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Phishing is an evolving form of cybercrime that targets users' sensitive information through URL manipulation. Conventional detection methods such as blacklists and signature-based approaches have become increasingly inadequate in addressing the dynamic variations of modern phishing attacks. This study evaluates the effectiveness of Recurrent Neural Network (RNN) variants, such Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM), Bidirectional LSTM (Bi-LSTM), and Gated Recurrent Unit (GRU), in detecting phishing threats based on URL data. The methodology involves a Systematic Literature Review (SLR) of scholarly publications from the past ten years, complemented by experimental implementation of the models using a public dataset from Kaggle. Literature findings show that Bi-LSTM consistently achieves the highest accuracy, up to 99%, while GRU stands out for its computational efficiency. Experimental results support these findings, with Bi-LSTM achieving an accuracy of 96.22%, GRU 96.29%, and LSTM 95.43%. Classification metrics indicate that RNN-based models perform very well in detecting benign and defacement URLs, although their performance on phishing URLs remains challenged, particularly in terms of recall. These results confirm that RNNs remain a promising approach for phishing detection systems, especially when integrated into hybrid models with complementary architectures. This study is expected to provide a foundation for developing precise and adaptive AI systems to combat increasingly sophisticated phishing threats.

Sampah plastik menjadi ancaman serius karena memiliki sifat yang sukar terurai dan diperlukan waktu hingga ribuan tahun agar sampah plastik dapat terurai seutuhnya. Salah satu upaya yang dapat dilakukan adalah memanfaatkan bahan alami sebagai bioplastik seperti alginat yang diperoleh dari rumput laut. Indonesia sebagai negara kepulauan memiliki rumput laut yang berlimpah. Alginat dari rumput laut dapat dimanfaatkan sebagai bioplastik. Bioplastik berbahan alginat memiliki kemampuan terurai secara alami dan dapat menggantikan plastik yang sulit terurai serta berkontribusi terhadap pencemaran lingkungan. Alginat dapat membentuk gel melalui ikatan ionik dengan kation atau pengendapan asam. Tinjauan ini bertujuan untuk mengeksplorasi potensi alginat dari rumput laut coklat sebagai bahan utama bioplastik dan mengevaluasi keunggulan serta tantangannya, termasuk ketahanan terhadap air dan pengembangan struktur gel yang lebih kuat. Hasil tinjauan menunjukkan bahwa bioplastik berbahan alginat berpotensi untuk mendukung tren kemasan ramah lingkungan yang semakin berkembang, mengurangi ketergantungan pada plastik, serta memberikan solusi berkelanjutan terhadap masalah sampah plastik.

Sea armed robbery is one of the growing non-traditional threats that has a significant impact on maritime security in Southeast Asia. This study aims to examine the dynamics of sea armed robbery in the Southeast Asian region and analyze regional efforts through various multilateral and bilateral cooperation mechanisms. The method used in this research is a qualitative study with a descriptive-analytical approach. There are countermeasures through forums such as the ASEAN Maritime Forum (AMF), ASEAN Coast Guard Forum (ACGF), and the ReCAAP agreement in reducing piracy incidents. However, these efforts still face challenges. Therefore, it is necessary to strengthen institutional capacity, harmonize policies, and increase trust and collaboration between countries to form a regional maritime security system that is more resilient and adaptive to dynamic threats.

The development of digital technology has a major impact on the dynamics of national security, especially more complex cyber threats. The purpose of this study is to analyze Indonesian diplomacy in combating digital threats as part of efforts to strengthen non-military defense systems. The method used is a qualitative approach through literature research from various literary sources, reports, and secondary data. The results of the study show that while Indonesia is exposed to increasing cyber attacks, regulations on digital safety infrastructure and regulations are still weak compared to other ASEAN countries. The conclusion of this study is the importance of strategic and sustainable digital diplomacy, not just technically. The novelty of this study lies in cybersecurity threats as an analytical tool to assess the integration of digital diplomatic indicators, sensitivity to the system, and the effectiveness of Indonesian diplomacy in the growth of global cybersecurity.

The advancement of digital technology has made cyberspace a new arena for international conflict. The Lazarus Group, a hacking group allegedly affiliated with the North Korean government, has come to global attention for its involvement in numerous large-scale cyberattacks targeting financial institutions, global corporations, and public infrastructure. This study aims to analyze the group's operational patterns, strategic motives, and its implications for global cybersecurity. Using a qualitative approach and document analysis, the study investigates how Lazarus represents North Korea's strategy to counter international isolation and gain economic advantage. The results show that the international community's response to state actor threats in cyberspace is fragmented and ineffective. Therefore, a stronger and more coordinated multilateral framework is needed to respond to cyber threats from state actors.

Disinformation in digital elections has emerged as a serious challenge to democracy in Indonesia, particularly when its dissemination involves cross-border actors and platforms. This phenomenon not only diminishes the quality of political participation and public trust in election outcomes, but also poses a threat to the state's information sovereignty. This study aims to identify the dominant forms of disinformation during the 2019 Presidential Election and leading up to the 2024 election, while analyzing their impact on democratic stability and Indonesia’s position in the global context. The findings indicate that political disinformation is systematically spread through social media by networks of domestic buzzers and anonymous accounts suspected to be connected with transnational actors. The consequences include heightened societal polarization, the delegitimization of electoral institutions, and increasing non-military foreign interference in domestic politics. These findings underscore the urgent need for more adaptive national strategies and international cooperation in establishing fair, transparent, and sovereignty-respecting information governance frameworks in democratic states.    

In these modern days, it is very difficult to find a person who is far from the internet or from their smartphone devices. The phenomenon that arises is that almost everyone now has more than one social media account. Social media itself, besides functioning as a space for socializing, is also used as a business platform, like online stores, due to the increasing number of users. However, when this opportunity exists, cybercriminals also prowl in search of easy ways to profit from unsuspecting users. One of the methods they rely on is phishing techniques. Phishing is a scenario designed to deceive people into unknowingly handing over their personal data to the trapper. By providing education about threats and ways to prevent this type of attack on social networking platforms, it is hoped that the public can become more critical and suspicious of suspicious signs on accounts or other web pages, as well as take appropriate preventive measures.

As the world’s largest archipelagic state, Indonesia holds a strategic geographical position that simultaneously renders it vulnerable to multifaceted maritime security threats. One of the most pressing recent issues is the construction of a coastal barrier (pagar laut) along the Tangerang coastline in Banten Province, which has raised significant legal, social, and environmental concerns. This study examines the legality of such structures through the lens of international maritime law, particularly the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) 1982. Employing a normative legal approach and qualitative analysis, this research assesses both national and international legal instruments relevant to maritime space governance. The findings indicate that the unauthorized construction of the coastal barrier violates several national regulations namely, laws governing coastal management, marine utilization, and environmental protection while also infringing upon core UNCLOS principles such as the right of innocent passage, freedom of navigation, and marine environmental protection. This study underscores the urgent need for integrated national maritime governance, regulatory harmonization, and cross-sectoral coordination to ensure compliance with international legal standards and safeguard public access to marine spaces. The Tangerang coastal barrier case exemplifies the rise of non-traditional maritime security threats in Indonesia, calling for more assertive and structured legal and policy responses.

This paper explores how climate change has contributed to the armed conflict in Darfur, Sudan, by emphasizing the human security perspective. Prolonged drought, desertification, and resource scarcity have intensified tensions between farming and pastoralist communities. Using a case study method and the Human Security framework, this study finds that ecological stress acts as a threat multiplier in conflict-prone areas. Data from IPCC, SIPRI, and UNHCR reports highlight how environmental degradation worsens structural vulnerabilities and fuels horizontal violence. The analysis shows that climate change is not only an environmental issue but also a serious security concern in fragile states. The failure of state institutions to equitably manage natural resources exacerbates the crisis. Therefore, a long-term, multi-sectoral policy response is urgently needed. Integrating climate resilience into international security strategies is essential to protect basic human rights.

The increasingly dynamic and competitive business environment requires companies to respond strategically to various external threats. This study aims to examine the strategic responses adopted by companies in facing competitive dynamics through a literature review approach. The method used is a systematic review of scholarly articles published in the last five years. The findings indicate that companies implement various strategies—such as product innovation, strategic alliances, and organizational restructuring—as responses to competitive pressures. This study contributes to a better understanding of how companies can survive and grow amidst intense market competition.  

The rapid digital transformation has had a significant impact on various aspects of life, while simultaneously increasing the complexity of cyber threats faced by nations, including Indonesia. As a country with a high number of internet users, Indonesia is in a vulnerable position regarding cyberattacks that could threaten national stability. This study aims to analyze Indonesia’s national security strategy in responding to cyber threats through a descriptive qualitative approach based on literature review and document analysis. The findings show that Indonesia has implemented various strategic policies, including the establishment of the National Cyber and Crypto Agency (BSSN), the enactment of regulations such as the Personal Data Protection Law, as well as the strengthening of international cooperation, human resource development, and the utilization of security technologies. However, significant challenges such as weak inter-agency coordination, low digital literacy, and limited infrastructure remain major obstacles to effective implementation. This study recommends strengthening governance, increasing institutional capacity, and involving multiple stakeholders to build a national cybersecurity system that is adaptive, inclusive, and sustainable.

The mass deportation of Indonesian migrant workers (TKI) from Malaysia is a multidimensional threat to national security, especially in Indonesia's border areas. In 2022–2023, more than 40,000 migrant workers were forcibly repatriated, mostly through North Kalimantan and Riau. Malaysia's strict immigration policies such as Operation Nyah and the implementation of online recruitment procedures accelerate the deportation process and increase migrant workers' vulnerability to exploitation. This journal examines the impact of these deportations on local socio-economic stability, increased cross-border crime, and institutional weaknesses in the management of migrant worker repatriation and reintegration. Using a policy study approach and analysis of deportation data, the paper highlights the need for integrated and responsive security policies and strengthened bilateral Indonesia–Malaysia coordination. Recommendations focus on institutional capacity building, protection of migrant workers' rights, and a human security approach in dealing with the challenges of forced migration.  

Following the fall of the ISIS caliphate in the Middle East, the threat of terrorism did not immediately disappear. On the contrary, the transformation of ISIS's strategy and patterns of ideological dissemination has opened a new chapter in the region's security dynamics, including in Southeast Asia. Indonesia and the Philippines have become two countries significantly impacted by the spread of ISIS-affiliated networks and ideology, both through direct attacks and digital propaganda. This study seeks to analyze how the evolution of the post-ISIS terrorist threat may influence the security policies of these two countries, as well as how national and regional strategic responses are formulated to confront this challenge. This research employs a qualitative approach with a literature study method, and utilizes traditional security and human security theories as its analytical framework. Preliminary findings indicate that the character of the post-ISIS threat tends to be decentralized, relying on individual radicalization and small cells. While Indonesia prioritizes a counter-radicalization and legal regulatory approach, the Philippines focuses more on large-scale military operations. This study affirms the importance of regional cooperation in strengthening security capacity, as well as the need for more adaptive strategies against the ever-evolving new forms of terrorist threats.

Populism, which often puts forward anti-ite rhetoric and claims as a representation of the people's voice, can have a significant impact on the state administration system. This article aims to understand the extent to which populism can change the structure of state administration and test the resilience of the Indonesian democratic system and constitution in facing the challenges of populism. The method used in the preparation of this article is qualitative methodology with a literature review approach from various academic sources such as books, journals, relevant scientific papers. The results of the study show that populism gives challenges and threats to the state system and has a negative impact on democracy and implications for the constitution. Populism is a challenge for the Indonesian constitutional democratic system by damaging the checks and balances mechanisms, politicizing the law and state institutions, and the risk of eroding the supremacy of the constitution.

Keadaan darurat adalah situasi atau kejadian tidak normal yang terjadi tiba-tiba dan dapat menggangu kegiatan komunikasi dan perlu segera ditanggulangi. Puskesmas sebagai salah satu pelayanan kesehatan masyarakat memiliki potensi terjadi keadaan darurat seperti kebakaran dan bencana alam gempa bumi, oleh sebab itu maka Puskesmas harus siap siaga dalam menghadapi bencana dengan melakukan penyiapan sumberdaya, baik fasilitas maupun sumberdaya manusia. Upaya pencegahan untuk meminimalisir risiko yaitu dengan cara perencanaan sistem tanggap darurat bencana, penting dilakukan untuk menanggulangi semua kejadian bencana secara cepat, tepat, dan akurat, serta untuk menekan timbulnya korban jiwa dan kerugian akibat kejadian bencana tersebut. Puskesmas Karang Baru merupakan salah pelayanan kesehatan umum yang memiliki risiko terjadinya keadaan darurat baik keadaan darurat bencana maupun keadaan darurat kebakaran. Maka itu perlu dilakukan sosialisai tanggap darurat kebakaran di Puskesmas Karang Baru, karena kebakaran merupakan salah satu ancaman yang dapat menimbulkan kerugian dan memakan korban jiwa. Untuk itu edukasi perlu dilaksanakan sebagai upaya mencegah dan mengurangi dampak dari kebakaran tersebut. Tujuan dari pelaksanaan kegiatan ini adalah memberikan edukasi bagaimana menghindari dan penanganan kebakaran yang tepat serta memberikan informasi dan kesigaptanggapan terhadap  terjdinya bahaya  kebakaran di Puskesmas Karang Baru. Metode yang digunakan dalam pelaksanaan pengabdian masyarakat ini yaitu pemberian edukasi dengan metode ceramah tanya jawab kepada responden yang merupakan pegawai di Puskesmas Karang Baru. Selesai memberikan edukasi, responden mengerti bagaimana melakukan pencegahan terjadinya kebakaran dan tindakan yang akan dilakukan saat terjadinya kebakaran serta mengetahui bagaimana penggunaan APAR (Alat Pemadam Api Ringan).

Corruption is an extraordinary crime and has a systemic impact that is detrimental to the state and society at large. To overcome this problem, the Indonesian legal system provides the option of implementing the death penalty, which is regulated in Law Number 31 of 1999 in conjunction with Law Number 20 of 2001 concerning the Eradication of Corruption. However, the application of the death penalty has raised significant debate from various perspectives, both legal, philosophical, and sociological, considering that this action is contrary to the principle of respect for human rights. This study will discuss the threat of the death penalty as a form of ultimum remedium, namely as a last resort carried out in certain circumstances, such as when corruption occurs in a crisis or disaster situation. To analyze the effectiveness and urgency of implementing the death penalty in the context of anti-corruption law enforcement, a legal-normative approach is used

Penelitian ini mengeksplorasi peran manajemen risiko digital dalam meningkatkan keamanan siber Industri 4.0. Adopsi teknologi canggih seperti IoT, sistem siber-physical, dan AI berbanding lurus dengan meningkatnya risiko keamanan siber baru, sehingga perlu pendekatan manajemen risiko yang kuat. Tinjauan ini mensintesis penelitian terbaru (2020–2024) dari sumber Google Scholar, IEEE Xplore, ScienceDirect, Scopus, dan ACM Digital Library. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah identifikasi strategi utama dalam mitigasi risiko siber, seperti kerangka kerja penilaian risiko yang komprehensif, pemantauan ancaman secara real-time, dan kebijakan keamanan yang adaptif. Studi literatur menekankan pentingnya mengintegrasikan langkah-langkah keamanan siber dalam proses transformasi digital untuk melindungi sistem manufaktur dan infrastruktur kritis. Upaya kolaboratif antara pemangku kepentingan industri, penyedia teknologi, dan regulator sangat penting untuk membangun ekosistem industri yang tangguh dan aman. Hasil studi literatur menunjukkan bahwa manajemen risiko digital yang efektif sangat penting untuk menjaga keberlanjutan dan keamanan data sensitif di era Industri 4.0, serta menghadapi ancaman siber yang terus berkembang.

Online gambling is a form of cybercrime that utilizes information and communication technology, especially the internet, as a medium to commit gambling crimes. Online gambling as a form of cybercrime has become an increasingly widespread phenomenon in line with the rapid development of information and communication technology. Gambling that was previously only known conventionally is now transforming into the digital realm by utilizing the internet as the main media. This research uses a theoretical study of online gambling as cybercrime. This research uses a qualitative approach with an analytical descriptive method. The types of data used are primary data in the form of laws and regulations (ITE Law, Criminal Code), online gambling case documents, official police reports, as well as academic literature and scientific articles related to cybercrime and online gambling. Meanwhile, secondary data is obtained from observation of the investigation process and law enforcement carried out by the cybercrime unit in the police. The data collection technique uses Library Research to collect secondary data relevant to cybercrime legal regulations and theories. The data analysis technique uses qualitative analysis techniques with a descriptive approach. Online gambling is expressly prohibited by Indonesian laws and regulations, especially through Law No. 11/2008 on Electronic Information and Transactions (ITE Law) and its amendments, such as Law No. 19/2016 and Law No. 1/2024. Article 27 paragraph (2) of the ITE Law prohibits any person from distributing, transmitting, or making accessible electronic information containing online gambling content, with imprisonment of up to 10 years and a maximum fine of IDR 10 billion in the latest amendment. In addition, the Criminal Code (KUHP) regulates gambling in general in Articles 303 and 303 bis, with criminal penalties that are also quite severe, although they do not specifically regulate online gambling. Law enforcement against online gambling faces various complex challenges. The existing regulations are still partial and not fully able to accommodate the cross-border and dynamic characteristics of cybercrime.Proof of online gambling cases relies heavily on electronic evidence that requires digital forensic expertise,such as imaging the perpetrator's device and server,as well as analyzing activity logs and electronic transactions

Di era globalisasi, jumlah penduduk Indonesia mengalami pertumbuhan pesat. Akibatnya, muncul tantangan baru dimana terdapat ketidakseimbangan antara jumlah lapangan pekerjaan dengan pencari kerja, yang secara tidak langsung menyebabkan meningkatnya angka pengangguran. Meskipun demikian, banyak mahasiswa yang masih ingin berkarir sebagai pekerja, akibat faktor kenyamanan. Padahal, kewirausahaan dapat menjadi solusi untuk menghindari ancaman pengangguran. Oleh sebab itu, penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menunjukkan pengaruh dari variabel kreativitas, pendidikan kewirausahaan, dan lingkungan keluarga terhadap minat berwirausaha mahassiswa akuntansi. Metode pengumpulan data yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah pendekatan kuantitatif dengan menyebarkan kuesioner menggunakan metode snowball terhadap 64 responden mahasiswa akuntansi di Universitas Atma Jaya Semanggi. Dalam penelitian ini, analisis data dilakukan dengan menggunakan aplikasi smartPLS 4 dengan 3 teknik analisis, yaitu analisis model pengukuran, model struktural, dan kelayakan model. Hasil dari kegiatan penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa variabel kreativitas dan lingkungan keluarga secara independen memiliki pengaruh positif dan signifikan terhadap variabel minat berwirausaha, sedangkan variabel pendidikan kewirausahaan tidak memiliki pengaruh yang signifikan terhadap variabel minat berwirausaha. Implikasi yang diperoleh dari hasil kegiatan penelitian adalah tingkat kreatifitas mahasiswa dan dukungan lingkungan keluarga memainkan peranan yang penting dalam menumbuhkan minat berwirausaha mahasiswa.

The advancement of artificial intelligence (AI) has led to the emergence of new crimes, including the misuse of deepfake technology to produce and distribute pornographic content without the victim's consent. This form of digital sexual harassment has serious impacts on victims' dignity, mental health, and social life. This study aims to examine the efforts of Police in addressing sexual harassment crimes using deepfake porn and to identify the obstacles faced. Using normative and empirical legal approaches, data were collected through literature review and interviews. The findings reveal that the police efforts involve both penal (law enforcement) and non-penal (preventive) approaches, including public education, cross-institutional collaboration, and cyber patrols. However, the handling of such crimes is still hindered by regulatory gaps, limited technology, and low public awareness. Strengthening legal frameworks and police capacity is essential to effectively combat digital-based sexual crimes.