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Cocoa farming is one of the plantation subsectors that plays a strategic role in Indonesia’s economy, as it contributes to increasing farmers’ income, national exports, and the development of the chocolate processing industry. Indonesia is recognized as one of the world’s largest cocoa producers, with major production areas located in Sulawesi, particularly South Sulawesi, Central Sulawesi, and Southeast Sulawesi. However, the sustainability of cocoa farming still faces various challenges, such as low crop productivity, the use of low-quality seedlings, suboptimal cultivation techniques, and the presence of pests and plant diseases. In addition, limited access to capital and the low level of farmers’ financial management skills also affect the sustainability of cocoa farming. Many farmers do not yet have proper farm financial record-keeping systems, making it difficult to manage production costs, cash flow, and farm capital planning. In this context, financial literacy becomes an important factor that can help farmers manage their farming activities more effectively and sustainably. This study aims to analyze the effect of financial literacy on the sustainability of cocoa farming and farmers’ welfare. The research employs a quantitative approach using a survey method involving 120 cocoa farmers in Sidenreng Rappang Regency (Sidrap), South Sulawesi. Data were collected through questionnaires and interviews and then analyzed using multiple linear regression analysis. The results indicate that financial literacy has a positive and significant effect on farm financial management and the sustainability of agricultural businesses. Farmers with higher levels of financial literacy tend to manage farm capital more effectively, maintain proper financial records, and improve farm productivity. Therefore, improving financial literacy can become

This study is motivated by the importance of financial report transparency in property and real estate companies, particularly regarding earnings management practices that may affect the quality of information for stakeholders. The purpose of this research is to analyze the effect of tax planning, free cash flow, sales growth, and managerial ownership on earnings management in property and real estate companies during the 2020–2023 period. The method employed is a quantitative approach using multiple linear regression analysis with SPSS Version 29. The research sample consists of 21 companies over four years of observation, resulting in 84 financial reports as the research data. The analysis results indicate that sales growth and free cash flow have a positive influence on earnings management, whereas tax planning and managerial ownership show no significant effect. This study confirms that internal factors such as sales performance and cash flow management are more dominant in influencing earnings management compared to ownership aspects or tax strategies. Therefore, companies are advised to focus more on operational efficiency and cash flow management, as well as to enhance governance quality to minimize earnings management practices.

This research is an empirical study that aims to examine the influence of a number of financial indicators on company value in the construction and building subsectors listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange (IDX) during the 2019–2023 period. The indicators analyzed include profitability, free cash flow (FCF), and leverage. This study uses a purposive sampling approach involving 9 issuers and produces 45 observation data. The analysis method used is multiple linear regression to test the relationship between independent variables and company value as measured by Price to Book Value (PBV). The results of the study show that the performance of Return on Assets (ROA) as well as the Debt to Asset Ratio (DAR) and Debt to Equity Ratio (DER) ratios have a significant effect on increasing the company's value. In contrast, other indicators such as Net Profit Margin (NPM), Free Cash Flow (FCF), and Long-Term Debt to Equity Ratio (LTDtER) did not show a significant influence. These findings indicate that investors prioritize capital utilization efficiency and sound funding structures in assessing the value of a company, compared to free cash flow or net profit margins. This research provides important implications for company management and investors in formulating financial strategies that are oriented towards increasing the company's value in a sustainable manner.

This study aims to analyze the management of short-term debt and its impact on cash flow smoothness in Toko Madura micro, small, and medium enterprises (MSMEs) in Surabaya City. Using a qualitative descriptive approach, the research was conducted through in-depth interviews and field observations at Toko Madura Barokah located in Pasar Wonokromo. The results show that short-term debt management is characterized by flexibility and trust-based relationships between store owners and suppliers, with payment terms ranging from 10 to 14 days. Debt management is carried out adaptively according to sales fluctuations and cash flow conditions. The average ratio of short-term debt to monthly cash flow is 17.2%, indicating that the debt level remains within a safe and manageable range. However, the financial recording system remains simple and lacks separation between personal and business finances, which may cause inaccuracies in cash control. Overall, short-term debt management contributes positively to cash flow stability through trust and payment discipline. Nevertheless, improving financial literacy and implementing a more structured accounting system are necessary to support sustainable business growth and better financial decision-making.

This study aims to analyze the financial risk of PT Smartfren Telecom Tbk during the 2014–2023 period, focusing on both short-term and long-term liquidity aspects. The analysis employs financial ratios as measurement tools to assess the company’s financial stability and its ability to fulfill financial obligations within their respective time frames. The ratios used include the current ratio, quick ratio, interest coverage ratio, and cash flow-to-debt ratio. The results indicate that the company faces significant challenges in maintaining short-term liquidity, as reflected in the consistently low values of the current and quick ratios throughout the observation period. This condition suggests a limited ability of the company to meet its short-term obligations using available assets. In terms of long-term liquidity, although there are efforts to strengthen the capital structure, the company still encounters difficulties in meeting its long-term debt obligations. This is evident from the low interest coverage ratio and cash flow-to-debt ratio. Therefore, improving operational efficiency, implementing more effective cash management, and undertaking financial restructuring are essential measures to strengthen the company’s liquidity position sustainably.

The purpose of this study was to gain a better understanding of how the operational budget planning process is applied to the Mebel Serba Usaha (Mebel Serba Usaha) business, which falls into the micro, small, and medium-sized business category. A quantitative descriptive approach was used, collecting data through direct interviews and observing business activities. The obtained data was then examined to determine costs. Furthermore, sales records over the past four years were evaluated for their use. The analysis revealed that Mebel Serba Usaha has never created an operational budget. This situation makes it difficult for the company to manage its finances, which ultimately impacts performance and profitability. The study shows that an operational budget is a crucial tool for more targeted financial management. Operational budget planning helps companies develop long-term business plans and organize and monitor expenses. The results of this study also emphasize that the absence of a budget tends to make companies lack a clear reference point for determining sales targets and controlling production costs. With structured budget planning, companies can more easily identify spending priorities, estimate cash flow, and assess the efficiency of resource use. Furthermore, implementing an operational budget can improve managerial discipline because every financial decision is based on careful planning, not just on immediate needs. Another benefit is increased transparency in fund management, thereby minimizing the risk of waste or misallocation of costs. Therefore, this study provides a practical contribution in the form of recommendations on the importance of implementing an operational budget for micro, small, and medium enterprises, particularly in maintaining sustainability and increasing competitiveness amidst increasingly fierce business competition.This research is expected to be a reference for other MSMEs in developing a more effective and sustainable financial system.

SQ Florist has been a flower board-making service provider since 2019. Currently, SQ Florist faces several obstacles, including ineffective social media promotions, limited staff training in digital marketing, and a suboptimal flower board production process. Furthermore, revenue recording is still manual, resulting in inefficient financial management. This study aims to expand market reach while improving service quality so that SQ Florist can compete better. The research method used is a qualitative approach with data collection techniques through observation, interviews, documentation, and literature studies. The analysis tool uses the Business Model Canvas, which describes nine business elements including customer segments, value propositions, channels, customer relationships, revenue streams, key resources, key activities, key partners, and cost structures. The analysis results show that SQ Florist's business model is generally quite good, although there are areas for improvement, particularly in building relationships with customers, digital marketing, and product innovation. The use of social media such as Instagram and TikTok must be optimized by presenting promotional content in the form of attractive photos and videos to make online marketing more effective. Additionally, improving supplier relationships and offering differentiated products, such as flower bouquets or cash, can increase customer value. To facilitate decision-making, it is recommended to improve financial record-keeping through the use of digital applications. This step is expected to enable SQ Florist to improve its business sustainability, open more market opportunities, and compete more competitively in the creative services industry. By improving each element of the BMC, it is hoped that business sustainability and competitiveness can be further enhanced.

Micro, Small, and Medium Enterprises (MSMEs) have a strategic role in the Indonesian economy, but often face challenges in effective financial management. often face challenges in effective financial management. This research This study aims to analyse the application of management accounting in increasing turnover, net profit, and cash management in Labang Iced Tea Pot MSMEs in Bangkalan Regency, East Java. Bangkalan Regency, East Java. The research method used is descriptive qualitative, with data obtained through interviews, observation, and documentation. documentation. The results showed that the application of management accounting helps Labang Iced Tea Poci in determining the optimal selling price, managing cash flow, and increasing the efficiency of operational costs. cash flow, and improve operational cost efficiency. By analysing the break-even point, budget management, and recording break-even analysis, budget management, and systematic financial recording, this MSME is able to increase net profit to Rp 254,000 per day on the able to increase net profit up to IDR 254,000 per day at certain pricing strategies. pricing strategy. In addition, structured cash management allows the business to maintain liquidity and avoid deficits. maintain liquidity and avoid operational deficits. This research concluded that management accounting plays an important role in improving financial performance and support the sustainability of MSME businesses. The implementation of management accounting not only improves the efficiency of financial management, but also serves as a foundation for better strategic decision-making. the foundation for better strategic decision-making.

This community service program aims to empower UMKM Keripik Wulan 008 in Panimbang Jaya Village through a series of activities focusing on business capacity enhancement. The program was initiated to address challenges faced by the business, such as limited product innovation, lack of branding, insufficient digital marketing strategies, and suboptimal financial management. To overcome these issues, the program adopted a participatory approach consisting of several stages: field observation to identify core problems, training sessions to improve knowledge, workshops for practical application, and direct mentoring to ensure implementation. Key activities included product innovation by introducing new flavor variants and designing more attractive packaging, strengthening brand identity through the creation of professional logos and labels, and expanding marketing reach via social media and marketplace platforms. Additionally, Excel-based financial recording training was provided to simplify cash flow monitoring and basic financial reporting. The team also assisted in preparing a proposal for production equipment support to increase production capacity. Evaluation results demonstrated significant improvements in product quality, stronger brand identity, and more modern and effective marketing strategies. Overall, this program has proven to be effective in enhancing the competitiveness of UMKM Keripik Wulan 008 and is expected to serve as a sustainable empowerment model for small businesses, thereby contributing to local economic development.

This study analyzes the application of the compound interest concept in evaluating capital growth among vegetable vendors at the MMTC Traditional Market in Medan, North Sumatra. The research highlights the low level of financial literacy among micro-entrepreneurs in Indonesia, which currently stands at only 38.03%, and its implications for business sustainability. Traditional market traders generally employ basic bookkeeping practices focused solely on daily cash flow, without considering the time value of money or the growth potential from systematic profit reinvestment. Using a mixed-methods approach, this study combines semi-structured interviews to explore existing financial management practices with quantitative modeling based on the discrete compound interest formula to simulate various capital growth scenarios. The analysis reveals that disciplined reinvestment strategies, even when initiated with modest capital and conservative growth rates, can lead to substantial capital accumulation within three to five years. Three primary barriers to capital growth were identified: limited understanding of financial mathematics, lack of long-term planning, and a tendency to prioritize immediate consumption over investment. This research underscores the transformative potential of compound interest principles for micro-enterprise development and recommends practical financial literacy training along with supportive financial ecosystems that encourage sustainable reinvestment practices.

This study addresses common problems in start-up businesses: lack of financial management and low presentation of financial statements due to limited human resources. With a conceptual qualitative research (CQR) approach, the research integrates accounting theory and business life cycle theory to design a process for presenting relevant financial statements for business actors who run individual operations. The main findings point to two things: first, the need for resources that understand finance is an inevitability that can be met through education, training, and induction observation; Second, the synthesis of accounting theory and business life cycle maps the conceptual area for the report presentation model that is tailored to the conditions of the beginner business. The proposed model covers the scope of management ranging from recording transactions on the cash mutation book, journaling to reveal the double impact of transactions, to grouping account balances on the ledger to produce relevant information. This process differs from the conventional accounting cycle in that it starts from the cashier function combined with the accounting function, thus reducing the need for separate specialists. The combination of cashier and accountant functions in one practical and relevant accounting flow for individual businesses, allows business owners to supervise their financial performance and position through simple but informative reports.

The phenomenon of tax avoidance in Indonesia remains a significant issue, one of which is the case of PT. Adaro Energy Tbk, which practiced tax avoidance through transfer pricing to its subsidiary in Singapore, Coaltrade Service International, from 2009 to 2017. Based on this phenomenon, this study aims to analyze the effect of leverage and profitability on tax avoidance with transfer pricing as a moderating variable in coal subsector energy companies listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange (IDX) for the 2021–2023 period. This study uses descriptive analysis methods, classical assumption tests, Moderated Regression Analysis (MRA), and hypothesis testing with t-tests. The data processing tool used is SPSS version 23. The study population consisted of 45 companies, and through purposive sampling technique, 12 companies were obtained as samples with a three-year observation period, resulting in a total sample of 36 data. The results show that leverage has a positive effect on tax avoidance, while profitability has no effect on tax avoidance. Meanwhile, transfer pricing has a negative effect on tax avoidance. Interestingly, transfer pricing has been shown to strengthen the relationship between leverage and tax avoidance, as well as the relationship between profitability and tax avoidance. This finding confirms that "transfer pricing can be a significant moderating factor in corporate tax management strategies." Therefore, the results of this study contribute to understanding tax avoidance practices in the coal subsector for companies and regulators, as well as providing policy implications for tax regulations in Indonesia.

This study aims to analyze cash management practices in Batik MSMEs in Cirebon Regency using a qualitative approach that combines direct observation and in-depth interviews with business owners. The study found that most Batik MSMEs still rely on manual cash management systems, which ultimately poses various challenges, particularly in terms of unstructured financial recording and minimal cash flow planning. This condition makes it difficult to communicate receipts and expenditures in real time, potentially leading to errors in fund management and disrupting business financial stability. Furthermore, the study revealed variations in cash receipt recording methods, such as daily or weekly recording, which are inconsistent across MSMEs. This impacts transparency and effective financial control. The lack of thorough cash flow planning also makes it difficult for business owners to deal with insufficient liquidity, especially when there is a surge in sales or sudden needs. As a result, some MSMEs experience problems meeting their payment obligations on time, including to suppliers and employees. The findings of this study highlight the importance of financial literacy education for Batik MSMEs so they can understand the basic concepts of cash management well. Furthermore, the use of digital technology, such as simple financial recording applications, is highly recommended to improve efficiency and accuracy in cash flow management. This technology implementation is expected to assist MSMEs in making more informed financial decisions and supporting the long-term sustainability of their businesses. Therefore, this study provides strategic recommendations for local governments and MSME support institutions to provide adequate training and technological facilities to strengthen financial management capacity in the batik MSME sector in Cirebon Regency.

This study aims to evaluate the effectiveness of current asset management, specifically cash, receivables, and inventory, and its impact on a company's ability to generate profits. The study focused on companies in the automotive sector listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange (IDX) from 2020 to 2023. The research approach used a quantitative method with secondary data sourced from annual financial reports. The study sample included 11 companies, resulting in a total of 44 observational data sets over four years. Data analysis was performed using SPSS version 25 software to examine the relationships and influences between the study variables. The test results showed that cash management did not significantly influence profitability. This indicates that the amount of available cash does not always correlate with profit, possibly because cash funds are not optimally utilized in productive activities. Conversely, receivables management showed a negative correlation with profitability. This finding suggests that high receivables can burden cash flow and reduce a company's ability to generate profits. Meanwhile, inventory management has a positive and significant impact on profitability, indicating that good inventory control can support smooth production and sales, thereby increasing profits. Together, these three variables explained 68.4% of the variation in company profitability, while the remaining 31.6% was influenced by factors outside the model, such as operational efficiency, cost structure, and marketing strategy. These findings provide insights for automotive company management to prioritize inventory management and review cash and receivables policies to optimize financial performance.

This study aims to investigate the effects of liquidity, financial leverage, capital structure, and operating cash flow on financial performance, with financial distress serving as a mediating variable. The population comprises transportation and logistics companies listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange (IDX) from 2019 to 2023, totaling 37 companies. The sample includes 20 companies, with quarterly financial reports yielding 400 observations. Secondary data were employed, and purposive sampling was utilized for sample selection. The analysis was conducted using panel data analysis at a 5% significance level, facilitated by STATA Version 17 software. Mediation was tested utilizing the Sobel test with a critical value of 1.96. The results reveal that liquidity significantly impacts both financial distress and financial performance; financial leverage significantly affects both financial distress and financial performance; capital structure significantly influences financial distress but does not significantly affect financial performance; operating cash flow does not significantly impact financial distress but significantly affects financial performance. Collectively, liquidity, financial leverage, capital structure, and operating cash flow significantly influence financial distress. Furthermore, liquidity, financial leverage, capital structure, operating cash flow, and financial distress together have a significant effect on financial performance. Mediation analysis indicates that financial distress significantly mediates the relationships between liquidity, financial leverage, capital structure, and financial performance, whereas financial distress does not significantly mediate the effect of operating cash flow on financial performance. It is recommended that transportation and logistics companies listed on the IDX actively enhance liquidity, optimally manage leverage and capital structure, and strengthen operational cash flow management to minimize financial distress risk and sustain financial performance.

This community service program aims to improve the capacity of 25 raw cassava chip MSMEs in Solok Regency through holistic training that integrates managerial, collaborative, and spiritual aspects. The activities are designed with the real needs of business actors in mind, both in terms of technical business management skills and strengthening business ethics values. The training is conducted in a classical manner through the delivery of entrepreneurship and financial management materials covering basic business management concepts, simple marketing strategies, and cash flow management. In addition, participants participate in group simulations and ice-breaking games to foster a spirit of collaboration and build trust among business actors. Assistance in financial recording practices is carried out using the financial records application v1.1, which is designed to facilitate recording daily transactions, tracking production costs, and simple profit and loss analysis. A special contemplation session is also held to foster awareness of ethics and spirituality in entrepreneurship, including the importance of honesty, social responsibility, and sincere intentions in running a business. The program is evaluated through a 20-question digital quiz taken by all participants. The evaluation results show a significant increase in the understanding of basic management concepts, cash flow recording skills, and a responsible attitude in managing the business. These findings confirm that a values-based training approach combined with hands-on practice can effectively strengthen the foundations of MSME sustainability, both in terms of operational performance and moral resilience. Given the positive results, this program is recommended for replication in other regions with similar business characteristics. Continued support from local governments, educational institutions, and business partners is essential to expand the program's impact, ensure business sustainability, and foster competitive and integrated community-based economic growth.

Accurate financial record-keeping is essential for MSMEs, yet many still rely on manual methods. Arsi Dekorasi, for example, had not produced formal financial reports such as income statements or cash flow reports. Digital transformation through accounting applications offers a solution to improve the efficiency and accuracy of financial records. This study aims to explore how the implementation of the Akuntansiku application enhances financial recording efficiency at Arsi Dekorasi. Using a qualitative approach with a case study method, data were collected through in-depth interviews, participant observation, and documentation, and analyzed using the Diffusion of Innovation framework. The findings reveal that prior to using the application, records were manually kept and incomplete. After adopting Akuntansiku, financial recording became more efficient, accurate, and capable of generating automatic reports. Initial technology-related challenges were resolved through mentoring. The digital transformation proved to positively impact both the efficiency and quality of financial records. The study highlights the crucial role of management in sustaining and developing financial digitalization through continuous training and capacity building.

In line with the rapid advancement of digital technology, the need for an efficient, integrated, and technology-based financial management system has become  critical, particularly for educational institutions such as STT-NF. The manual management of financial reports, especially cash flow statements used spreadsheets continues to pose significant challenges, including the risk of data entry errors, delayed reporting, and the lack of real-time visibility into the institution's financial condition. This study aims to develop a web application for cash flow monitoring system using the waterfall methodology to address these issues. The waterfall model was selected due to its systematic and structured approach. The system was developed using ReactJS for the frontend, NodeJS for the backend, and PostgreSQL as the database management system. To verify system functionality, testing was conducted using the black box testing method. The results of the testing indicate that all developed features of the cash flow monitoring system functioned according to the specified requirements and operated optimally. Therefore, the system is expected to provide tangible benefits in supporting the performance of the Finance Department at STT-NF as well as the foundation, by enhancing real-time financial visibility and delivering accurate information to facilitate faster & more informed decision-making.

By using earnings management and cash flow as intervening variables, this study aims to investigate how company value is influenced by ownership structure, company characteristics, and capital structure. This research method employs a quantitative approach. The secondary data used in this study comes from the financial statements of mining sector companies listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange from 2019 to 2023. Smart-PLS software is used to perform data analysis. Out of the eleven proposed hypotheses, only hypothesis H3 is accepted, which indicates that Ownership Structure has a significant impact on Company Value.  

We designed and implemented a web-based inventory system to address challenges in managing inventory and financial data at Toko bangunan Mutiara. With high daily transaction volumes and a wide variety of products, manual recording often leads to errors, inaccuracies in inventory data, and difficulties in monitoring cash flow. To address this, we developed the system using the Agile/Scrum development model, which allows for flexibility and adaptation to user needs through the stages of Requirements, Design, Development, Testing, Deployment, and Review. The system was developed using web technology, including PHP and JavaScript for the backend, HTML and CSS for the frontend, and MySQL as the database system. The main features we implemented include two integration options: barcodes and unique product codes to simplify recording, automatic notifications when stock reaches the minimum level set by the system, and the ability to generate accurate reports. It is hoped that this research, which was designed to enhance operational efficiency in recording incoming and outgoing goods, provide flexible and accurate access to inventory data, and minimize errors in recording and inaccurate data, will be successful. The implementation of this system contributes to more accurate inventory management and supports better financial decision-making for Toko bangunan Mutiara.