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Warfarin (commonly known by its trade name, Coumadin) is an oral anticoagulant that has been widely used for the prevention and treatment of thromboembolic disorders. Despite its clinical benefits, warfarin therapy is complicated by a very narrow therapeutic index and wide inter-individual variability in dose requirements. This variability represents a major challenge for clinicians, as inappropriate dosing may lead to serious adverse outcomes such as bleeding or thrombotic events. A growing body of evidence suggests that genetic polymorphisms are among the most important factors contributing to this variability, particularly those involving the Vitamin K Epoxide Reductase Complex Subunit 1 (VKORC1) gene. VKORC1 encodes a key enzyme that functions as a bottleneck in the vitamin K cycle, playing an essential role in the regeneration of reduced vitamin K (VKH). This active form of vitamin K is required for the γ-carboxylation of vitamin K–dependent clotting factors, including prothrombin and other coagulation proteins. Polymorphisms within VKORC1 can significantly alter the enzyme’s expression and activity, thereby modifying an individual’s sensitivity to warfarin. One of the most clinically relevant variants is the -1639G>A (rs9923231) polymorphism, which reduces VKORC1 transcription and subsequently decreases enzyme activity. Patients carrying the A allele often exhibit increased sensitivity to warfarin and therefore require lower maintenance doses compared to those with the G allele. Understanding these genetic influences not only improves our knowledge of warfarin pharmacogenomics but also highlights the importance of personalized medicine in anticoagulant therapy. Incorporating VKORC1 genotyping into clinical practice could optimize dose prediction, minimize adverse events, and enhance the safety and effectiveness of warfarin therapy. This narrative review aims to provide an in-depth discussion of the complex role of VKORC1 in vitamin K metabolism and its impact on warfarin sensitivity, thereby underscoring the critical relevance of genetic factors in guiding individualized anticoagulation therapy.

ST-Elevation Myocardial Infarction (STEMI) is one of the manifestations of acute coronary syndrome (ACS) and is a leading cause of disability and death worldwide. The mortality rate for STEMI is reported to reach 6%–14% of all ACS deaths. Reperfusion therapy is the primary treatment, with fibrinolytics an important option, especially in healthcare facilities that do not have the capacity to perform primary Percutaneous Coronary Intervention (PCI) in less than 12 hours. The success of fibrinolytics is influenced by various risk factors, such as hypertension, dyslipidemia, diabetes mellitus, a history of heart disease, and the duration of the attack. This study aims to determine the relationship between these factors and the success rate of fibrinolytics in STEMI patients. This study used a retrospective descriptive design with a cross-sectional method. The sampling technique used total sampling of patients diagnosed with STEMI and receiving fibrinolytic therapy according to inclusion and exclusion criteria at Dr. Fauziah Hospital. Statistical analysis was performed using the Chi-Square correlation test to assess the relationship between clinical variables and fibrinolytic success. The results showed no significant association between hyperglycemia (p = 0.823), hypertension (p = 0.240), or a history of heart disease (p = 0.704) and fibrinolytic success. Similarly, the onset of stroke variable did not show a significant association with reperfusion outcomes. In conclusion, classic risk factors such as hyperglycemia, hypertension, and a history of heart disease were not associated with fibrinolytic success in STEMI patients at Dr. Fauziah Hospital. These results suggest that fibrinolytic success is likely influenced by other factors, such as timing of drug administration, protocol adherence, and individual variation in response to therapy. Further research with a larger sample size and a prospective design is recommended to strengthen these findings.

The advancement of an organization is strongly influenced by the strategic role of its workforce, which acts as a driving force behind institutional transformation. This research explores how perceptions of fairness in organizational practices and the internal cultural environment contribute to enhancing employee loyalty, with work-related satisfaction positioned as a bridging element in this dynamic. The investigation involved a complete enumeration of the 50 staff members employed at PT Grab Teknologi Bali, utilizing comprehensive survey methods including structured questionnaires, guided interviews, and document review. Analytical interpretation was conducted through the application of path modeling techniques. The empirical results reveal that equitable treatment within the organizational setting significantly fosters greater job satisfaction among employees. In parallel, the organizational ethos reflected in shared norms and values also plays a critical role in elevating employee contentment. Furthermore, both fairness in management practices and cultural alignment within the workplace have a direct and meaningful influence on the level of commitment displayed by employees. Job satisfaction, in turn, emerges as a key predictor of organizational allegiance. Finally, the analysis substantiates that job satisfaction effectively serves as a mediating pathway linking organizational fairness and culture to heightened employee commitment. These findings underscore the importance of fostering an environment where fairness and a strong organizational culture are prioritized, as they directly impact employee satisfaction and loyalty. Organizations that implement transparent and fair management practices, while also nurturing a cohesive cultural environment, create a foundation for long-term employee commitment. Additionally, the study emphasizes the need for organizations to continuously assess and improve their internal practices, not only to maintain fairness but also to align their cultural values with the expectations of their workforce. By doing so, companies can enhance job satisfaction, which ultimately drives higher levels of employee commitment and overall organizational success.

This study aims to analyze the framing of heritage tourism news in the online media DetikJatim.com during the period of July to December 2024. The research uses a qualitative method with Robert N. Entman’s framing analysis approach, which includes four elements: define problem, diagnose causes, make moral judgment, and treatment recommendation. A total of 28 news articles were analyzed and classified into six categories of heritage tourism. The findings show that DetikJatim frames the main issue as the lack of historical preservation and the weakening of the meaning of heritage areas amid modernization. The highlighted causes include weak historical literacy, dominance of folk narratives without academic support, and the repurposing of historical spaces. Morally, the media views historical preservation and the strengthening of local identity as a collective responsibility, encouraging the public to understand and appreciate history. The suggested solutions include reintroducing historical knowledge, educating through narratives of struggle, revitalizing sites, or simply highlighting their existence

The need for practical, efficient, and long-lasting makeup is increasing, especially among women who are active in daily activities such as work, college, and social activities. One important element in creating a fresh, expressive, and attractive facial appearance is the condition of the eyelashes. Curled eyelashes can give the impression of larger, fresher, and more vibrant eyes. In makeup practice, there are various ways to curl eyelashes, including using eyelash curlers and mascara. Eyelash curlers are known to provide instant results with a noticeable curling effect, but they are often less durable and have the risk of damaging eyelashes if not used properly. Conversely, using mascara alone is considered more practical and safe, but often less than optimal, especially for individuals with short or straight eyelashes. This study aims to compare the results of eyelash curl and durability between the use of a conventional eyelash curler combined with mascara and the use of mascara alone in morning makeup. The research method used was a quantitative experiment with a One Shoot Case Study design. The research subjects consisted of six female students of the Makeup and Beauty Study Program, Padang State University, who were selected using a purposive sampling technique. Two treatment groups were formed, each receiving a different makeup technique. Seven panelists assessed the curl and durability of the eyelash makeup throughout the day through direct observation and photographic documentation. The results showed that the combination of using an eyelash curler and mascara provided significantly better curl and durability than mascara alone. A t-test confirmed a significant difference in curl (p = 0.001) and durability (p = 0.003). Based on these findings, it can be concluded that the combination of an eyelash curler and mascara is recommended for users who desire maximum, fresh, and long-lasting morning makeup results throughout their daily activities.

Rapid technological advancements have brought convenience to various fields, including healthcare. Osteoarthritis (OA) is a chronic degenerative joint disease that often affects the knees and hips, particularly in the elderly, and is a major cause of pain, joint dysfunction, and reduced quality of life. The prevalence of OA increases with age, with risk factors such as obesity, excessive activity, and muscle weakness. Early and accurate diagnosis is essential for appropriate treatment. This study aims to develop a diagnostic system for inflammatory arthritis, specifically osteoarthritis, using the Dempster-Shafer method. This method was chosen because of its ability to combine various evidence and expert beliefs to produce a more accurate diagnosis. By utilizing mathematical proof theory, this system is expected to assist medical personnel in detecting OA symptoms more efficiently. The research findings are expected to contribute to the healthcare sector, particularly in improving the accuracy of osteoarthritis diagnosis, allowing for earlier and more appropriate treatment. This system can also be a supporting tool for doctors and patients in understanding joint health conditions.

Acute Respiratory Infection (ARI) is a disease that attacks the respiratory system and is classified as an infectious disease. This disease can be caused by various types of microorganisms such as viruses, bacteria, or fungi, but most cases of ARI are caused by viral infections. ARI includes conditions such as the common cold, bronchitis, pharyngitis, and pneumonia. In developing countries, ARI is a leading cause of death, especially in children under the age of five. Lack of access to health services, poor sanitation, and malnutrition are factors that contribute to this condition. Therefore, efforts to prevent and treat ARI are crucial, both through conventional and alternative medicine. One herbal plant that has long been used in complementary therapy for ARI is Echinacea, which comes from the flowering plant Echinacea purpurea and is native to the United States. Echinacea is believed to have immunostimulant properties, meaning it can stimulate the immune system, thereby helping to prevent and accelerate the healing of upper respiratory tract infections. Several studies have shown that the use of Echinacea can reduce the duration and severity of ARI symptoms, as well as reduce the risk of recurrent infections. However, research findings on the effectiveness and safety of Echinacea continue to show significant variation. Some clinical trials report significant benefits, while others find no significant effect compared to placebo. Therefore, a systematic review aims to gather the latest evidence regarding the effectiveness and safety of Echinacea in the treatment and prevention of acute respiratory infections (ARI). This approach is expected to yield stronger and more reliable conclusions to support the use of Echinacea as a safe and effective alternative therapy.

The implementation of a recommendation feature in the courier service selection system on e-commerce platforms is a technological innovation aimed at improving logistics efficiency while providing a more optimal user experience. Through this feature, consumers can find alternative delivery services based on certain indicators, such as cost, estimated time, and service quality. However, in practice, the implementation of recommendation features has the potential to raise legal issues when platforms prioritize internal couriers or certain partners without transparency and clear objective indicators. This situation can lead to discriminatory treatment, limit market access for other businesses, and reduce consumer freedom in choosing services. This study aims to analyze the implementation of recommendation features by e-commerce platforms from a competition law perspective, specifically based on Law Number 5 of 1999 concerning the Prohibition of Monopolistic Practices and Unfair Business Competition. The method used is normative juridical research with a descriptive-analytical approach, through the review of secondary data in the form of laws and regulations, literature, and the practice of implementing recommendation systems in the digital industry. The research results indicate that recommendation features that unilaterally prioritize internal couriers without objective basis and without information transparency have the potential to violate Article 19 letter d of Law Number 5 of 1999. This practice can hinder competition, close opportunities for other courier service providers, and create distortions in the digital logistics ecosystem. Therefore, this study recommends that recommendation features in e-commerce be designed in a neutral, transparent manner, and based on objective indicators, such as rates, estimated delivery times, and service performance. This will maintain healthy business competition and protect consumers' rights to obtain the best service options.

Background: Fever is a common side effect after infants receive DPT (Diphtheria, Pertussis, and Tetanus) immunization. This condition often causes concern for parents, so appropriate treatment is needed. Generally, fever can be treated with pharmacological and non-pharmacological methods. One of the most widely used non-pharmacological treatments is warm compresses. However, innovations in the use of natural ingredients are starting to be noticed, one of which is dadap serep leaves which are thought to be more effective in helping to lower body temperature. The active compounds in dadap serep leaves are believed to provide a calming effect while helping vasodilation, so that body heat can be reduced more quickly. Methodology: This study used a quantitative method with a quasi-experimental design of the non-equivalent pretest posttest control group design. The research subjects were divided into two groups, namely the intervention group who received dadap serep leaf compresses and the control group who received warm compresses. Body temperature measurements were taken before and after the intervention. The data obtained were analyzed using statistical tests to see the difference in temperature reduction in each group. Results: The intervention group showed a significant reduction in body temperature, namely 73.3%. In contrast, the control group using warm compresses only experienced a 20% reduction, which was not statistically significant. The results of the intergroup comparison test also showed a significant difference, supporting the research hypothesis. Conclusion: Dadap serep leaf compresses were proven to be more effective than warm compresses in reducing fever in infants following DPT immunization. These findings suggest that the use of dadap serep leaves can be recommended as a safe, effective, and easy-to-implement non-pharmacological intervention alternative in daily practice.

Mochi-based food products are increasingly popular in Indonesia due to their chewy texture and distinctive sweet taste, making them a popular snack among various groups. As consumer interest in mochi increases, innovation in the production process is crucial, particularly in the selection of liquid ingredients as one of the main components. The use of different liquids has the potential to affect the organoleptic characteristics of mochi, such as color, aroma, texture, and taste, thereby increasing the product's appeal and selling value. This study aims to analyze the effect of the type of liquid used on the organoleptic quality of mochi. The study was conducted using a quantitative approach through an experimental method using a one-factor completely randomized design (CRD) with three replications. The study sample consisted of 30 untrained panelists selected through a total sampling technique from among students of the Culinary Arts Study Program, Padang State University. The four types of liquids used for treatment were water, soy milk, coconut milk, and coconut water. Assessment was carried out using an organoleptic test with a 7-point hedonic scale, covering five aspects: color, aroma, texture, taste, and overall acceptability. Data were analyzed using a one-way ANOVA test to determine the significance of differences between treatments. The results showed that mochi with coconut water scored the highest in color (5.88), texture (6.39), flavor (6.07), and overall acceptability (5.88), while the highest aroma was obtained from mochi with soy milk (6.50). Although statistical results showed no significant difference between treatments (p > 0.05), mochi with coconut water was subjectively preferred by panelists. Therefore, coconut water is recommended as an alternative liquid ingredient that has the potential to improve mochi sensory. Therefore, coconut water is recommended as an alternative liquid ingredient that has the potential to enhance the sensory qualities of mochi.

Recurrent aphthous stomatitis (RAS) is one of the most common oral mucosal diseases, characterized by recurrent and painful ulcerations of the mobile or non-keratinized oral mucosa. These lesions are often found on the tongue, labial, and buccal mucosa. Clinically, RAS is divided into three types: minor, major, and herpetiform. The minor type is the most common and has smaller lesions, while the major type has larger lesions and often leaves scars. The herpetiform type is characterized by numerous small lesions appearing simultaneously. Factors influencing the immunological response in RAS include genetic predisposition, viral and bacterial infections, food allergies, vitamin and microelement deficiencies, systemic diseases, stress, and hormonal disorders. Several studies have shown that these factors can trigger or worsen the occurrence of RAS lesions. In addition, emotional and physical stress can contribute to increasing the frequency or duration of ulceration. A 36-year-old female patient presented with pain on the inside of the lower lip that had lasted for 10 days. An intraoral examination revealed a unilateral, yellowish-white ulcer on the inner lower lip surrounded by a distinct, reddish erythema. The lesion was approximately 2-3 mm in size, single in size, soft in consistency, and symptomatic. Based on these findings, the treatment plan includes a complete blood count (CBC), which measures various blood components, including red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets. This examination is necessary to obtain further information regarding the cause of RAS in this patient. RAS is a multifactorial lesion that can occur in the oral mucosa. Supportive tests such as a complete blood count (CBC) are very useful in establishing the diagnosis and providing further guidance in planning appropriate therapy. Appropriate medication is expected to help the patient recover from complaints and prevent recurrence.   Keywords : Recurrent Apthous Stomatitis, Laboratory, Stress

This study aims to investigate the sensory characteristics and nutritional content of macarons with the addition of kecombrang flower essential oil (Etlingera elatior). The research was conducted to determine the effects of various concentrations of kecombrang flower essential oil (3%, 5%, and 7%) on macaron quality. The sensory attributes evaluated included color, aroma, taste, texture, and overall preference, while nutritional analysis focused on key macronutrients such as carbohydrates, sugar, fat, protein, and ash content. The sensory evaluation utilized a single-factor ANOVA and Duncan's multiple range test to compare the effects of the different concentrations of essential oil. The results indicated that the addition of 5% kecombrang essential oil yielded the most favorable sensory scores, with the highest ratings in color (4.20) and texture (4.29). Furthermore, aroma and taste were rated highly, confirming that this concentration enhanced the overall quality of the macarons. Although the likeability score did not show significant statistical differences between treatments, all treatments were generally categorized as “liked” by the panel. For the nutritional content analysis, the macaron sample with 5% essential oil was selected for testing through a proxy method. The results indicated that the macaron had a carbohydrate content of 46.31%, sugar content of 31.62%, fat content of 3.05%, protein content of 19.08%, and ash content of 0.14%. These findings are noteworthy, as the macaron with kecombrang flower essential oil showed lower carbohydrate and fat content compared to a typical macaron, while it exhibited higher protein content. These results suggest that macarons with kecombrang essential oil may offer a healthier alternative to conventional macarons, particularly for those seeking lower sugar and fat content in their diet.

Hypertension is a chronic disease characterized by persistently elevated blood pressure. This condition occurs when the arteries narrow, obstructing blood flow and increasing pressure on the vessel walls. As a result, the heart is forced to work harder to pump blood throughout the body. If this condition is not properly controlled, it can lead to serious complications such as damage to the blood vessels, heart, kidneys, and even the brain. Therefore, effective management of hypertension is crucial, not only with pharmacological treatment but also through non-pharmacological interventions such as regular exercise. One recommended form of light exercise is brisk walking, which involves brisk walking at moderate intensity. This exercise is known to reduce peripheral resistance when the body's muscles contract, which in turn helps control blood pressure and increase cardiac output. This case study aims to determine the effectiveness of brisk walking therapy on the risk of decreased cardiac output in hypertensive patients. The intervention was carried out on hypertensive patients through home visits three days a week, with one meeting each morning. Patients were given brisk walking therapy with a specific duration and intensity according to their condition. Evaluation was carried out by measuring blood pressure before and after the intervention using a standard observation sheet. After three interventions, there was a significant decrease in blood pressure in patients. This indicates a positive effect of brisk walking on the cardiovascular system of hypertensive patients. Brisk walking is an effective and easy-to-do non-pharmacological therapy to help lower blood pressure and reduce the risk of decreased cardiac output in hypertensive patients. It is hoped that this therapy can become part of a self-help intervention carried out continuously in the patient's home environment.

This study aims to analyze the quality of domestic wastewater based on three main parameters: pH, ammonia, and Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD). The wastewater samples were collected from an industrial area, chosen for its role as a primary source of domestic waste that can impact environmental quality. The pH was tested using potentiometry, while ammonia and COD concentrations were measured using UV-Vis spectrophotometry, a precise method for analyzing these substances. The results showed that the pH values of the wastewater ranged from 6.68 to 10.28. This variation in pH reflects the acidity or alkalinity of the wastewater, with some samples being neutral to slightly alkaline. The ammonia levels detected ranged from 0.0654 to 0.3849 mg/L. While these levels are within the limits set by regulations, they indicate a significant presence of ammonia in the wastewater, which requires continued monitoring. However, the most striking finding was the COD levels, which ranged from 21.60 to 245.71 mg/L, with some samples showing very high values. High COD levels indicate a large presence of organic matter, which can lead to a decline in water quality. Some samples with COD values exceeding the threshold of domestic wastewater quality standards, as stated in Ministerial Regulation No. 68 of 2016, require additional treatment to reduce organic contamination. Overall, while the pH and ammonia values remain within safe limits, the high COD levels in some samples indicate that further treatment is necessary to reduce organic pollution. This study emphasizes the importance of routine monitoring of domestic wastewater to protect environmental quality and prevent broader negative impacts on aquatic ecosystems and human health.  

Uric acid is a byproduct of purine breakdown, which is a component found in DNA and food. Purine is broken down into uric acid in the body, and if not excreted properly, it can lead to the accumulation of uric acid in the blood, known as hyperuricemia. If left untreated, this condition can develop into gout, which is characterized by joint pain and inflammation, particularly in the foot joints. In addition to medical treatment through medications, uric acid levels can also be naturally reduced through the consumption of certain foods, one of which is pineapple juice. Pineapple juice is known to have beneficial properties in reducing uric acid levels. Pineapple contains vitamin C, flavonoids, and bromelain. Vitamin C plays an important role in increasing the excretion of uric acid through urine, thereby helping to lower uric acid levels in the body. In addition, the flavonoids in pineapple act as antioxidants, inhibiting the enzyme xanthine oxidase, which is involved in the purine metabolism that produces uric acid. By inhibiting this enzyme, the process of uric acid formation can be reduced. Bromelain, a protease enzyme found in pineapple, also provides additional benefits. Bromelain helps accelerate the healing of swelling and joint pain caused by uric acid, as well as having anti-inflammatory effects that help reduce inflammation. This study was conducted using a case study method with a one-group pretest-posttest design to observe changes in uric acid levels in respondents after consuming pineapple juice. For 7 days, four respondents consumed 200 ml of pineapple juice per day. The results showed a reduction in uric acid levels in all four respondents, indicating that pineapple juice is effective as a supportive therapy in lowering uric acid levels. These findings suggest the potential of pineapple juice as a natural alternative to help manage uric acid levels.

Type II diabetes mellitus (Type II DM) is a chronic disease that requires long-term self-care skills to prevent serious complications. However, many patients have difficulty managing blood sugar levels independently due to a lack of structured and ongoing education. The Student Creativity Program (PKM) aims to improve the self-care skills of Type II DM patients through an educational approach based on the Self-Care Deficit theory from Dorothea Orem. The activity was carried out in Bonto Ramba, the working area of the Tamalanrea Makassar Health Center, involving 35 participants (33 women and 2 men). Interventions were carried out through interactive counseling, demonstrations of diabetic foot wound care, practice simulations, and the distribution of easy-to-understand educational media. Evaluation was carried out using a pre-post test to measure knowledge improvement and an observation sheet to assess the ability of self-care practice. Results showed a significant improvement in participants' self-care knowledge and skills after the intervention. In addition, family involvement in assisting patients has also increased, strengthening the sustainability of self-care behavior. Participants gave positive feedback on the method of delivering material that was contextual and relevant to daily life. The supportive-educational approach used has been proven effective in empowering patients and building awareness of the importance of self-control of health conditions. This program not only contributes to improving the quality of life of Type II DM patients, but also strengthens the role of the family as the main support in the treatment process. In conclusion, structured education based on Orem theory can be used as an intervention model that can be replicated in other areas with high prevalence of DM, as a promotive and preventive strategy in community-based management of chronic diseases.

Pine soda is a natural fermented liquid from pine needles (Pinus merkusii) which has a distinctive aroma and contains bioactive compounds with potential as antimicrobial agents. This study aims to determine the antibacterial activity of pine soda against Staphylococcus aureus using the disc diffusion method and to compare its effectiveness with the antibiotic ampicillin as a positive control. The process of making pine soda is carried out through simple fermentation of Pinus merkusii pine needles under certain conditions to produce a fragrant liquid. Furthermore, qualitative tests are carried out to identify the content of bioactive compounds, such as flavonoids, phenols, and essential oils, which are known to have antibacterial properties. In the antibacterial activity test, paper discs that have been soaked in pine soda solutions with graded concentrations (2%, 4%, 6%, 8%, and 10%) are placed on agar media that have been inoculated with S. aureus. The results of the observation showed the presence of inhibition zones in each treatment with varying sizes. The largest inhibition zone was obtained at a concentration of 10% with a diameter of 10 mm, which is included in the medium inhibition category. As a comparison, ampicillin produced an inhibition zone of 26.3 mm, while distilled water, the negative control, showed no inhibition zone. These findings indicate that the antibacterial activity of pine soda is influenced by its bioactive compound content, although its effectiveness is still lower than that of standard antibiotics. This potential opens up opportunities for developing pine soda as a safe natural antibacterial agent, whether in the form of health products such as antiseptics, natural cleaners, or functional beverages that support body health. Further research is needed to optimize the fermentation process, increase the concentration of active compounds, and test its effectiveness against various types of pathogenic bacteria.

The frequent earthquakes in Indonesia have had complex impacts, not only on physical damage and material losses, but also on the psychological aspects of survivors. One psychological problem that often arises is Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD), which can disrupt mental health, quality of life, and an individual's ability to return to normal activities. This condition requires appropriate treatment, one of which is through providing effective coping strategies for survivors. The purpose of this study is to collect and review knowledge related to coping strategies used by earthquake disaster victims who experience PTSD. This study uses a literature review approach by exploring various relevant scientific sources that are in line with the topic. The analysis process was carried out using the content analysis method, namely an in-depth discussion of the data with reference to the stress coping theory proposed by Lazarus and Folkman. The results of the study indicate that each region, both in Indonesia and in various countries, has a different approach to coping strategies to overcome PTSD in earthquake victims. These differences are influenced by culture, social values, community support, and available resources. In general, the identified coping strategies fall into two main categories: problem-focused coping (active coping), which focuses on solving problems, and emotion-focused coping (passive coping), which focuses on managing emotions resulting from trauma. These findings confirm that a combination of these two strategies, tailored to individual characteristics and cultural context, can be an effective approach to the psychological recovery of earthquake survivors.  

Religiousness in the context of religious life in Indonesia is not only seen in the diversity between religions, but also within the same religion with differences in religious beliefs and practices. Each individual or group has its own way of expressing their beliefs, which are often influenced by local cultural backgrounds and traditions. Indonesia, as a country rich in culture, has a legacy of traditions that are still embedded in people's lives, including in religious practices. In Sari Rejo Village, the funeral procession is one concrete manifestation of the fusion of religious values ​​and hereditary traditions. However, within the community there are groups who adhere to pure Islamic law, without mixing religious teachings with ancestral traditions. This difference in perspective triggers social conflict between adherents of religious law and adherents of tradition. This conflict does not stop at differences in practice, but develops into a form of social discrimination against adherents of religious law. This condition gives rise to social inequality that can disrupt the harmony of community life. This study aims to answer several main questions: (1) what is the form and meaning of funeral traditions in Sari Rejo Village? (2) why social inequality arises in these funeral ceremonies? (3) how are traditional adherents treated differently compared to adherents of religious law? (The text appears to be incomplete and should be omitted.) The research method used is qualitative, relying on primary and secondary data, and direct field observations. The results indicate that the majority of Sari Rejo residents, as adherents of tradition, tend to discriminate against adherents of religious law. This is evident in the differences in treatment, attitudes, and social acceptance of those who choose to practice their religion according to its guidance without incorporating traditional elements. These findings confirm that differences in religious practice, even within the same religion, can become a source of social inequality if not managed wisely.

Epilepsy is a chronic neurological disorder characterized by recurrent seizures due to abnormal electrical activity in the brain. This condition can significantly impact the quality of life of sufferers, making the development of effective and safe anticonvulsant therapies a priority in pharmacological research. This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of various anticonvulsant drugs, including herbal candidates, in a mouse model (Mus musculus) using acute and subchronic test protocols. Seizures were induced by administering strychnine, a glycine receptor antagonist that triggers excessive neuronal excitability. Parameters observed included seizure onset (the time from strychnine administration to the onset of the first seizure) and deadtime (the time of survival after a seizure). The study involved six treatment groups: a negative control (Na-CMC), four conventional drug groups (phenytoin, diazepam, pregabalin, and gabapentin), and one herbal candidate group made from Polyalthia longifolia (glodokan tiang). The results showed that most treatment groups were able to delay seizure onset and significantly prolong deadtime compared to the negative control. Statistical analysis using ANOVA yielded a p-value <0.05, indicating a significant difference between groups. The herbal candidate Polyalthia longifolia showed promising anticonvulsant potential, although it did not fully match the effectiveness of conventional drugs such as phenytoin or diazepam. The negative control (Na-CMC) showed the fastest onset and shortest survival time, reflecting the absence of a protective effect against seizures. This study emphasizes the importance of further testing using chronic protocols and evaluating additional parameters such as plasma drug concentrations and neurological side effect profiles. The obtained data are expected to form the basis for the development of anticonvulsant therapies based on a combination of modern drugs and natural ingredients, with the hope of producing safer, more effective treatment alternatives, and potentially reducing dependence on long-term synthetic drugs.