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The Environmental Impact Assessment (AMDAL) licensing process in Indonesia faces significant challenges regarding meaningful public participation, particularly following the implementation of the Job Creation Law (UU Cipta Kerja). Objective: This research analyzes the urgency for reconstructing public participation mechanisms in AMDAL formation and proposes ideal regulatory frameworks for enhanced community involvement in environmental decision-making processes. This normative legal research employs conceptual and statutory approaches, utilizing qualitative descriptive analysis of legal materials including primary sources (legislation and court decisions) and secondary sources (legal literature and scholarly articles). The study reveals that post-Job Creation Law implementation has significantly restricted public participation scope, limiting involvement to only directly affected communities while excluding environmental advocates and civil society organizations from AMDAL processes. The transition from AMDAL Assessment Commission to Environmental Feasibility Assessment Team has further centralized decision-making authority and reduced community representation. Reconstruction of public participation mechanisms is urgently needed to restore meaningful community involvement, implement good environmental governance principles, and ensure transparency, accountability, and inclusive stakeholder engagement in environmental impact assessment processes.

This study investigates the effects of liquidity, activity, capital structure, and profitability on sustainable growth and firm value in heavy construction and civil engineering companies listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange. Using data from 18 companies (2021–2023) and applying SEM-PLS analysis, results show that activity and profitability positively and significantly influence sustainable growth, while liquidity and capital structure do not. Sustainable growth significantly mediates the impact of activity on firm value but does not mediate the effects of capital structure or profitability. The study suggests that effective management of operational activities and profitability supports sustainable growth, which in turn enhances firm value. These findings offer insights for managers and investors to focus on sustainable growth strategies for long-term value creation in the Indonesian construction sector.

This study examines the protection of trade secrets in the framework of Intellectual Property Rights (IPR) by conducting a comparative study between Indonesia and Malaysia. Trade secrets are a form of intellectual property that has significant economic value for business actors but often receives inadequate attention compared to other forms of IPR. This research focuses on two main problems: first, the comparison of the legal framework for the protection of trade secrets in Indonesia and Malaysia in the context of Intellectual Property Rights; and second, the role of IPR-related institutions in both countries in providing protection for trade secrets. The research method used is normative legal research with a comparative approach and a statute approach. The data used are in the form of primary legal materials in the form of laws and regulations related to IPR in Indonesia and Malaysia, as well as secondary legal materials in the form of literature and scientific journals. The results of the study show that there are significant differences in the legal framework for the protection of trade secrets between Indonesia, which adopts  a civil law system  with special codification through Law No. 30 of 2000, and Malaysia, which applies a common law approach  with a combination of court precedents and statutory law. In addition, there are differences in the roles and functions of IPR-related institutions in the two countries in providing protection for trade secrets, especially in terms of registration, law enforcement, and dispute resolution. The study concludes that despite differences in approaches, both Indonesia and Malaysia recognize the importance of trade secret protection within the framework of IPR, with Malaysia tending to have a more comprehensive protection system based on common law practices. Based on the findings of the study, it is recommended that Indonesia can adopt some positive aspects of Malaysia's trade secrets protection system, especially in terms of harmonizing the role of relevant institutions and strengthening law enforcement mechanisms.

The purpose of this article is to examine normatively how a person's liability for copyright infringement on portraits made in the framework of freedom of expression, namely writing stories, which means that it will methodologically question whether the existing liability by the author of Alternative Universe is in accordance with what is envisioned by the Copyright Law. The research methodology for the preparation of this article is through the type of normative research that views the law as a set of norms, one of which is a court decision. Through a statutory approach, the article is prepared with literature study data collection techniques and analyzes with a qualitative nature. This article concludes that the unauthorized use of portraits of public figures in commercial alternate universe (AU) fanfiction violates copyright, portrait rights, and moral rights, which can lead to both criminal and civil liability for the author, publisher, or production house. Although the publisher or producer is primarily responsible, the author can still be held liable for bad faith in using the work without permission. Therefore, creative industry players must understand and comply with legal provisions to avoid violations and the accompanying sanctions.

This research examines the legal responsibility of corporate guarantors declared bankrupt for their obligations to creditors in loan agreements, analyzing Court Decision No. 318/Pdt.Sus-PKPU/2022/PN Commercial Court Jakarta Central. The study addresses the legal complexities arising when a corporate guarantee becomes insolvent before the principal debtor defaults, creating jurisdictional conflicts between bankruptcy law and guarantee obligations. Using normative legal research methodology with a juridical normative approach, this study analyzes the application of Article 229(2) in conjunction with Article 278(6) of Law No. 37/2004 on Bankruptcy and Suspension of Debt Payment Obligations (K-PKPU) and Article 1381 of the Civil Code. The research reveals that the curator's action in obstructing and rejecting PT KawanCicil Teknologi Utama's claim registration against the bankrupt guarantor without proper judicial determination constitutes conduct not based on applicable laws and regulations. The findings demonstrate that when a guarantor is declared bankrupt and the debtor is in default, the Supervisory Judge and Curator must accept PT KawanCicil Teknologi Utama as a creditor with rights to the debtor's assets during asset liquidation proceedings. The study concludes that bankruptcy declaration of a guarantor does not automatically terminate guarantee obligations under Article 1381 of the Civil Code, as bankruptcy is not enumerated among the causes of contract termination. This research contributes to legal certainty in corporate guarantee enforcement within Indonesia's bankruptcy framework and provides recommendations for legislative harmonization between conflicting provisions in bankruptcy law.

This study aims to analyze the conflict and ambiguity in the implementation of Sidoarjo Regent Regulation Number 84 of 2017 concerning the Arrangement and Empowerment of Street Vendors (PKL). The research applies a descriptive qualitative approach, using interviews, observation, and documentation as data collection techniques. The findings indicate that conflicts arise due to differing approaches among implementing agencies—particularly between the Department of Cooperatives and the Civil Service Police Unit (Satpol PP)—as well as enforcement procedures that do not meet the expectations of street vendors. Ambiguity stems from unclear authority distribution, weak data collection, overlapping regulations, and uncertainty in relocation and empowerment programs. Based on Richard E. Matland’s Ambiguity-Conflict Model, the policy’s implementation falls under the Symbolic Implementation category, marked by both high conflict and high ambiguity, leading to ineffective execution and stakeholder frustration. These findings highlight the need for better inter-agency coordination, regulatory socialization, and the development of strategic vendor locations to ensure a fair and sustainable policy implementation.   Keywords: Ambiguity, Conflict, Implementation, Policy, Street Vendors

This Study Aims To Understand The Concept Of Civilized Politics In The Context Of Pancasila Ideology And Political Ecology. Using A Philosophical Approach, This Study Analyzes How Pancasila Ideology Can Be A Foundation For Civilized And Sustainable Politics. This Study Also Discusses The Importance Of Political Ecology In Understanding The Relationship Between Humans And The Environment. The Method Used In This Study Is A Qualitative Method. This Article Uses A Critical Analysis Method To Discuss The Concept, Object, Method, And Benefits Of A Reconstruction Of Pancasila Ideology And Political Ecology Which Are Useful For Policy Makers Who Want To Understand How Pancasila Ideology Can Be Implemented In Civilized And Sustainable Politics And Are Useful For The General Public Who Want To Understand About Civilized And Sustainable Politics In The Context Of Indonesia. Critical Analysis Is A Systematic And Objective Method For Analyzing And Evaluating Information (Fairclough, 1995, P. 20). By Using The Critical Analysis Method, This Article Can Find The Strengths And Weaknesses Of Sociolinguistics In Education In Improving The Quality Of Learning. The Results Of The Research Or What Is To Be Achieved In This Research Is That The Pancasila Ideology Can Be The Basis For Civilized And Sustainable Politics If Implemented By Paying Attention To The Principles Of Political Ecology. This Research Contributes To The Understanding Of Civilized And Sustainable Politics In The Indonesian Context.

Non-Civil Servant Government Employees (PPNPN) are a vital component in the operational activities of an organization. However, their performance management faces challenges in efficiency and standardization. This scientific paper examines the potential implementation of Google Sites as a platform for PPNPN performance management. The analysis focuses on the existing regulatory framework. The proposed model leverages the integration of Google Sites with Google Forms, Google Sheets, and other supporting applications provided by Google to digitize the performance management cycle, from planning, monitoring, and evaluation (based on indicators such as integrity, discipline, teamwork, communication, and service), to documentation and feedback. The main advantages of this platform include administrative efficiency, increased data transparency and accessibility, centralized data management, potential for consisten process, collaboration, and cost-effectiveness. Nevertheless, its implementation faces significant challenges related to the digital literacy gap among PPNPN with diverse roles, data security and privacy issues in the public sector, the need for robust change management, feature limitations compared to specialized HRIS systems, particularly in the Ministry of Finance where the research object's office is located, and the necessity for adequate supporting infrastructure. This research concludes that Google Sites offers a technically viable solution, but its success highly depends on the organizational and human resource readiness of both the HR managers and the PPNPN themselves.

This study aims to analyze the effect of investment decisions, capital structure, company size on profitability and Sustainable Growth, with profitability as a mediating variable and Financial Flexibility as a moderating variable. Data is obtained from secondary sources, namely audited financial reports from heavy construction and civil engineering subsector companies listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange (IDX) for the 2019-2023 period. The analysis was carried out using Structural Equation Modeling based on Partial Least Squares (SEM-PLS). The results showed that investment decisions, capital structure, and company size have a significant effect on profitability. However, only company size has a significant effect on Sustainable Growth. Investment decisions and capital structure have no significant effect on Sustainable Growth. Profitability also has an insignificant effect on Sustainable Growth and does not mediate the relationship between variables. In addition, financial flexibility does not moderate the relationship between profitability and sustainable growth. This finding indicates that increased profitability is more influenced by investment strategy, capital structure, and firm scale, but does not necessarily translate directly into Sustainable Growth.

This study analyzes the security policies implemented by President Nayib Bukele in El Salvador and their implications for crime rates and democratic institutions. Using a decriptive qualitative approach, the study finds that although crime has significantly declined, it has come at the cost of weakned democratic instutions, rising electoral authoritarianism, and the use of fear-based politics to gain public legitimacy. Mass detentions, reduced civil liberties, and the centralization of executive power show that stability is being built not through repressive control. Furthermore, vulnerable groups such as the poor and women are disproportionately affected between public security and human rights protection to avoid deepening structural inequalities and creating new forms of social vulnerability.

In the modern legal system, Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA) testing has become an important tool in the resolution of criminal and civil cases in Indonesia. The use of DNA can assist in determining blood relations, uncovering sexual abuse cases, and proving involvement in other crimes. Nonetheless, there are various legal issues that arise regarding the collection of DNA specimens without the consent of the sample owner. In Indonesia, although there are personal data protection regulations such as the Health and Population Administration Law, there are no specific provisions regarding the legality of unauthorized DNA sampling. This creates uncertainty in the legal system, especially in terms of evidence being recognized in court. Unauthorized DNA sampling can violate an individual's right to privacy guaranteed by the 1945 Constitution and the Criminal Procedure Law. This potentially makes DNA test results inadmissible as valid evidence in court. Therefore, this study aims to analyze the legality of the practice of unauthorized DNA sampling and its impact on the legal evidentiary system in Indonesia. The study also highlights the importance of medical ethics and legal protection of privacy in determining the validity of DNA evidence in judicial proceedings. It also explores the role of medical ethics and privacy law in determining the validity of DNA test results in the judicial process, and provides recommendations for clearer regulations regarding DNA sampling procedures.

This research was used to analyze the performance of public services, especially on the Plavon platform that’s provided by employees at the Sidoarjo Regency of Population and Civil Registration Service. The theory that researchers use takes from Robbins in (Aziz, 2022) which contains five indicators of Work Quality, Quantity, Timeliness, Effectiveness, and Independence. The type of researchers used for this research is descriptive qualitative methods with sources and types pf research data divided into primary data and secondary data through the process of taking activity documentation, employee interview, and observing activities which can then be used to draw conclusions. The findings in this research are in the for of information related to incoming complaints which convey that there are still errors in input made by employees on the Plavon Disdukcapil Sidoarjo platform which that will then be evaluated and given direction, Communication and coordinate are running well, the human resources are inversely proportional to demographic condition in Sidoarjo which results in the fulfillment of services using an overtime system, and then to the implementation of employee discipline supported by performance motivation in the reward & punishment categorization.  

An heir whose whereabouts are unknown refers to a person presumed missing, with no confirmation of life or death. This thesis examines the juridical settlement of inherited assets under civil law, focusing on Case Study Decision Number: 200/Pdt.P/2023/PN Jkt.Tim. The research employs a normative legal method, analyzing statutory regulations (law in book). According to Article 463 of the Civil Code, an heir whose whereabouts cannot be confirmed still retains inheritance rights, supported further by Article 467. However, if the court officially declares the missing person as deceased, their legal status as an heir ceases, and their position is transferred to a substitute heir. This substitution is governed by Article 841 of the Civil Code, which assigns all rights and obligations of the original heir to the replacement. Importantly, the substitute heir may only assume control of the inherited assets after a court decision has declared the original heir legally missing or deceased. Without such a ruling, no transfer or control of inheritance can occur. This ensures legal certainty and protects the rights of all parties involved in the inheritance process.

The protection of human rights is a fundamental element of Indonesian constitutional law. Although it has been constitutionally regulated through the 1945 Constitution and a number of laws, the implementation of human rights protection still faces various challenges, including discrimination, violence by the authorities, and inconsistency in legal politics. This study aims to analyze the effectiveness of the constitutional law system in ensuring human rights protection as well as the role of state institutions such as Komnas HAM, the legislature, the executive, and the judiciary. The results show that human rights protection has not been optimal due to weak coordination, lack of accountability, and lack of support for independent institutions. The conclusion emphasizes the importance of legal reform, institutional strengthening, and harmonization between national law and international human rights standards. Suggestions include improving human rights education, empowering civil society, and consistent law enforcement to create a democratic and just rule of law.

This study discusses the liability of directors for unlawful acts in the form of merging personal assets with corporate assets in the context of bankruptcy of limited liability companies. Although the principle of separation of assets protects the personal assets of directors, there are conditions in which this principle can be revealed through the principle of piercing the corporate veil. The merging of personal assets by directors, which causes losses or bankruptcy of the company, can be held accountable. The Limited Liability Company Law and the Civil Code emphasize that if proven to have committed unlawful acts or negligence in carrying out their duties, directors can be sued in civil court and their assets confiscated as part of the bankruptcy estate. This study applies a normative legal approach and a literature study method to analyze legal norms and the liability of directors for losses due to bankruptcy. The aim is to provide an understanding of the legal liability mechanism for directors who abuse their authority in managing corporate assets. By applying the principle of justice, directors can be held personally responsible for the protection of creditors and fair law enforcement.

This research examines the implementation of the principle of openness in the examination of cases in civil court proceedings in Indonesia, focusing on two main issues: (1) how the principle of openness is regulated and applied in civil court practices, and (2) what key obstacles hinder the implementation of this openness. The purpose of the study is to provide an in-depth overview of the mechanisms for implementing the principle of openness in the civil judicial process and to identify inhibiting factors that need to be addressed promptly in order to make the judicial system more transparent and accountable. This study employs a normative juridical method with a statutory and conceptual approach. Data were obtained through literature review, including legislation, legal doctrines, and relevant court decisions, and analyzed using a descriptive-analytical method. The findings indicate that the principle of openness is well accommodated normatively within Indonesia’s civil judicial system; however, its implementation still faces significant challenges, such as limited supporting facilities, inadequate dissemination among judicial officers, and the tension between protecting the privacy of parties and ensuring public access to information. To address these issues, improvements in technological infrastructure, human resource training, and internal policy revisions are essential steps to optimize the principle of openness in civil court proceedings.

The development of information technology has driven significant changes in the practice of contract making, from manual-based to increasingly using electronic systems. This research discusses the validity of the legal certainty of electronic contracts compared to manual contracts. Electronic contracts offer efficiency and flexibility, but raise concerns regarding the validity of electronic signatures, data security, and legal proof in the event of a dispute. Meanwhile, manual contracts are considered more concrete and easily accepted as evidence due to their physical form. Through a normative approach with the analysis of laws and regulations and legal literature, this study found that both types of contracts have equal legal standing as long as they fulfill the legal requirements of an agreement according to the Civil Code. However, electronic contracts face challenges in legal protection, identity authentication, and document integrity. It is necessary to strengthen technical regulations, digital legal education, and technological infrastructure to ensure the validity and legal certainty of electronic contracts to be equivalent to manual contracts, so that the rights and obligations of the parties can be fairly protected in today's digital era.    

Ethics plays a vital role in the philosophy of education, serving as a moral foundation that guides both the aims and processes of education. Education is not solely concerned with the acquisition of knowledge, but also with the development of students' character. In this regard, ethics provides a framework of values that directs the relationships between educators and learners in a humane and dignified manner. An ethical foundation in educational philosophy encourages critical reflection on educational practices and policies. Values such as justice, responsibility, and empathy serve as essential principles in creating a conducive and fair learning environment for all stakeholders. Without ethics, education risks becoming mechanistic and unresponsive to social and human needs. Educators, as moral agents, are expected not only to deliver knowledge but also to exemplify ethical behavior in their daily lives. Therefore, ethical education must begin with the training of future teachers, equipping them to nurture a generation that is not only intellectually capable but also morally wise. In this way, ethics in the philosophy of education becomes a central pillar in building a civilized and character-driven society. 65% of teachers consider teaching hours insufficient, 42% of schools do not have a structured cultural program, 78% of bullying cases occur due to weak supervision.

This study aims to analyze the types of evidence used in inheritance cases and to assess their probative value based on the provisions of civil procedural law in Indonesia. Inheritance disputes are among the most complex matters in Indonesian civil law, involving not only the question of who is entitled to inherit but also the evidence used to prove such rights in court. This article discusses the various types of evidence used in inheritance cases, including documentary evidence, witness testimony, presumptions, confessions, oaths, and electronic evidence. The research employs a normative juridical approach and case studies. The findings indicate that understanding the types and probative value of evidence is crucial to the success of inheritance claims. This study is expected to enhance the understanding of civil procedural law in the context of inheritance litigation.

The conflict involving Armed Criminal Groups (KKB) in Papua presents a serious dilemma between law enforcement and the protection of human rights. On one hand, KKB’s actions—such as attacks on civilians and security personnel—are classified as gross human rights violations, posing threats to national security and obstructing regional development. On the other hand, law enforcement efforts by state authorities are often criticized for alleged human rights abuses, especially in military operations that may involve excessive use of force. This study aims to analyze the conflict from both legal and human rights perspectives using a normative juridical approach. The analysis is based on relevant legal frameworks, including the 1945 Constitution of the Republic of Indonesia and Law Number 39 of 1999 concerning Human Rights. The article proposes strategic measures to achieve a balanced resolution, such as inclusive dialogue with Papuan communities, human rights-based training for security forces, independent oversight of security operations, and adherence to humanitarian principles. These approaches are expected to foster stability and peace while ensuring the protection of human rights. Ultimately, this study emphasizes that the resolution of the Papua conflict must not rely solely on repressive measures but must also prioritize justice, humanity, and long-term sustainability.