveness of the WTO's role in facing these protectionism challenges. The method used is normative juridical with a qualitative approach, which includes analysis of WTO regulations and policies, as well as a comparative approach to examine the impact of protectionism in several countries. Data were obtained through literature study of academic sources and relevant international legal documents. The results show that policy harmonization between the WTO and its member countries is needed to maintain the stability of the multilateral trading system. In addition, reforms to the WTO dispute settlement mechanism are crucial to make it more adaptive to global geopolitical dynamics. Developing countries are advised to improve competitiveness through market diversification and strengthening economic diplomacy to remain relevant in the changing international trade architecture.

The China government’s provision of foreign aid to Djibouti illustrates a strategic shift from traditional development assistance to a tool for advancing national interests and consolidating geopolitical influence. This study explores how China utilizes foreign aid to secure geopolitical influence and pursues economic objective in the Horn of Africa. Employing a descriptive qualitative approach with secondary data sources and guided by the Foreign Aid and Donor Interest Model, this study finds that projects such as the Djibouti International Free Trade Zone (DIFTZ) and other infrastructure developments represent more than just economic cooperation, they are part of a broader strategic agenda to consolidate China’s presence in the region. These initiatives are predominantly carried out by China state-owned enterprises that not only sign major construction and development contracts but also import China workers to execute the projects. The findings suggest that China’s aid is interest-based, serving to establish economic networks, expand military reach, and secure crucial global trade routes.

The Senkaku Islands dispute involves Japan, China, and Taiwan on the basis of historical claims, international law, and strategic and economic interests. The strategic value of this region increases along with the potential of natural resources and the importance of maritime routes in the East China Sea. The main problems in this research are, first, how is the chronology of the Senkaku Islands dispute, and second, how is the analysis of international law on the sovereignty claims of each party. This research uses a qualitative approach with a descriptive-analytical method, which is based on a literature study of international legal documents, scientific journals, and various related official sources. The results show that Japan controls the Senkaku Islands de facto and strengthens its claim based on the principle of effectiveness. In contrast, China and Taiwan make claims based on the history of the Ming and Qing Dynasties but have no actual control over the territory. The dispute is further complicated by the United States' security support for Japan, as well as increased maritime and military patrol activities around the disputed area. Efforts to resolve the dispute through the International Court of Justice have been stymied by Japan's refusal to recognize the dispute and China's caution in taking the case to international law. Overall, the dispute has not only a legal dimension, but also reflects the sharp geopolitical competition in the East Asian region. Resolving this dispute requires a flexible diplomatic approach, given that formal legal channels are difficult to pursue. Multilateral dialog is the key to preventing conflict escalation that could threaten regional stability.

This article aims to discuss the urgency of regulation related to anti-dumping import duties on Chinese imported products in Indonesia resulting in losses for the domestic ceramic industry due to dumping actions carried out by Chinese ceramic importers to Indonesia. Regarding the actions taken by China, including dumping, it can be subject to anti-dumping import duties as stipulated in Law Number 17 of 2006 concerning Amendments to Law Number 10 of 1995 concerning Customs, Government Regulation Number 34 of 2011 concerning Anti-Dumping, Reward Measures, and Trade Security Measures, and Law Number 7 of 2014 concerning Trade. The rules listed are an effort to stop losses for the domestic ceramic industry and new legal products must be immediately presented in the Ministerial Regulation, especially the Minister of Finance and the Minister of Trade so that there is legal certainty.

The geopolitical relations between China and Afghanistan have undergone significant transformations in recent years, shaped by regional dynamics, security imperatives, economic cooperation, and strategic interests. As a neighboring country with extensive global influence, China has adopted a pragmatic approach toward Afghanistan, seeking to balance its economic investments with security considerations. This study explores the historical trajectory of Sino-Afghan relations, identifies the key factors influencing their bilateral interactions, and examines Afghanistan’s strategic importance within the broader regional ambitions of China—particularly in relation to the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI). It also briefly investigates China's role in Afghanistan’s political landscape following 2001 and analyzes its evolving stance after the Taliban's return to power in 2021. Furthermore, the research highlights the economic, security, and diplomatic dimensions of the two countries’ relationship and evaluates how Beijing’s strategic calculations in Afghanistan align with its broader regional objectives—especially concerning security stability (counterterrorism) and economic expansion. From a geopolitical standpoint, this paper offers insights into the long-term implications of China’s engagement with Afghanistan and its broader impact on the regional power dynamics, using a descriptive-analytical methodology.

Geopolitical tensions have evolved from peripheral risks to central drivers of global capital flows, disproportionately affecting Emerging Markets (EMs). This study provides a comprehensive bibliometric mapping of the academic landscape linking geopolitical dynamics, international finance, and investment in EMs. This study uses a dataset of 1,039 documents extracted from high-impact databases to analyze performance and conduct science mapping with R-Bibliometrix. The analysis covers publication trends, citation structures, and conceptual evolution over the last century, with a focus on the surge in literature post-2018. Results indicate an exponential growth in scientific production, peaking in 2024. The thematic structure reveals a shift from traditional debt crisis narratives (1990s) to contemporary concerns regarding sanctions, protectionism, and trade policy (2020s). Network analysis identifies three distinct clusters: (1) International finance and market mechanisms, (2) Political economy and development in the Global South, and (3) Institutional governance (IMF/World Bank). This paper bridges the gap between political science and financial economics by visualizing how international finance serves as the dominant anchor connecting developed economies (the USA and the UK) with key emerging markets (China and Indonesia) amid rising global fragmentation.

The increasing adoption of artificial intelligence (AI) in decision-making processes has raised significant concerns regarding algorithmic bias and legal accountability. This study examines the regulatory challenges and enforcement gaps in addressing AI bias, with a particular focus on Indonesia’s legal landscape. Through a comparative analysis of AI governance frameworks in the European Union, the United States, China, and Indonesia, this research identifies key deficiencies in Indonesia’s regulatory approach. Unlike the EU’s AI Act, which incorporates risk-based classification and strict compliance measures, Indonesia lacks a dedicated AI legal framework, leading to limited enforcement mechanisms and unclear liability provisions.The findings highlight that transparency mandates alone are insufficient in mitigating algorithmic discrimination, as weak enforcement structures hinder effective regulatory oversight. Furthermore, the study challenges the notion that global AI regulatory harmonization is universally applicable, emphasizing the need for a context-sensitive hybrid model tailored to Indonesia’s socio-legal environment. The research suggests that Indonesia must adopt a comprehensive AI legal framework, strengthen regulatory institutions, and promote interdisciplinary collaboration between legal experts and AI developers. Future research should focus on empirical case studies, the development of context-specific AI accountability models, and the role of public engagement in AI bias mitigation. These efforts will be essential in shaping effective AI governance strategies that ensure fairness, transparency, and accountability in Indonesia’s digital transformation.

This research was carried out to understand the effect of different types of bait on the catch of Kurisi fish (Nemipterus sp.) using hand lines in the waters of Lepar Pongok District, South Bangka Regency. This area is part of the Republic of Indonesia State Fisheries Management Area (WPPNRI) 711, which includes the waters of the Karimata Strait, Natuna Sea and South China Sea, as stipulated in Minister of Maritime Affairs and Fisheries Regulation No. 18 of 2014. Kurisi fish, which have high economic value and are the target of local fishermen, are a type of demersal fish that live in shallow waters with coral reefs. Sustainable fisheries management is very necessary to support the fisheries sector which plays an important role in the welfare of coastal communities. This research used three types of artificial bait, namely red rapia rope, blue rapia rope, and yellow rope using the Experimental Fishing method and Randomized Group Design (RAK). Catch data is measured in number of tails and weight (kg), then analyzed to determine the most effective bait in increasing catches. With these results, it is hoped that the research can contribute to improving the welfare of fishermen and support sustainable management of fisheries resources in the research area.

Participation in sports plays a vital role in enhancing the social identity of cities in China. This enhancement's mechanisms can differ based on social mentalities and identity conditions. Therefore, it is imperative to bolster the impact of sports participation on residents' social identity in the contemporary era. A productive starting point for this initiative involves enriching the ideological content of physical education curricula. Such an approach can significantly enhance the effectiveness of sports participation in fostering social identity among residents with diverse backgrounds, ultimately contributing to a heightened sense of belonging, particularly in regions such as Guizhou. This study, conducted through an online questionnaire distributed to 373 participants in Guizhou, delves into the correlation between the Village Basketball Association and the hometown improvement of the sense of improvement. The findings underscore that community participation, cultural identity and pride, and sustainable development positively correlate with the hometown's sense of belonging in Guizhou.