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Digitalization has become a key factor driving global economic transformation, including the development of the Islamic economy in Indonesia. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the opportunities, challenges, and strategies for advancing the Islamic economy in the digital era through a literature-based research method. Information was gathered by reviewing documents, articles, and relevant literature related to the digitalization of the Islamic economy, including analyses of Sharia-compliant fintech, halal e-commerce, and digital Islamic banking.The findings indicate that digitalization offers numerous opportunities to enhance service efficiency, expand access to Islamic financial services, strengthen the capacity of MSMEs, and accelerate the growth of the halal industry. However, the digital transformation process also presents several challenges, such as low levels of digital and Islamic financial literacy, potential data breaches, the spread of misinformation, regulatory inefficiencies, and legal uncertainties associated with emerging technologies such as Sharia-compliant blockchain. In addition, digital inequality and ethical issues must be addressed to ensure alignment with the principles of maqāṣid al-sharī‘ah.This study highlights the importance of implementing a comprehensive Sharia-based development strategy through regulatory strengthening, education on digital ethics, enhanced supervisory functions, and collaboration between the government, academia, industry players, and society. With the right approach, digitalization can become a significant tool in building an Islamic economic ecosystem that is just, inclusive, and sustainable.

The usage of blockchain has increased around the world over the years. It has become widely used in various sectors that need transparency, such as accounting, business, and auditing. Blockchains are gaining more popularity after being applied as a system for digital asset ownership, such as cryptocurrency and NFTs (Non-Fungible Tokens). This growing trend of blockchain is followed by the increasing trend of research regarding it in the last decade. Blockchain has the potential to revolutionize the auditing sector and enhance economic accountability due to its decentralized system. Therefore, research regarding blockchain applications in auditing is becoming an important topic. This study adopts a qualitative approach by using datasets retrieved from the Scopus website, from the search result of blockchain auditing, with a total of 1228 articles that were published in the last decade (2015-2025). Furthermore, this study also uses several software programs as data processing tools, such as R Studio, VOSViewer, and Publish or Perish. This study aims to understand the research trend regarding blockchain auditing in the last decade and highlight its implications for the auditing and economic sectors.

Objective – In the digital transformation era, the integrity of personal data has become essential for maintaining trust and ensuring the sustainability of digital services. This paper aims to systematically review how data privacy violations affect public trust and progress toward Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), especially SDG 9 (infrastructure and innovation) and SDG 16 (strong institutions and justice). Methodology—This study adopts the Systematic Literature Review (SLR) approach based on Kitchenham’s framework. Relevant articles from 2021–2025 were retrieved from Scopus, IEEE, Springer, and ScienceDirect using a predefined search string aligned with PICOC. A total of 19,504 records were screened, and 36 high-quality studies were selected after applying inclusion/exclusion criteria and quality assessment tools (e.g., CASP, AMSTAR). Findings—The review reveals that sectors such as education, healthcare, and smart cities are increasingly adopting data protection technologies, including encryption, federated learning, differential privacy, and blockchain. However, many still face regulatory, infrastructural, and human literacy gaps. Breaches in personal data significantly reduce public trust, impair the exercise of digital rights, and pose ethical and operational risks for achieving SDGs. Limitations – The study is limited by the timeframe (2021–2025) and focuses primarily on peer-reviewed literature. Practical insights from developing countries may be underrepresented due to database indexing limitations. Contribution – This review contributes a cross-sectoral synthesis of technological and regulatory practices for data protection, identifies key challenges, and outlines a strategic roadmap for policymakers and technologists to integrate ethical data governance for sustainable digital futures.

This study aims to analyze cryptocurrency investments and the risks faced by beginner investors who own digital assets such as Bitcoin, Solana, XRP, and other coins that have been increasing in value over the past few years, especially among the general public and retail investors. Not only retail investors, but governments also now hold digital assets, as has already happened. However, the unstable price and lack of global legal oversight make investing in cryptocurrency highly risky, especially for those with less knowledge and experience. The methods used in this study include literature review, descriptive analysis of historical price data for cryptocurrency, case studies, and interviews with several beginner investors. The findings show that cryptocurrency can generate large profits in a short time, but the risk of losing capital is also very high. Therefore, having a good understanding of blockchain technology, risk management, and investment psychology before starting to invest is important. This study is hoped to serve as a reference for beginner investors when considering decisions to invest in cryptocurrency.

This study maps the regulatory landscape of financial technology (fintech), focusing on cryptocurrency regulation at both global and Indonesian levels. Cryptocurrency, one of the fastest-growing fintech instruments, functions as a virtual currency secured by cryptography. Despite lacking physical form, it is widely used for investment, transactions, and speculation, with trust supported by blockchain’s transparency and immutability. However, regulatory frameworks remain fragmented across countries. The research applies a bibliometric approach, using Bibliometrix (R Studio) for descriptive analysis and VosViewer for keyword network visualization. Data were retrieved from Scopus with the keywords “cryptocurrency regulation” and “fintech regulation,” covering 2016–2025. Findings reveal 1,178 documents from 484 sources, contributed by 4,693 authors, with an average of 7.43 authors per document and an international collaboration rate of 24.79%. The annual growth rate reaches 44.31%, with an average of 14.01 citations per document. Keyword analysis identifies four main clusters: financial regulation, green finance and sustainability, decentralized finance (DeFi), and blockchain cybersecurity. This study provides a knowledge map of regulatory evolution from conventional finance to blockchain-based fintech, offering insights for academics, regulators, and industry to balance innovation, consumer protection, and financial stability.

This study aims to systematically review the literature that explores the relationship between blockchain technology and economic value, focusing on three main dimensions: financial efficiency, financial inclusion, and systemic risk. The systematic literature review method was employed to identify, evaluate, and synthesize findings from various academic studies and relevant industry reports. The review process involved analyzing articles obtained from scientific databases such as Scopus and Google Scholar, published between 2020 and 2025. The results indicate that the implementation of blockchain technology has significant potential to enhance financial efficiency through transaction cost reduction, increased transparency, and faster settlement processes across financial systems. Furthermore, blockchain can promote financial inclusion by providing access to financial services for populations previously excluded from the conventional financial system. However, the study also reveals that blockchain adoption poses potential systemic risks, including market instability, cybersecurity vulnerabilities, and complex regulatory challenges. Therefore, the findings emphasize the importance of developing balanced policies and regulatory frameworks to maximize the economic benefits of blockchain technology while minimizing its potential risks.

The increasing demand for cloud computing services has led to the rapid expansion of cloud data centers, which consume significant amounts of energy and contribute substantially to global CO2 emissions. As the IT industry grows, the environmental impact of these data centers becomes an urgent concern. Green Cloud Computing (GCC) has emerged as a solution to mitigate this impact by focusing on energy efficiency and reducing carbon footprints while maintaining the necessary functionality and performance of cloud infrastructures. However, traditional blockchain consensus algorithms such as Proof of Work (PoW) and Proof of Stake (PoS) face limitations regarding energy consumption and scalability, which exacerbates the environmental burden. This study proposes a quantum-inspired blockchain consensus algorithm designed to optimize energy consumption and reduce latency in cloud data centers. By integrating quantum principles such as superposition and entanglement, the algorithm enhances task scheduling and resource utilization, enabling more energy-efficient operations without sacrificing performance. Simulations in a green cloud environment showed that the quantum-inspired algorithm resulted in up to a 30% reduction in energy usage compared to traditional consensus methods, with a 40% improvement in consensus processing time. These results suggest that quantum-inspired algorithms hold significant potential for enhancing the sustainability of cloud infrastructures by improving energy efficiency and scalability. Furthermore, this study discusses the feasibility of implementing quantum-inspired algorithms on classical hardware, addressing challenges in scalability and integration into existing blockchain frameworks. The findings provide valuable insights into the potential of quantum-inspired technologies to drive energy-efficient solutions in cloud computing.

The integration of blockchain technology with Multi-Agent Reinforcement Learning (MARL) presents a promising solution for optimizing resource allocation and ensuring security in decentralized network environments, particularly in 5G and 6G network slicing. This research proposes a model that combines the security features of blockchain with the adaptive, decentralized decision-making capabilities of MARL. Blockchain ensures the integrity and transparency of resource allocation by providing a secure, tamper-proof ledger for transaction validation, while MARL allows agents to dynamically allocate resources based on real-time network conditions. The simulation results demonstrate significant improvements in resource allocation efficiency, fairness among users, and resilience to cyberattacks. By combining these two technologies, the proposed model overcomes many of the challenges posed by traditional centralized systems and offers an enhanced, secure, and fair solution for resource distribution in future mobile networks. However, scalability remains a challenge, especially in large-scale networks where transaction processing and consensus overhead can create bottlenecks. Additionally, training complexity in MARL models presents computational challenges, particularly in highly dynamic network environments. The model's performance trade-offs, including the balance between high security and system overhead, are also discussed. Future research should focus on optimizing blockchain consensus mechanisms to improve scalability and enhancing MARL model training techniques to reduce computational costs and improve real-time decision-making. This integration holds significant potential for revolutionizing resource allocation in 5G and 6G networks, enabling more efficient, secure, and fair management of network resources in the increasingly complex and decentralized digital ecosystem

This study conducts a systematic qualitative literature review to examine the transformation of banking from basic digitisation to full digital banking through the multilevel integration of Industry 4.0 technologies. Synthesising peer-reviewed research across information systems, banking, and innovation studies, the review analyses how technologies such as artificial intelligence, big data analytics, cloud computing, blockchain, and platform architectures reshape banking at the micro (customer), meso (organisational), and macro (industry ecosystem) levels. The findings show that digital banking transformation is a non-linear, socio-technical process in which technological adoption generates value only when complemented by dynamic organisational capabilities, governance mechanisms, and supportive regulatory frameworks. The review further highlights the growing importance of platformisation, open banking, and fintech collaboration in redefining competitive boundaries and value creation in the banking sector. By integrating multilevel perspectives and established conceptual frameworks, this study advances theoretical understanding of digital banking transformation and offers insights for managers and policymakers navigating the transition toward full digital banking.

Digital technology chance in Indonesia presents both occasions and constraint for the development of Islamic economics, particularly in implementing Islamic business strategies through e-commerce. The adoption of digital technology, including Islamic fintech and halal e-commerce, has expanded market access, improved efficiency, and strengthened MSME competitiveness while adhering to sharia principles. This study employs a qualitative method using library research and the maqāshid shariah framework to examine the role of digital innovations such as fintech and blockchain in supporting Islamic entrepreneurship. The findings indicate that Islamic business strategies in the digital era have the potential to broaden international market reach, enhance transaction clarity, and reinforce compliance with sharia principles. Furthermore, digital innovation aligns with maqāshid shariah objectives, focusing on the protection of religion, life, intellect, lineage, and wealth. However, challenges remain, including low digital literacy, complex sharia regulations, and the risk of platform misuse. Therefore, cross-sector collaboration, the enhancement of digital and Islamic economic literacy, and strengthening the role of sharia e-commerce supervisory bodies are essential to build a fair and sustainable business ecosystem. With these strategic measures, digital technology integration can serve as a key instrument in strengthening the ummah’s economy, promoting financial inclusion, and positioning Indonesia as a global hub for Islamic economics.

Government procurement, particularly in Indonesia, remains highly susceptible to corruption due to systemic regulatory loopholes and excessive human discretion, often characterized by collusion and bid-rigging. This institutional vulnerability defines the traditional "boundaries of corruption" as the discretionary corridors within existing administrative law. This research aims to fundamentally redesign these boundaries by shifting control from human discretion to technological enforcement. This study employs normative legal research focusing on the Presidential Regulation on Procurement, integrated with a technological design approach relevant to the journal. The core contribution is a reform model proposing the mandatory integration of AI-powered Smart Contracts and Distributed Ledger Technology (Blockchain) into the public procurement process. Key findings indicate that the primary corrupt boundary lies in ambiguous clauses concerning direct appointments and contract amendments. We propose that an AI-based system can monitor real-time pricing anomalies and bidder networks (network analysis), while Smart Contracts can automate and audit execution, thereby eliminating human factor vulnerability. This redesign transforms the boundaries of corruption from a matter of criminal enforcement to one of algorithmic inevitability, providing a robust, transparent, and self-auditing framework for digital governance.

Technological innovations have brought significant changes in the management of public administration, including the procurement of goods and services. E-Catalog is one of the innovations implemented to improve efficiency, transparency, and accessibility in the procurement process. This study aims to analyze the effectiveness of the use of E-Catalog in the city of Surabaya based on five main criteria: effort, cost-efficiency, result, cost-effectiveness, and impact. The results of the study show that E-Catalog is able to speed up the procurement process of goods and services by providing direct access to the information needed by users, without going through a time-consuming manual tender process. The system also cuts operational and administrative costs, such as printed documents and formal meetings, providing budget efficiency of up to 10% per year. In addition, user satisfaction levels increased with more than 85% of respondents feeling helped by this system. E-Catalogs not only save time and costs, but also increase transparency and accountability in procurement. All transactions are digitally documented, making the audit process easier and preventing potential irregularities. This implementation also encourages the empowerment of local MSMEs by providing easier access to government markets. Another positive impact is the increase in public trust in the government, which is supported by a transparent and inclusive system. Nonetheless, challenges such as limited technology infrastructure and intensive training need still need to be addressed to ensure the sustainability of these systems. With the integration of blockchain technology and strengthening regulations, E-Katalog has the potential to become an effective and efficient model for the procurement of goods and services, not only in Indonesia, but also at the global level. This research offers strategic recommendations for the development of better technology-based procurement policies and practices in the future.

Abstract. Government data centers in Indonesia face significant challenges related to data integrity and transparency, impacting policy-making accuracy, operational efficiency, and public trust. Data fragmentation, information inconsistency, and vulnerability to manipulation and cyberattacks have become crucial issues. Blockchain technology, with its fundamental characteristics such as decentralization, immutability, cryptography, and consensus mechanisms, offers innovative solutions to address these problems. This research employs a systematic literature review and conceptual analysis approach to identify how blockchain principles can be effectively applied. The proposed conceptual model, which utilizes permissioned blockchains like Hyperledger Fabric and distributed storage systems such as the InterPlanetary File System (IPFS), demonstrates significant potential in creating a secure, transparent, and auditable data ecosystem. Blockchain implementation is expected to enhance data security, strengthen auditability, prevent fraud, improve operational efficiency, securely manage digital identities, and increase data availability and redundancy. Although implementation challenges exist, including technical complexity, immature regulations, costs, and human resource gaps, global case studies and initial initiatives in Indonesia indicate significant feasibility and benefits. This report recommends a holistic approach encompassing adaptive regulatory development, infrastructure and human resource investment, phased pilot projects, and multi-stakeholder collaboration to realize blockchain's full potential in improving government data governance.   Keywords: Blockchain, Cybersecurity, Data Integrity, Data Transparency, Government Data Center

This study aims to examine the legal gaps and regulatory challenges in enforcing criminal liability against perpetrators of crimes within Indonesia’s crypto ecosystem, particularly in the context of Decentralized Finance (DeFi), smart contracts, and decentralized digital asset trading platforms. The research employs a normative juridical approach using statutory and conceptual methods. The findings indicate that current criminal law instruments, such as Article 378 of the Criminal Code, Article 28 paragraph (1) of the Electronic Information and Transactions (ITE) Law, Law No. 8 of 2010 on the Prevention and Eradication of Money Laundering (TPPU), and Law No. 10 of 1998 on Banking, are inadequate to address the unique and complex characteristics of crypto-related crimes. These crimes are anonymous, cross-jurisdictional, and difficult to trace due to the absence of centralized authority. As a result, the existing legal framework fails to provide sufficient victim protection and leads to weak law enforcement effectiveness. This legal vacuum also hampers the state's ability to respond to the growing digital threats and creates legal uncertainty in the expanding crypto space. Therefore, this study recommends the formulation of specific criminal regulations that comprehensively define digital assets, legal subjects within decentralized systems, and new criminal offenses relevant to crypto-related conduct. It also calls for the establishment of specialized institutions dedicated to investigating and prosecuting such crimes. These proposed regulations are expected to strengthen the national criminal justice system, making it more adaptive, fair, and effective in addressing the challenges posed by digital transformation.

Blockchain logistics represents the integration of blockchain technology into the logistics sector, aiming to enhance efficiency, transparency, and security across supply chain processes. From an Islamic economics perspective, digital transformation must align with core values such as justice, transparency, and honesty to support the development of fair and sustainable logistics systems. The decentralized nature of blockchain offers promising solutions for building supply chains rooted in Islamic ethical principles. This study conducts a bibliometric analysis to examine the development and research trends of blockchain logistics within the context of Islamic economics. Using VOSviewer software, relevant scientific publications were analyzed based on bibliographic data sourced from reputable academic databases. Bibliometric parameters—such as the maximum number of authors per document and the minimum number of documents per author—were applied to identify key contributors and dominant research themes. The bibliometric mapping reveals the growth trajectory of blockchain logistics research framed by Islamic values. The visualization highlights research clusters, prominent authors, co-authorship networks, and publication trends that illustrate the evolution and scholarly interest in this interdisciplinary area. Emerging themes suggest a convergence between blockchain-driven logistics innovation and ethical economic practices advocated in Islamic teachings. The findings provide a comprehensive overview of the current landscape and collaboration opportunities in blockchain logistics research through an Islamic lens. This study contributes to the strategic positioning of future research by identifying gaps, potential synergies, and critical areas for development. Ultimately, it offers a foundational reference for scholars seeking to explore the integration of Islamic ethical principles within the advancement of blockchain-enabled logistics systems.

Growth rapid computing cloud, especially on academic, government, and service platforms. public, has trigger improvement frequency and complexity Distributed Denial of Service (DDoS) attacks. Intelligent DDoS attacks AI based capable copy pattern Then cross user valid, so that difficult detected and mitigated. The majority approach mitigation moment This nature reactive, no scalable, and tends to sacrifice availability service for authorized users. Research​ This aiming develop architecture proactive and adaptive defense​ For ensure continuity service during attack ongoing. Security model proposed hybrid​ integrating Zero Trust Architecture (ZTA), adaptive bandwidth control, and isolation service container -based. Architecture consists of from three layer Main: (1) ZTA Policy Engine which performs verification identity and assessment behavior through tokens and policies intelligent; (2) Adaptive Bandwidth Load Balancer which automatically dynamic separate and arrange Then cross based on reputation and level trust ; and (3) Containerized Service Cluster which groups request to in different containers For user trusted and not known . Components addition such as blockchain -based smart contracts are used For recording request and verification access , as well as lightweight AI module used for profiling then cross in real-time. Simulation results show that this model succeed increase availability service for user trusted during attack , press false positive rate , as well as optimize allocation source power. Integration of zero trust policies with intelligence Then cross and segmentation service in real-time forming framework effective and scalable defense​ to modern DDoS threats . In conclusion , the study This contributes a robust , adaptive , and modular architectural model for maintain continuity cloud services in condition network at risk .

Digitalization has been a key catalyst for change in the global business landscape, driving the transformation of companies' strategies, organizational structures, and operational models. For small and medium enterprises (SMEs), digital technology opens up great opportunities to expand market reach and compete in the international arena more effectively. Technologies such as e-commerce, social media, big data analytics, and cloud-based platforms enable SMEs to break through geographical boundaries, facilitate access to global customers, and accelerate product distribution and marketing processes. This paper explores the current academic literature that discusses the influence of digital technology on the internationalization of SMEs. A total of five relevant studies were analyzed to identify common patterns, challenges, and successful strategies in the use of digital technology. The results of the study show that the adoption of digitalization not only improves operational cost efficiency, but also encourages business model innovation, such as digital platform-based marketing, cross-border virtual collaboration, and the development of a more adaptive global business ecosystem. In addition, the ability to utilize digital technology gives SMEs a competitive advantage through access to real-time market information, personalization of offers, and more targeted branding strategies. However, the research also found obstacles, such as limited human resources, technological infrastructure, and digital literacy among SMEs. Therefore, synergy is needed between business actors, the government, and academia to support the acceleration of digital technology adoption through training, mentoring, and policies that support innovation. The paper also highlights future research opportunities, such as the integration of artificial intelligence (AI) technologies, automation, and blockchain in supporting the global expansion of SMEs. These findings are expected to be a strategic reference in designing sustainable internationalization policies in the digital era.

The global halal industry is experiencing exponential growth with a market value of trillions of dollars, creating significant economic opportunities for Southeast Asian countries with large Muslim populations. The micro-livestock sector has unique characteristics that require a specialized approach in the implementation of an integrated halal assurance system, given limited resources, technical capacity and access to technology. The complexity of implementation presents multidimensional challenges covering technical, economic, social and regulatory aspects that require comprehensive analysis to understand the socio-economic impact on the sustainability of micro farms1. This study aims to analyze the socio-economic impact of implementing an integrated halal assurance system on the sustainability of micro livestock enterprises in Southeast Asia through an integrated legal and business perspective. Systematic literature review using PRISMA guidelines with searches through Google Scholar and Scopus for the period 2020-2025. Inclusion criteria included studies of halal assurance system implementation on Southeast Asian micro farms, socio-economic impact analysis, and integration of legal-business perspectives. Quality assessment using the Mixed Methods Appraisal Tool (MMAT) with systematic data extraction using Microsoft Excel 2021. Of the 321 articles identified, 7 high-quality studies were included with a selectivity rate of 2.2%. The findings show variations in implementation approaches between countries: Indonesia with Law No. 33/2014 and SEHATI program, Malaysia through JAKIM with MS 1500:2019 standard, Singapore via MUIS with strict supervision. Positive social impacts include increased social acceptance, empowerment of women and minority groups, and establishment of collaborative networks such as halal cooperatives. Significant economic impacts include increased consumer confidence, wider market access, and product competitiveness with premium prices of up to IDR 37,500/kg for certified products. Integration of legal-business perspectives creates synergy through ASEAN regulatory harmonization, blockchain technology, and multi-stakeholder collaboration. The implementation of an integrated halal assurance system has a transformative impact on the sustainability of Southeast Asian micro livestock businesses, strengthening the regional halal economy and contributing to the Sustainable Development Goals.

Digitalization has become the driving force behind transformation in the logistics sector, particularly at seaports, which serve as key nodes in the global supply chain. Indonesian ports face persistent challenges such as high logistics costs and long vessel turnaround times. By implementing digital technologies such as the Port Community System (PCS), Artificial Intelligence (AI), and Blockchain, ports can enhance operational efficiency, accelerate service processes, and improve transparency and accountability. Digital systems also enable real-time integration among stakeholders, contributing to faster cargo flow and reduced national logistics costs. However, the implementation of digitalization is not without significant barriers, including limited information and communication technology (ICT) infrastructure, low digital competencies among the workforce, and high initial investment costs. Furthermore, ports face organizational cultural resistance to change and cybersecurity risks that threaten operational continuity. Smaller ports in developing countries often struggle to adopt these technologies independently due to budget constraints. To overcome these challenges, synergy between the government, port operators, and technology providers is essential. Programs such as the National Logistic Ecosystem (NLE) represent a strategic step to accelerate sustainable digital adoption. With a holistic approach encompassing technology, human resources, and business processes, digitalization can become a key catalyst in enhancing the competitiveness of Indonesian ports on a global scale.

Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengeksplorasi prospek penerapan teknologi blockchain dalam pengelolaan Zakat di Indonesia untuk meningkatkan transparansi, efisiensi, dan akuntabilitas dalam pendistribusian dana Zakat. Pengelolaan zakat di Indonesia masih menghadapi berbagai tantangan, terutama dalam hal transparansi dan akuntabilitas, yang dapat menurunkan kepercayaan Muzakki terhadap lembaga zakat. Penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan kualitatif dengan teknik wawancara, observasi, dan dokumentasi pada Badan Pengumpul Zakat Kota Palopo untuk mengetahui potensi dan hambatan penerapan blockchain dalam sistem Zakat. Hasil kajian menunjukkan bahwa teknologi blockchain mampu mencatat transaksi zakat secara permanen, tidak dapat diubah, serta memungkinkan Muzakki memantau penyaluran zakat kepada Mustahiq secara real time. Dengan sistem yang terdesentralisasi, blockchain dapat mengurangi risiko penyalahgunaan dana, meningkatkan efisiensi pengumpulan dan penyaluran Zakat, serta memastikan dana Zakat digunakan sesuai peruntukannya. Akan tetapi, pengenalan teknologi ini masih menghadapi banyak kendala. Ini termasuk infrastruktur teknologi yang terbatas, regulasi yang tidak mendukung, kurangnya literasi digital di kalangan penduduk, dan biaya implementasi yang relatif tinggi.