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The key factor in determining success in learning is assessment, as it serves as the teacher’s process for making decisions regarding students’ academic achievement. Therefore, assessments need to be developed to become more systematic and valid. Monoton assessment instruments that are not based on students' developmental stages often eliminate crucial elements in learning, such as creativity capacity, critical thinking, and life skills competence. This research aims for educators to develop a more comprehensive and diverse assessment system, as well as constructive assessment and feedback processes, which are also becoming increasingly important aspects for facilitating more effective and efficient evaluations. Whereas this is study employs a library research method. Drawing on books, journal articles, and publications listed in the references. In this way, all available sources of information can be utilized optimally in generating ideas relevant to the research. The findings of this study on developing assessment at the elementary and madrasah ibtidaiyah (MI/SD) level highlight that teachers’ efforts to evaluate students should involve three types of assessment tools: cognitive, affective, and psychomotor aspects. Furthermore, the development of assessments at the MI/SD level can be advanced through competency-based evaluation, the integration of technology and the enhancement of teachers’ skills. As a result, the implementation of assessments can be carried out more systematically, efficiently and effectively

The use of information technology has become a non-negotiable necessity, as the availability of integrated information is increasingly crucial in supporting efforts to create efficient and competitive company/organizational systems. Good academic information system management is essential for providing services to those in need and resulting in improved performance in education delivery. Accuracy and precision in presenting information are important factors in managing information. From the results of the t-test calculation calculated using SPSS 20 partially, it was found that the t-value for the effectiveness variable was 3.819 and the convenience variable was 1.745 and the quality variable was 1.933 when compared with the t-table of 1.663, it was concluded that Ho was rejected and H1 was accepted, thus partially the independent variable influenced the dependent variable, namely student satisfaction. From the results of the F-test calculation, it was found that the F-count was 9.628> from the F-table, which was 2.48, and the significance level was 0.00, which was smaller than 0.05, and this meant that overall the independent variables had an effect on the dependent variable. From the results of the R test, it was found that the determinant coefficient was 0.599 and R2 was 0.359, this meant that the influence of the independent variables on the dependent variable was 35.9% and the remaining 64.1% was influenced by other variables that had not been studied.

The digital transformation of Indonesia’s judiciary through the e-Court system represents a Supreme Court initiative to realize the principles of speed, simplicity, and affordability as mandated by Article 2(4) of Law No. 48 of 2009 on Judicial Power. This study aims to analyze the effectiveness of these principles in the implementation of e-Court, particularly in civil cases at District Courts. The research employs a juridical-normative and juridical-empirical approach, collecting data through literature review, document analysis, and interviews with court officials, lawyers, and litigants. The findings indicate that e- Court significantly accelerates case administration, claim submission, and inter-party communication, reflecting a faster and more efficient adjudication process. Nevertheless, challenges remain, including technological infrastructure limitations, digital literacy disparities, and regional inconsistencies in implementation. Furthermore, although case fees have become more affordable, accessibility for people in remote areas continues to hinder procedural simplicity. The study concludes that e-Court has positively contributed to realizing the principles of speed, simplicity, and low cost, yet further policy reinforcement, equitable digital infrastructure, and human resource development are necessary to achieve an inclusive and just digital judiciary.

Dry packing with the principle of hibernation aims to suppress the metabolic processes of an organism so that it can survive under minimal environmental conditions. This study aims to determine the effectiveness of the dry packing method on the survival of freshwater crayfish (Cherax quadricarrinatus) tested with dry packing for 15, 20, and 25 hours. Before packing, the crayfish were ensured to be healthy and free from deformities. The packing was carried out using styrofoam lined with cardboard and filled with dried banana leaves, with a density of 20 crayfish of 10 cm size per package. The results showed that packing with dried banana leaves for 25 hours resulted in a 100% survival rate after packing, and the crayfish were able to become active again after 3 days. The dry packing method using dried banana leaves was proven effective in maintaining the survival of freshwater crayfish under live conditions during long packing durations. This study contributes to the development of efficient packing techniques for transporting freshwater crayfish alive.

The Free Trade Zone (FTZ) in Tanjung Pinang, established in 2008 along with the Sabang, Karimun, and Bintan zones under Government Regulation No. 41 of 2021, offers several strategic advantages. Its presence provides attractive opportunities for investors through various incentives designed to stimulate regional economic growth. The FTZ concept encourages export-oriented foreign investment and relies on strong infrastructure development to ensure that investors receive efficient and reliable services. Tax exemptions also serve as a major incentive, motivating investors to allocate their capital and thereby contributing to economic expansion. Investment activities play an essential role in accelerating national economic development and supporting both political and economic sovereignty. Through increased investment, a country can better utilize its economic potential and transform it into real economic strength, using both domestic and foreign capital. This allows developing regions to progress toward achieving levels of economic advancement comparable to more developed areas. Ports are a key element in attracting investors, as they help reduce export-related costs, especially taxes that are often relatively high. This study uses a qualitative approach with descriptive methods. Based on policy indicators, the establishment of the Bintan FTZ has not yet been fully effective, as many areas within the region still require further development.

Syndrome is a serious problem in children's health because it has a major impact on growth and development, especially in terms of intelligence and daily activities. Down Syndrome, as one of the most well-known chromosomal disorders, is often the main cause of intellectual developmental disorders, hypotonia, facial dysmorphism, early onset of Alzheimer's disease, and various behavioral disorders. Diagnosing syndrome diseases in children is often difficult due to complex and varied symptoms, requiring lengthy, costly, and time-consuming medical evaluations. This study aims to design a Case-Based Reasoning (CBR)-based expert system for diagnosing syndromes in children, which is expected to help accelerate the disease identification process and provide more effective and efficient solutions. The method used is the development of an expert system with a CBR approach, in which the system performs calculations and matching based on the symptoms selected by the user against the available case base. The results of the study show that from symptom inputs such as wide hands with short fingers, short stature, small head, stunted growth, small lower jaw, abnormal body appearance, and weak joints, the system was able to diagnose Klinefelter syndrome with a percentage of 43.58%. This system can be an alternative for patients or families who have limited time and funds to obtain medical consultations, so that diagnosis and follow-up can be carried out more quickly and efficiently.

This study aims to analyze the effect of blasting geometry on drilling and blasting costs in mining operations at PT Unggul Dinamika Utama, Kutai Timur Regency, East Kalimantan Province. The research focuses on comparing two operational areas, namely PIT Tempudo 6 and PIT East, which apply different blasting geometries: a burden of 7 m and spacing of 8 m at PIT Tempudo 6, and a burden of 8 m and spacing of 9 m at PIT East. The research method involved collecting primary data from actual field drilling and blasting activities, as well as secondary data from the company. The parameters analyzed included blasting geometry, explosive consumption, and operational costs of drilling and blasting. The results show that the total drilling cost at PIT Tempudo 6 was Rp. 215,689,696, while at PIT East it was Rp. 162,177,899. The total blasting cost at PIT Tempudo 6 reached Rp. 3,023,066,977.60, while at PIT East it was Rp. 1,780,839,602.80. Thus, the total operational cost of blasting activities at PIT Tempudo 6 amounted to Rp. 3,238,756,673.60, and at PIT East amounted to Rp. 1,943,017,501.80. It can be concluded that differences in blasting geometry significantly affect operational cost efficiency. Larger burden and spacing values lead to more efficient costs by reducing the number of drill holes and explosive consumption per blasted rock volume.

This study aims to analyze the effect of capital intensity, leverage, and company size on tax avoidance in property and real estate sub-sector companies listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange (IDX) during the 2019–2023 period. The research method used is an associative quantitative approach with secondary data obtained from corporate financial reports. The sample was selected using purposive sampling technique, resulting in 4 companies that met the criteria. The multiple linear regression analysis shows that partially, capital intensity and leverage have a significant positive effect on tax avoidance, while company size has a significant negative effect. Simultaneously, the three variables have a significant influence on tax avoidance. This study implies that companies should consider fixed asset investment strategies, financing structure, and firm size in managing their tax obligations efficiently and legally.

In today’s era, we are very familiar with operating systems that function to manage the work of hardware and software so they can be used properly. One of the most widely used operating systems is Windows, because it has an easy-to-understand interface and is capable of running multiple applications simultaneously. To support this, Windows requires a process management mechanism, namely a way for the system to organize running programs so they do not interfere with each other and remain stable. In process management, there is an important component called the Process Control Block (PCB). The PCB can be likened to an identity card or a complete record of a process, as it contains information such as the process ID, status, CPU usage, memory, and files being used. This study aims to analyze the role of the process control block, focusing on how the Process Control Block stores important information regarding the status and activity of each process, ensuring smooth, efficient, and non-conflicting application execution. In this research, experiments were conducted to measure CPU usage, memory, and execution time by various processes with different priorities to observe the information of running processes. The analysis results show that each application has its own Process ID and PCB, which records status, CPU registers, memory allocation, and I/O resources used. The PCB enables multiple applications to perform multitasking effectively.

This research seeks to examine the approach to managing civil servant training to enhance public service efficiency at the Regional Civil Service Agency (BKD) of Pasuruan City. This research is rooted in the bureaucratic difficulties encountered by local governments, especially the disparity between organizational demands and the presence of qualified staff. This situation results in delays in service, reduced productivity, and ineffective management of human resources. The study utilizes a qualitative descriptive method, gathering data via comprehensive interviews, firsthand observations, and analysis of policy documents. The results indicate that the state civil servants formation management approach at BKD Pasuruan emphasizes three main elements: workforce planning based on competencies, employee redistribution according to performance, and strengthening evaluation systems oriented towards results. These tactics have enhanced bureaucratic effectiveness and expedited public service operations. The research additionally reveals that effective execution relies on adaptive leadership, a cooperative work environment, and a dedication to service innovation. In summary, an effectively designed, flexible, and results-oriented state civil servants formation management approach can act as a template for enhancing local administrative capabilities to deliver efficient, professional, and enduring public services.

The modernization of smart grids through edge computing introduces significant cybersecurity challenges, most stemming from adversarial machine learning attacks that compromise distributed intelligence. Although Federated Learning is an appealing decentralized model training paradigm for edge smart grids, its resilience against coordinated injection and evasion attacks has not yet been thoroughly explored. To address this critical gap, we develop and evaluate a resilient Federated Learning model for edge-based innovative grid applications. Under a rigorous simulation-based experimental design, we created a controlled environment based on synthetic energy-demand data and implemented adversarial attack scenarios to ensure model robustness. We propose a resilience enhancement layer in our framework during the federated aggregation process to curtail malicious model updates and adversarial inferences. The results show significant improvement in the stability of the proposed model under attack, maintaining a robustness index above 0.62, whereas baseline approaches exhibit complete degradation. This corresponds to a reduction of approximately 34% in the attack impact rate across different-intensity attack scenarios, while maintaining high stability in aggregation. In addition to the adversarial testing framework in the domain of Federated Learning, this work provides a validated resilience model that secures analytics of smart grids without requiring access to raw data. Our methodology presents a resource-efficient alternative to physical testing and enables safe yet comprehensive security evaluation in critical infrastructure applications.

Promotion and provision of information on subsidized housing for low-income communities (MBR) is still carried out conventionally, such as throught brochures, banners or exhibitions. This method is considered less effective in reaching the wider community, especially the younger generation who are more familiar with digital technology. This research aims to design and create a web-based information system for sales promotion of subsidized housing at Mutiara Gerden Housing. This system is expected to increase the attractiveness and trust of potential buyers towards the products offered, as well as help developers in conveying information more quickly, widely and interactively. This research uses the waterfall method which includes problem identification, problem analysis, goal determination, literature study, data collection (observation, interviews, dan document study), system design including problem analysis, design, coding, and testing. System implementation is carried out after the design is completed, followed by testing using the black box method to ensure functionality and error handing. The programming lannguages used are HTML and PHP for web services, and MySQL as the database. System design also utilized the Unified Modeling Language (UML) with diagrams such as use case diagrams, and activity diagrams. The result of thir research is a web-based subsidized housing sales, promotion information system application thet helps promote houses in Mutiara Garden Housing. This application includes a login page for accesing the system, a product deatil page for complete information, a product booking page for unit reservations, and a home menu for a product overview. This system is expected to make it easir for employees to promote homes more effectively and efficiently.

In the digital era, the demand for practical and efficient security systems has significantly increased, particularly in the context of access control for restricted rooms or buildings. This research aims to develop an automatic door locking system utilizing an RFID card and a NodeMCU ESP32 microcontroller integrated with Internet of Things (IoT) technology through real-time notifications using the Telegram application. The system is designed to replace conventional locking methods that often present various weaknesses, such as key loss, physical duplication, and lack of remote access capabilities. The development method employed is the Research and Development (R&D) approach, consisting of needs analysis, system design, hardware and software implementation, followed by testing and evaluation. The main components used in the system include the RC522 RFID reader for user identification, Espressif manufactures the ESP-32 microcontroller, which is equipped with Wi-Fi and Bluetooth modules to enable wireless internet connections. NodeMCU ESP32 as the control center and internet connector, a relay module as an electronic switch, and a solenoid door lock as the actuator. The results show that the system is capable of accurately reading RFID card UIDs, granting access to registered cards, activating the solenoid to unlock the door, and sending access status notifications to Telegram in an average of less than three seconds. The system also effectively denies access to unregistered cards and sends warning messages accordingly. Therefore, this system enhances the security and efficiency of room access control and has the potential to be adopted as a prototype solution in the development of smart homes or modern access control systems.

The rapid development of network infrastructure demands high Quality of Service (QoS), especially in Metro Ethernet networks widely utilized by telecommunication service providers. A primary challenge is efficient bandwidth management to ensure network stability and performance. This research aims to optimize bandwidth management by implementing the Y.1731 method based on Ethernet Operations, Administration, and Maintenance (OAM) on Raisecom devices. The methodology employed is a quantitative experimental approach based on technical simulation within an Professional Network Emulator Tool Lab (PNET Lab), where real-time network performance measurements are conducted using the ITU-T Y.1731 protocol for key parameters such as delay, jitter, and packet loss on Raisecom devices (represented by Cisco routers). The expected outcomes include increased efficiency in bandwidth utilization through more adaptive allocation, comprehensive and accurate real-time network performance monitoring capabilities, validation of OAM functions on Raisecom devices, improved Quality of Service (QoS) and better Service Level Agreement (SLA) attainment, and the provision of technical recommendations for network management. The implementation of Y.1731 is anticipated to quickly detect and respond to service degradation, thereby providing a strong basis for decision-making in network management and contributing to the enhancement of service quality in Metro Ethernet networks through optimization based on proactive monitoring.

N the rapidly evolving digital era, decision-making has become a critical aspect across various fields, including education, where choices such as selecting an Islamic boarding school (pondok pesantren) are often influenced by complex and subjective factors. This study addresses the dilemma faced by Diyah, a junior high school student, in determining the best reasons for choosing Pondok Pesantren Darularafah Raya, highlighting the limitations of manual, personal-based processes that fail to systematically consider measurable criteria like educational quality, learning environment, facilities, discipline, and instilled religious values. The advancement of information technology provides a solution through Decision Support Systems (DSS), utilizing the ORESTE (Organization, Rangement Et Synthèse De Données Relationnelles) method, which effectively processes ordinal data to produce objective rankings based on subjective yet structured preferences. Unlike other methods such as SAW or AHP that rely on numerical data, ORESTE emphasizes relative preference weights, making it suitable for individual decision-making contexts like educational choices. The novelty of this research lies in applying ORESTE in a DSS focused on analyzing an individual's best reasons for selecting a pesantren, aiming to reduce subjective bias and enhance rationality. The primary objective is to develop a DSS using the ORESTE method to analyze and determine Diyah's optimal reasons for choosing the pesantren. Through this, the system is expected to accelerate evaluation processes, improve objectivity, and identify dominant factors influencing educational decisions. Findings from the implementation demonstrate accurate rankings that prioritize key criteria, leading to more efficient and data-driven outcomes. Implications include aiding students, schools, and educators in understanding influential factors, fostering objective assessment systems, and serving as a reference for future studies integrating MCDM methods with computer-based systems in personalized educational decision-making.

Private Islamic Religious Colleges (PTKIS) play a strategic role in developing superior human resources with Islamic character. However, in practice, many PTKIS face challenges in meeting higher education quality standards and achieving optimal accreditation. Accreditation assistance based on Outcome-Based Education (OBE) and quality digitization are innovative solutions to improve the effectiveness of education quality management. OBE emphasizes the importance of learning outcomes integrated into the curriculum, learning process, and assessments that are measurable and relevant to the needs of the workplace. Meanwhile, quality digitization supports the efficient, transparent, and real-time management of academic data, forms, and accreditation reporting. Through the integration of these two approaches, PTKIS can improve accountability, accelerate the accreditation process, and ensure the achievement of sustainable quality standards. This article discusses the strategy of OBE-based accreditation assistance and quality digitization at the Tanggamus Islamic Education College, Lampung Province, highlighting the implementation process, obstacles encountered, and solution steps that can be applied to strengthen the PTKIS's internal quality assurance system.

In the modern industrial world, robots like mechanical arms in automotive factories or packaging lines must move quickly and safely. For this, a real-time operating sistem (RTOS) is needed—think of it as a "super-fast brain" that ensures the robot reacts instantly to commands, without delays or errors. This paper analyzes popular RTOS like FreeRTOS and VxWorks for controlling industrial robots, focusing on evaluating performance (speed of operation) and stability (long-term reliability). We conducted tests in a lab using a simple robot that moves its arm to pick up objects. Performance was measured by response time (how quickly the robot stops when encountering an obstacle, ideally under 10 milliseconds) and throughput (how many tasks it can complete per second). Stability was checked through simulations of disruptions, like heavy loads or interfered sensor signals, using metrics such as error rate and time variation (jitter). Results show that FreeRTOS is more efficient for small, affordable robots, with high performance (average response time of 4 ms) but moderate stability (5-10% errors during overload). In contrast, VxWorks excels in stability (errors <2%, stable for up to 95% of tasks on time) for large factory robots, though it requires stronger hardware. Our analysis uses simple models like graphs and repeated tests, without complex formulas, to prove that the right RTOS can boost production efficiency by up to 25% and reduce accident risks.

The development of embedded sistem technology is now widely used to support automatic environmental data recording processes, such as temperature, humidity, and air pressure. However, most existing weather data loggers still operate independently and are not directly connected to a computer. As a result, data collection and processing must be done manually, which is less efficient and prone to data loss. The main problem in this research is the lack of integration between microcontroller-based data loggers and simple computer operating sistems such as the Disk Operating Sistem (DOS), making it difficult to automatically store and access recorded data. This study aims to develop an embedded weather data logger sistem based on the AVR microcontroller integrated with DOS. The development process uses the waterfall model, consisting of sistem planning, requirement analysis, sistem design, coding, testing, and implementation. The designed sistem records weather parameters in real time and stores them in a file format that can be directly read by DOS without requiring additional conversion processes. The test results show that the sistem runs stably, records data accurately, and can be easily accessed through a computer. Integration with DOS allows data storage and retrieval processes to be faster and more efficient. Therefore, this sistem provides a practical solution for automatic weather monitoring that is reliable, time-saving, and easy to use in various environmental conditions.

The franchise business model has experienced rapid growth in Indonesia, particularly in the food, beverage, and modern retail sectors, such as Indomaret. The franchise system provides efficient business expansion opportunities for franchisors and franchisees to participate in businesses that already have established operational standards and market reputations. However, behind this development, significant legal challenges have emerged, particularly related to the unequal position between franchisors and franchisees in franchise agreements. This study aims to analyze the forms of legal protection for franchisees by reviewing the principles of fairness, balance, and legal certainty in the implementation of franchise contracts. The approach used is a normative juridical method with a case study of the Indomaret franchise partnership, which is examined through an analysis of related laws and regulations, such as Government Regulation Number 42 of 2007 concerning Franchising and Regulation of the Minister of Trade Number 71 of 2019. The results of the study indicate that there is still asymmetry of power in contract drafting, weak legal literacy of franchisees, and a lack of government oversight of agreement implementation. Therefore, regulatory reform and strengthening of oversight mechanisms are needed to ensure that franchise relationships operate fairly, transparently, and sustainably

This study aims to analyze and determine the optimal production capacity at Sekar Arum MSMEs to achieve maximum profit using the Linear Programming (LP) graphical approach. The research employed a quantitative method with a descriptive approach. The data used included primary data from interviews and observations, and secondary data from production and raw material records. The analysis was conducted by formulating a mathematical LP model consisting of an objective function and constraint functions based on the limited resources available to the enterprise. Data processing was carried out using POM-QM for Windows version 5 with the graphical method to identify the optimal solution point. The results indicate that the optimal production combination is 2 kilograms of red ginger and 3 kilograms of tamarind turmeric, yielding a maximum profit of Rp4,600,000 per production cycle. The implementation of Linear Programming proved effective in assisting MSME owners in making efficient production decisions, thereby enhancing profitability and the sustainable use of resources.