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This study aimed to compare the inhalation anesthetic profiles of ether and chloroform in white rats (Rattus norvegicus) using a modern pharmacological approach. Five healthy male rats (8–10 weeks old) were randomly divided into three groups: ether, chloroform, and control (ketoprofen). The main parameters observed were the onset time of loss of the righting reflex and the duration until its recovery. In theory, ether works by enhancing GABAergic transmission and inhibiting NMDA channels, thus having a slow but stable induction effect (IKAPI, 2009; Arqom, 2023). In contrast, chloroform works by stabilizing the neuronal membrane through activation of the K₂P TREK-1 channel and inhibition of Na⁺/Ca²⁺ currents, resulting in rapid induction with a short duration (Pavel et al., 2020). The experimental results support this theory: chloroform showed an average onset of 167.83 seconds and an anesthesia duration of 84.67 seconds, while ether had a slower onset (307.17 seconds) but a longer duration (169.33 seconds). The difference between the two was statistically significant (ANOVA, p<0.05). The coefficient of variation for chloroform was nearly four times higher than that of ether, indicating that ether provides a more consistent anesthetic effect across individuals. These findings are consistent with previous studies, such as Fathiyah & Anretha's (2023) report on the variability of chloroform effects and the results of in vivo amethyst anesthesia studies (Aprira, 2022; Genta et al., 2021). Overall, ether is more suitable for medium-term procedures requiring stable anesthesia, while chloroform is suitable for short interventions requiring rapid induction. This study emphasizes the importance of controlled inhalation environments, adequate sample sizes, and chamber standardization to enhance the external validity of the results.

Population administration services at the village level often face various challenges, such as technological limitations, lack of outreach, and low digital literacy among the community. These conditions hinder the provision of fast and efficient services, particularly in the KTP (National Identity Card) issuance process. Therefore, innovation in services is needed, one of which is the implementation of digital KTPs. This study aims to analyze the implementation of digital KTP services in Kelong Village, Bintan Pesisir District, Bintan Regency. This service is part of the government's efforts to digitize population administration, which is expected to improve the efficiency and quality of public services at the village level. The approach used in this study is descriptive qualitative, with data collection techniques through in-depth interviews, observation, and documentation. The theory used for analysis is the policy implementation theory of Van Horn and Van Meter, which involves six main indicators. The results show that the digital KTP service in Kelong Village has been implemented since 2022 and provides convenience for the community, especially in terms of service speed and the friendly attitude of village officials. The community feels that obtaining their KTPs is faster than the previous manual procedure. Furthermore, village officials demonstrated a friendly and helpful attitude during the service process, enhancing the community's positive experience. However, this study also identified several challenges in implementing digital ID card services, such as a lack of public awareness regarding the procedures and benefits of digital ID cards. Limited technological devices and unstable internet connections also hampered smooth service delivery. Furthermore, low levels of digital literacy in the community made it difficult for some to access the service effectively.

This study aims to improve the performance of roadside supervision services for Baggage Towing Tractor (BTT) movements at Kualanamu International Airport, Deli Serdang. The research background is based on the high level of operational risk on the airside, which requires strict supervision of Ground Support Equipment (GSE) vehicles. The method used is descriptive qualitative with data collection techniques in the form of direct observation, semi-structured interviews, and field documentation. The results of the study indicate that violations of Standard Operating Procedures (SOP) such as excessive speeding, inappropriate lane use, and compliance with procedures are still common. The main causes include lack of training, weak monitoring systems, and low awareness of safety culture. From the results of the observation, it was found that supervision is still manual and not optimally supported by monitoring technology such as CCTV with a real-time integration system. In addition, the number of supervisory personnel is also not able to cover the entire service area of the road which is quite extensive, especially during peak operating hours. The lack of a firm reward and punishment system also contributes to the low discipline of BTT drivers. Interviews with several BTT operators showed that they have not received regular safety training, and most do not understand the importance of complying with established signs or markings. Therefore, it is recommended that airport authorities implement a monitoring system through the use of sensor-based technology and GPS tracking, as well as increase the intensity of occupational safety training. Furthermore, a dedicated unit should be established to continuously monitor GSE movements and integrate a digital reporting system to ensure prompt action on violations. Improving safety culture can also be achieved through internal campaigns and ongoing outreach.

This study aims to improve ground handling personnel to support operational safety in the airside area of Yogyakarta International Airport. The main focus of this study is the level of compliance with the technical provisions stipulated in SKEP 140/VI/1999. The approach used is descriptive qualitative, with data collected through direct field observation, interviews with competent parties, and review of related documents. The results of the study indicate that there are still many violations of standard operating procedures (SOPs), especially related to the use and placement of Ground Support Equipment (GSE) that does not comply with standards and the operation of vehicles that do not reach properly. Some of the main causes identified are weak supervision, low work discipline, limited understanding of safety procedures, and a lack of routine training for officers. This has the potential to increase safety risks and disrupt smooth operations at the airport. As a solution, this study recommends corrective measures that include strengthening field supervision, ongoing training to improve understanding of safety procedures, implementing strict sanctions for violators, and reorganizing equipment storage and use areas. In addition, it is important to develop a stronger safety culture among officers and utilize technology to improve operational oversight. These measures are expected to create a safer and more efficient environment in the airside area of Yogyakarta International Airport. This study also identified the need for regular evaluation and updating of existing procedures to align with technological developments and international standards. By paying attention to safety aspects, operational efficiency can be maintained and the risk of accidents or incidents can be minimized. By strengthening safety management and work discipline, better performance levels and improved service quality in the aviation sector can be achieved.

Minister of Health Regulation No. 269 of 2008 explains that medical records are defined as a collection of documents containing complete information regarding patient identity, examination results, therapy, medical procedures, and health services received. In working, an employee should be able to balance their workload to achieve work harmony that contributes to increased productivity. Job satisfaction reflects the appreciation and comfort felt by an individual for the tasks they perform. Conversely, dissatisfaction at work can trigger negative reactions in the form of aggressive behavior or a tendency to withdraw from social interactions around them. Job satisfaction also greatly influences employee motivation and commitment to continue working with enthusiasm and achieve the desired goals. The purpose of this study was to determine the relationship between workload and job satisfaction with employee performance in the Medical Records Installation of Cut Meutia Hospital, Lhokseumawe in 2023. The research method was an analytical survey with a cross-sectional approach. The study was conducted at Cut Meutia Hospital, Lhokseumawe from September to December 2023. The study population was 40 Medical Records Installation employees. The sampling technique used total sampling, namely 40 respondents. Data analysis used univariate analysis and bivariate analysis. The results of the study based on the chi-square test showed a relationship between workload and employee performance at the Medical Records Installation of Cut Meutia Hospital, Lhokseumawe with a p-value = 0.001 <0.05 and a relationship between job satisfaction and employee performance at the Medical Records Installation of Cut Meutia Hospital, Lhokseumawe with a p-value = 0.000 <0.05. Conclusion; The conclusion in the study is that there is a relationship between workload and job satisfaction with employee performance at the Medical Records Installation of Cut Meutia Hospital, Lhokseumawe in 2023.

The rapid expansion of Indonesia’s digital economy and the enactment of the Personal Data Protection Law (Law 27/2022) have exposed significant shortcomings in the resolution of data-related disputes under existing judicial and administrative frameworks. Public adjudication of sensitive data conflicts can erode trust, impose reputational damage, and delay reparative outcomes, while courts often lack specialized expertise in technology and privacy. Drawing upon international precedents including the European Data Protection Board’s Article 65 GDPR mechanism, the EU–US Data Privacy Framework arbitration annex, and the European Patent Office’s data-protection arbitration rules this study examines the urgency and feasibility of establishing a dedicated Data Dispute Arbitration Forum in Indonesia. Through comparative analysis, it identifies core design elements such as expert-appointed tribunals, streamlined online procedures, confidentiality safeguards, clear enforcement under the New York Con-vention, and mechanisms for restorative remedies beyond fines. Anchored in Pancasila’s social-justice ethos and Indonesia’s ADR law (Law 30/1999) and ITE Law, the proposed institutional architecture integrates online dispute resolution (ODR) protocols, data-minimization and cybersecurity guidelines, and publicly anonymized award publication to foster legal certainty and raise awareness of data-protection obligations. A stakeholder impact assessment demonstrates that such a forum would benefit individual data subjects through low-cost, expeditious relief; controllers and processors through predictability and trade-secret protection; regulators through expert findings; and foreign investors through alignment with global data-governance standards. By aligning domestic legal values with international best practices, the specialized forum promises to bolster enforcement, restore public trust, and strengthen Indonesia’s competitiveness in the global digital marketplace.

This study aims to analyze the role of the Terminal Inspection Service (TIS) Unit in supervising landside facilities at Minangkabau International Airport. Landside facilities include passenger terminals, drop-off areas, parking lots, and other public spaces that serve as key interaction points between airport services and users. Effective supervision of these areas is essential to ensure safety, comfort, and order within the airport environment. A qualitative descriptive approach was employed in this research, with data collected through field observations, in-depth interviews with TIS personnel and related stakeholders, as well as documentation analysis of existing regulations and supervision procedures.The findings reveal that the TIS Unit plays a strategic role in maintaining service quality and the security of landside facilities. This role is carried out through regular monitoring activities, early detection of potential disruptions, and the handling of various violations in public areas. However, the implementation of TIS duties still faces several challenges. These include limited personnel, which restricts comprehensive supervision of all areas; slow response from relevant units when operational issues are reported; and low discipline and compliance among service users, which further complicates enforcement efforts.To enhance the effectiveness of supervision, this study proposes several recommendations. These include strengthening inter-unit coordination within the airport, providing ongoing training for TIS personnel to improve competency and responsiveness, and implementing an integrated digital reporting system to streamline reporting and follow-up processes. Such measures are expected to support more optimal and sustainable supervision of landside facilities at the airport.

Breast milk production in the early postpartum period is a crucial factor for successful breastfeeding, particularly among primiparous mothers who often experience lactation difficulties during days 3–7 after childbirth. Non-pharmacological interventions such as oxytocin massage and breast care are considered effective approaches to support milk production by enhancing hormonal release and breast stimulation.This study employed a quantitative quasi-experimental design with a one-group pretest–posttest approach. The study was conducted at the Sahu Public Health Center, West Halmahera, involving 20 primiparous breastfeeding mothers on days 3–7 postpartum selected through purposive sampling. Oxytocin massage and breast care were administered according to standardized procedures. Breast milk production was assessed before and after the intervention using observational indicators of milk flow. Data were analyzed using the Wilcoxon Signed Rank Test. The results showed a significant improvement in breast milk production after the intervention. The mean breast milk production score decreased from 1.95 before the intervention to 1.15 after the intervention, indicating smoother milk flow. Statistical analysis revealed a significant difference in breast milk production before and after oxytocin massage and breast care (Z = −3.358; p = 0.001). Oxytocin massage combined with breast care significantly improves breast milk production among primiparous breastfeeding mothers during days 3–7 postpartum. These non-pharmacological interventions are safe, practical, and effective, and are recommended to be integrated into routine postpartum care to support early lactation success.

Compliance of healthcare and medical personnel with established procedures—particularly Enterprise Risk Management (ERM) Standard Operating Procedures (SOPs)—is crucial for ensuring patient safety, high-quality healthcare services, and the sustainable operation of hospitals. This study analyzes the influence of Organizational Support, Motivation, and the Completeness of ERM SOPs on personnel compliance at Petrokimia Gresik Driyorejo Hospital. A quantitative approach using a survey method was employed. The study population included all healthcare and medical personnel directly involved with ERM SOPs. Through purposive sampling, 85 respondents were selected. Data collection used closed-ended questionnaires tested for validity and reliability. Data were analyzed using multiple linear regression through SPSS version 25. The analysis found that Organizational Support (X1), Motivation (X2), and ERM SOP Completeness (X3) simultaneously had a statistically significant effect on Compliance (Y), with the F-test showing F_calculated > F_table and significance < 0.05. Individually, all three independent variables showed a positive and significant relationship with compliance. Among them, ERM SOP Completeness had the greatest influence, followed by Motivation and then Organizational Support. These findings emphasize that clear, comprehensive, and accessible SOPs are essential in guiding staff behavior and ensuring consistent adherence to risk management protocols. Additionally, motivated employees supported by the organization are more likely to comply with procedures and internal policies. Therefore, organizational strategies should not only focus on developing complete SOPs but also on fostering a supportive work culture and enhancing staff motivation through training, recognition, and leadership support. In conclusion, the study suggests that hospitals aiming to improve compliance with ERM procedures should adopt a holistic approach by investing in SOP development, providing consistent organizational support, and maintaining high levels of employee motivation. These efforts will contribute to better risk mitigation, service quality, and overall hospital performance.

Traditional salted fish is a widely consumed food product in Indonesia due to its high shelf life and distinctive flavor. However, the production process, which is generally carried out conventionally and openly, has the potential to cause contamination by pathogenic microbes, which can endanger consumer health. This study aims to identify and analyze the presence of pathogenic microorganisms in traditional salted fish products through a microbiological approach. Salted fish samples were taken from various traditional markets and analyzed using microbial culture methods, biochemical identification, and molecular confirmation for pathogenic bacteria such as Salmonella spp., Vibrio spp., Escherichia coli, and Staphylococcus aureus. The results showed that most contained pathogenic bacteria exceeding the threshold set by SNI and BPOM, indicating weak sanitation and hygiene control in the processing process. These findings emphasize the importance of implementing hygiene standards and quality control in the home industry of salted fish processing. Furthermore, environmental factors such as sea air quality, drying methods, the use of unclean containers, and minimal knowledge of business actors regarding hygiene practices are the main causes of contamination. In some locations, salted fish is dried directly on the ground or on unsterilized surfaces, increasing the risk of exposure to dust, insects, and microorganisms. The study also found that labeling and date information were not available on most products, making it difficult for consumers to assess their safety. As a preventative measure, educating producers and providing training on Good Manufacturing Practices (GMP) and Sanitation Standard Operating Procedures (SSOP) is crucial. Collaboration between the Health Office, the Food and Drug Monitoring Agency (BPOM), and local governments is also recommended to conduct regular inspections and provide food safety certification facilities for small businesses.

In a criminal justice system that upholds the principle of justice, the protection of suspects' rights is a crucial and fundamental component. Investigators play a crucial role in ensuring suspects' rights are protected during the investigation process, including the right to legal counsel, the right to access information, and the right to be free from arbitrary prosecution. The aim of this study is to explore the role of investigators in guaranteeing these rights and highlight challenges in their implementation. The study revealed that many suspects did not receive legal assistance from the beginning of the examination, lacked understanding of their rights, and faced investigations that often violated due process of law. This problem is exacerbated by limited human resources, inadequate internal oversight, and lack of ongoing training for investigators. These factors contribute to the failure to enforce the rights of suspects as a whole, which impacts the fairness and integrity of the legal process. In an effort to realize a fast, simple, and inexpensive judicial process, as promised in Law Number 48 of 2009, this study emphasizes the need for reforms to strengthen the investigation process. The reforms include improvements in the aspects of supervision and more in-depth training of investigators on human rights, so that they can better understand and implement the protection of the rights of suspects. In addition, the use of technology in investigations, such as digital-based information systems to manage evidence and legal processes, can increase transparency and accuracy in every stage of investigation. Strengthening internal supervision mechanisms is also very important to minimize abuse of authority by investigators. On the other hand, it is important to periodically evaluate the application of standard operating procedures (SOPs) in investigations, in order to ensure compliance with applicable laws and provide justice for suspects.

This study aims to analyze the implementation of compensation for flight delays at Sultan Aji Muhammad Sulaiman Sepinggan International Airport, Balikpapan. This study uses a qualitative descriptive approach, with data collection techniques through direct observation, in-depth interviews with airline staff, and documentation during On the Job Training (OJT) activities. The main focus of the study is to evaluate the extent to which passenger rights have been fulfilled by airlines in accordance with applicable regulations, specifically the Regulation of the Minister of Transportation of the Republic of Indonesia Number PM 89 of 2015 concerning Handling Flight Delays. The results of the study indicate that the implementation of compensation by several airlines is still not optimal. There are discrepancies between regulatory provisions and implementation in the field, such as late delivery of information, disproportionate compensation, and uneven service among airlines. Passengers often do not receive clarity regarding their rights, and complaint mechanisms are still limited. Factors causing delays include technical problems, bad weather, inefficient operational management, and limited number and capacity of human resources on duty. This study emphasizes the need to improve the internal and external communication systems of airlines so that information related to delays and compensation can be conveyed transparently and in a timely manner. In addition, airlines need to conduct regular evaluations of standard operating procedures (SOPs), strengthen customer service training for staff, and foster synergy between work units to improve responsiveness to unforeseen situations. Regulators and airport authorities need stricter oversight and the implementation of strict administrative sanctions for violations of passenger rights. These findings provide important contributions to the formulation of public policy in the air transportation sector and provide input for improving services that are more humane, accountable, and oriented toward customer satisfaction.

Inactive archives are archives that are used infrequently but still have administrative, legal, or historical value, so they must be maintained properly. Management of inactive archives is important so that the stored information is maintained, easily found when needed, and does not cause accumulation that disrupts the efficiency of storage space. This study aims to describe in detail the management of inactive financial archives at the Population and Civil Registration Office (Dispendukcapil) of Malang City and identify the obstacles encountered in the process. The study used a qualitative descriptive method with data collection techniques through direct observation of the archive room, interviews with archive management officers, and document reviews related to management procedures. The results showed that the number of inactive financial archives managed reached 13.4 linear meters. The management process includes the stages of transferring archives from work units to archival units, identifying the type and period of archives, position adjustment maneuvers, data input into a simple system, numbering, storage in archive boxes, labeling, and arranging boxes on storage shelves. Although the management procedures are running, the study found a major obstacle in the form of the absence of an Archive Retention Schedule (JRA) specifically for financial archives. This prevents the archives reduction process from being carried out legally and in a planned manner, resulting in a buildup of archives, which reduces storage capacity and potentially makes information retrieval difficult. This study recommends the development of a Financial Archives Retention Schedule (JRA) specifically for financial archives that complies with statutory provisions and agency needs, so that the reduction process can be carried out systematically, efficiently, and accountably. The implementation of the JRA is also expected to improve the effectiveness of archives management and support public service performance at the Malang City Population and Civil Registration Office (Dispendukcapil).

This study aims to analyze the implementation of risk management at PT API, identify the challenges faced during the process, and evaluate its impact on the company’s financial performance. A qualitative research approach was employed, with data collected through in-depth interviews, direct observation, and documentation review. The data were obtained from managers and staff of the Quality, Risk, and Performance Management unit, providing comprehensive insights into the risk management procedures applied within the company. The findings reveal that PT API has implemented risk management in accordance with the ISO 31000:2018 framework. The processes of risk identification, analysis, evaluation, and mitigation are carried out systematically. However, several challenges were identified that hinder effective implementation. These include reliance on manual monitoring systems, which are prone to errors and delays in reporting, and the lack of widespread awareness of risk culture across all work units. This uneven awareness results in suboptimal employee participation in risk identification and reporting. Nevertheless, the implementation of risk management has shown a positive impact on the company's financial performance. With structured risk treatment and appropriate mitigation strategies, the company has been able to reduce potential financial losses and improve operational efficiency. This is reflected in more controlled budget management and more cautious decision-making based on risk analysis. Overall, the study emphasizes that consistently and thoroughly applied risk management not only functions as a control mechanism but also contributes significantly to the financial stability and sustainability of the company. Therefore, the enhancement of digital monitoring systems and the strengthening of risk awareness across all departments are crucial aspects that need to be addressed moving forward.This research highlights the strategic value of risk management in supporting organizational resilience and financial health, offering practical insights for companies seeking to optimize their risk governance frameworks.

This community service program aimed to enhance the safety compliance and service quality of gas station (SPBU) operators in Semarang through a structured refresher training initiative. The training was conducted over eight days and involved 120 participants from eight different SPBU locations. The program adopted a comprehensive approach by combining theoretical sessions, practical simulations, and role-playing exercises tailored to address real-world scenarios faced by SPBU personnel. Key training components included emergency response protocols, customer service excellence, complaint management, and adherence to safety procedures. The outcomes of the program showed measurable improvements. Post-training evaluations revealed a significant increase in participants’ knowledge and understanding of operational safety and service standards. Additionally, a notable reduction in emergency response times was observed during simulated drills. Feedback collected from the participants indicated enhanced confidence in handling routine operations, responding to customer complaints, and executing emergency procedures. This reflects the program’s success in not only increasing technical competence but also in boosting the professional demeanor of SPBU staff. Despite its success, the program encountered challenges, particularly in aligning the training schedule with participants’ daily work commitments, which occasionally hindered full attendance. To ensure long-term impact and continuity, the program recommends implementing annual refresher training sessions in collaboration with local safety and regulatory authorities. This would foster a culture of continuous improvement and compliance among SPBU operators, ultimately contributing to safer and more efficient fuel service operations in the region. Overall, the initiative highlights the critical role of ongoing professional development in enhancing service delivery and maintaining high safety standards in the fuel retail sector.

The nutritional status of elementary school children serves as a vital indicator of their overall growth, development, and future health outcomes. Poor nutritional status, whether in the form of undernutrition or overweight, can lead to a range of health and academic performance issues. This study aimed to assess the nutritional status of Grade 4A students at SD 064981 Cempaka Raya using anthropometric measurements and to examine the association between snacking habits and nutritional categories. A descriptive quantitative research design was employed, utilizing a total sampling approach involving all 20 students in the class. Data collection consisted of direct height and weight measurements conducted according to standardized procedures. The data were then analyzed using the WHO Anthro Plus software to classify nutritional status into undernourished, normal, overweight, and obese categories. Additionally, information on students’ snacking habits during school hours was obtained through structured questionnaires. The results indicated that 25% of students were undernourished, 50% had normal nutritional status, 20% were overweight, and 5% were obese. Bivariate analysis using the Chi-Square test demonstrated a statistically significant relationship (p < 0.001) between snacking behavior and nutritional status. Specifically, all students who reported frequent consumption of snacks at school were classified as overweight or obese, whereas those who did not engage in frequent snacking predominantly fell within the undernourished or normal categories. These findings highlight the potential role of unhealthy snacking patterns in contributing to excessive weight gain among school-age children. Based on the results, it is recommended that nutrition education programs be implemented for both students and parents, coupled with stricter regulations on the availability and sale of high-calorie snack foods within the school environment. Such measures may serve as preventive strategies to promote healthy growth, maintain optimal nutritional status, and reduce the risk of non-communicable diseases later in life.

In the evolving dynamics of Indonesia's economy, unsecured loans or Kredit Tanpa Agunan (KTA) have rapidly grown as a popular financial solution. The ease of application and fund disbursement makes these products especially attractive to micro-entrepreneurs and lower-middle-income communities. However, behind the convenience lies a serious issue: a high rate of default or breach of contract (wanprestasi). This problem is exacerbated by the low level of legal literacy among the public, leading to a lack of understanding of their rights and obligations in financing agreements. Most individuals are also unaware that there is a faster, simpler, and low-cost legal mechanism available for resolving civil disputes—namely, the Small Claims Court procedure, as regulated by the Supreme Court Regulation (Perma) No. 4 of 2019. This mechanism can be utilized by the general public, especially clients of microfinance institutions and credit cooperatives, to resolve civil conflicts involving claims of up to IDR 500 million without going through complex litigation. To address this issue, this community engagement activity aimed to improve public legal understanding of the Small Claims Procedure through participatory-based training. The training involved 50 participants from microfinance institutions and savings and loan cooperatives. The methods used included legal counseling, mock court simulations, group discussions, and case studies to provide participants with practical knowledge of the procedures and benefits of filing small claims. The results of the activity indicated that 78% of participants reported a better understanding of the Small Claims mechanism after the training, and 65% stated they were more inclined to use it compared to conventional litigation routes. This training had a positive impact on raising legal awareness, potentially reducing default rates, and contributing to the development of a more inclusive, fair, and sustainable financial system.

Osteoporosis is a metabolic bone disorder characterized by decreased bone density, resulting in brittle, porous, and easily broken bones. This condition is more common in the elderly, especially women over 60 years of age, due to hormonal changes, the aging process, and lifestyle factors. Common clinical manifestations experienced by sufferers include back pain that can interfere with daily activities and reduce quality of life. Osteoporosis treatment does not only rely on pharmacological therapy, but can also be done through non-pharmacological therapies such as progressive muscle relaxation techniques that aim to reduce muscle tension and pain perception. This study aims to determine the effect of progressive muscle relaxation techniques on pain reduction in elderly osteoporosis sufferers in Bangun Rejo Village, Tanjung Morawa District, North Sumatra Province. The research method used a quasi-experimental design with a pre-test post-test control group design. The study involved 28 elderly respondents who met the inclusion criteria, divided into two groups: an experimental group that received progressive muscle relaxation intervention and a control group that did not receive intervention. The intervention was carried out in a structured manner according to standard procedures throughout the study period. Pain levels were measured using a numeric pain scale before and after treatment. Data analysis showed a significant reduction in pain levels in the experimental group compared to the control group, with a p-value of 0.040. These results indicate that progressive muscle relaxation techniques are effective as a non-pharmacological method for reducing pain in elderly people with osteoporosis. The findings of this study are expected to provide input for healthcare professionals, particularly nurses, in developing simple, safe, and affordable interventions to improve the quality of life of elderly people with osteoporosis, as well as encourage the routine implementation of this therapy in primary and community healthcare settings.

The development of digital technology has brought about significant changes in people's transaction patterns, particularly with the increasing use of online platforms for buying and selling. This phenomenon provides convenience for consumers and merchants, but is also accompanied by a high rate of online fraud experienced by both consumers and merchants. This fraud can take the form of fraudulent transactions, goods not received, or identity fraud. Low public legal literacy regarding rights and obligations in digital transactions is one of the main causes of weak legal protection for fraud victims. Many consumers and merchants are unaware of their rights and the legal procedures to take when experiencing fraud. This community service activity aims to increase the legal understanding of the public, especially online merchants and consumers, regarding digital consumer protection and legal fraud handling mechanisms. The activity implementation methods included interactive legal counseling, distribution of closed-ended questionnaires, case study simulations, Q&A discussions on legal issues, and light consultations. A total of 60 respondents, consisting of 30 merchants and 30 consumers, participated in the closed-ended questionnaire. The results showed that the majority of participants did not fully understand their rights in digital transactions and were unaware of the legal procedures to take when experiencing fraud. Despite this, participant interest in legal education was very high, with over 75% stating they wanted further legal assistance. This activity is expected to provide the public with better insight into their rights and obligations in digital transactions, as well as raise awareness of the importance of legal protection in the digital age. This is expected to make the public more vigilant and protected from potential online fraud in the future. Furthermore, increased legal literacy is expected to create a safer and more trustworthy digital transaction ecosystem for all parties.

Community service is one of the main pillars of the Tri Dharma of Higher Education, which plays a strategic role in connecting theoretical knowledge with its real-life application in society. Through these activities, universities not only act as centers for scientific development but also as agents of social change that encourage improvements in the quality of life of the community. This community service article discusses legal counseling activities focused on preventing domestic violence (KDRT), which were carried out in Sidokumpul Village, Guntur District, Demak Regency. This activity aims to increase residents' understanding and legal awareness regarding rights and obligations within the family, as well as providing knowledge about legal procedures that can be taken in the event of domestic violence. The implementation method of the activity included interactive presentations that combined theory with case examples, group discussions to explore problems faced by residents, and the collection and analysis of supporting data regarding the level of legal understanding before and after the activity. This approach allows participants to be actively involved and gain insights relevant to their conditions. The results of the activity show a significant increase in community understanding regarding domestic violence. In addition, an initiative emerged from residents to form a "Legally Aware Family" group as a forum for education and advocacy at the village level. This demonstrates that legal counseling can foster critical awareness and encourage active community participation in preventing domestic violence. This article recommends the need for ongoing, regular legal counseling programs to foster a more legally aware community capable of protecting its rights and creating a harmonious family environment free from violence.