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The policy of involving expatriates in the board of directors of State-Owned Enterprises (SOEs) has become a debated issue, particularly regarding its implications for corporate governance and national workforce interests. The main problem discussed in this article is how the policy of expatriate involvement in the board of directors of PT Garuda Indonesia is viewed from the perspective of Good Corporate Governance (GCG). This study aims to analyze the suitability of the policy with GCG principles and its implications for corporate governance and company performance. The research method used is a literature review by examining laws and regulations, academic journals, policy reports, and other relevant secondary sources. The analysis is conducted based on five main GCG principles, namely transparency, accountability, responsibility, independence, and fairness. The results show that the involvement of expatriates in the board of directors of PT Garuda Indonesia has the potential to strengthen corporate governance through the adoption of global managerial standards, improvement of institutional credibility, and acceleration of organizational transformation and efficiency. However, this policy also faces challenges, especially related to transparency in the selection process and the assurance of knowledge transfer to local human resources. It can be concluded that the expatriate involvement policy will provide optimal benefits if it is implemented consistently with GCG principles and accompanied by a strong commitment to strengthening local managerial capacity.

Global social inequality remains one of the fundamental challenges in the contemporary world economic system. The dominance of capitalist economic structures, which emphasize growth and capital accumulation, has proven effective in stimulating economic progress; however, it has simultaneously widened the gap between wealthy and disadvantaged groups at both national and global levels. Meanwhile, socialist economic systems that prioritize income equalization continue to face limitations related to efficiency and innovation. This article aims to examine the role of Islamic economics as an alternative economic framework capable of addressing the challenge of global social inequality. The study employs a qualitative descriptive approach through a literature review of classical and contemporary sources related to global economic systems. The findings indicate that Islamic economics offers a more balanced paradigm by integrating principles of distributive justice, ethical values, and social responsibility within economic activities. Instruments such as zakat, infaq, sadaqah, waqf, along with the prohibition of riba and other exploitative economic practices, serve as essential mechanisms for reducing social inequality. Therefore, Islamic economics holds significant potential as both a normative and practical solution for promoting sustainable global economic justice.

Intellectual Property Rights (IPR) are the result of human thought that have economic and social value and play a significant role in encouraging creativity, technological innovation, and sustainable national development. IPR protection not only aims to provide legal certainty for creators and rights holders, but also serves as a strategic instrument in strengthening the creative economy. However, low public awareness of the importance of IPR protection and the gap between legal norms and practices in the field result in frequent violations of intellectual works. This study uses a normative-juridical approach combined with a participatory-educational approach, in accordance with the characteristics of community service activities in the legal field. This approach aims to integrate normative legal analysis with legal education activities for the community, thereby producing both conceptual understanding and practical benefits. The results of the activities show a significant increase in public understanding of the relationship between constitutional principles and IPR protection in Indonesia. Through educational activities and legal dialogues, it was revealed that the integration between constitutional principles and the IPR legal system has not been optimal, not only due to limited regulations, but also weak public legal awareness and the application of substantive justice as mandated by the 1945 Constitution. These findings emphasize the importance of integrating constitutional values ​​in the IPR protection system.

Character building in early childhood plays a crucial role in shaping a generation that is well-mannered, disciplined, and accustomed to living a healthy lifestyle. One of the government’s initiatives in this effort is the national program 7 Habits of Great Indonesian Children, which includes the habits of waking up early, practicing worship, exercising, consuming nutritious food, enjoying learning, engaging in community life, and sleeping on time. This program is designed to instill positive values in children in a structured and continuous manner from an early age. The socialization activity carried out at TK Agropolitan, Bone Bolango Regency, aimed to help teachers and the community understand how to implement these seven habits in children’s daily routines. The activity began with initial observation, preparation of materials, and coordination with the school and village authorities, followed by the delivery of materials through panel presentations and discussions. The results show that applying these seven habits can strengthen children’s character development, particularly in independence, discipline, and social-emotional skills. However, implementation still faces several challenges, including limited parental support, insufficient facilities, and the negative impacts of technology. This socialization activity highlights the importance of collaboration among parents, teachers, and the surrounding community to ensure sustainable character development in children.

Pulmonary tuberculosis (TB) remains a major public health problem in Indonesia. Despite the implementation of national TB control programs through the Directly Observed Treatment Shortcourse (DOTS) strategy, treatment success continues to face significant challenges, particularly related to patient adherence to anti-tuberculosis drug (ATD) therapy. Non-adherence to TB treatment can lead to treatment failure, disease relapse, and the development of drug-resistant tuberculosis, thereby increasing the overall burden of the disease.Treatment adherence in TB patients is influenced not only by medical factors but also by social and behavioral determinants. Family support plays a crucial role in encouraging patients to comply with treatment regimens by providing motivation, reminding medication schedules, and offering emotional support throughout the long duration of therapy. Patients who receive adequate family support tend to demonstrate higher levels of treatment adherence compared to those with limited support.In addition, the use of herbal medicine as a preventive and supportive health measure is common among the Indonesian population. Herbal medicine is often utilized to enhance immune function, reduce medication side effects, and improve patient comfort during TB treatment. However, the use of herbal remedies without proper medical guidance may lead to misconceptions regarding standard TB therapy.Therefore, it is important to examine the relationship between family support and the use of herbal medicine as preventive measures with treatment adherence among pulmonary TB patients in primary healthcare settings. Such evidence is expected to support a comprehensive family medicine approach and strengthen TB control programs in primary care services.

The Indonesia–European Union Comprehensive Economic Partnership Agreement (IEU-CEPA) signed in September 2025 opens significant economic opportunities through the elimination of 98% of tariffs and broader access to the European Union market. However, the implementation of this agreement poses serious challenges for Micro, Small, and Medium Enterprises (MSMEs), which contribute 60% of GDP and absorb 97% of the national workforce. This research analyzes the readiness of Indonesian national law in supporting MSME participation in facing IEU-CEPA implementation using normative juridical methods with statutory and conceptual approaches. The research findings show that although IEU-CEPA offers 0% tariffs for 95% of Indonesian products, MSMEs face barriers in meeting European Union technical standards such as Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT), Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures (SPS), and European Union Deforestation Regulation (EUDR). National regulations such as Law Number 20 of 2008 and Government Regulation Number 7 of 2021 have not yet regulated mechanisms for assisting MSMEs in meeting international standards, traceability systems, and special legal protection. The research recommends comprehensive legal harmonization and reform strategies including regulatory revision, establishment of an IEU-CEPA Task Force for MSMEs, adequate budget allocation, capacity building programs, and strengthening legal protection mechanisms to ensure MSMEs optimally utilize IEU-CEPA opportunities.

Brebes Regency is one of the main national centers of shallot production in Indonesia, where agricultural land dynamics play a crucial role in sustaining production performance. Rapid infrastructure development and land-use change have raised concerns regarding the sustainability of shallot cultivation areas. This study aims to analyze spatial–temporal changes in shallot cultivated area and production in Brebes Regency during 2023–2024 and to examine the relationship between land area changes and production levels at the sub-district scale. A descriptive quantitative approach based on spatial analysis was employed using Geographic Information Systems (GIS). Spatial data consisted of administrative boundary maps, while non-spatial data included shallot cultivated area and production data obtained from the Brebes Regency Office of Agriculture and Food Security. Data integration and analysis were conducted using QGIS through attribute joining and inter-annual comparison. The results indicate that total shallot cultivated area increased from 26,331 ha in 2023 to 28,628 ha in 2024, accompanied by a significant rise in production from 289,942.05 tons to 409,106.90 tons. Spatial analysis reveals that major production centers remain concentrated in the central and northern sub-districts, particularly Wanasari, Larangan, Bulakamba, and Tanjung. Although a positive relationship between land expansion and production increase is evident, variations among sub-districts suggest that productivity and local conditions also play important roles. The findings highlight the effectiveness of GIS-based analysis in supporting spatially informed agricultural land management and policy formulation.

Social emotional development in early childhood is an important foundation for children's psychological and social functioning in later stages of development. This process is greatly influenced by the quality of interactions within the family environment, including the level and quality of the father's involvement in parenting. Although various studies show that fathers play a significant role in shaping children's emotional regulation, independence, and social competence, studies that systematically integrate the role of fathers within the framework of psychosocial and sociocultural development theory are still relatively limited. This study aims to critically analyze the role of fathers in shaping the emotions and socialization of early childhood based on the perspectives of Erik Erikson's psychosocial development theory and Lev Vygotsky's sociocultural theory. This study uses a qualitative approach with a Literature Study Review (LSR) method of reputable national and international journal articles, academic books, and scientific proceedings published in the period 2020–2025. The data were analyzed through thematic synthesis and conceptual analysis. The results of the study show that consistent, responsive, and supportive father involvement contributes significantly to the development of emotional regulation, self-confidence, social initiative, and adaptive social interaction skills in children. These findings confirm the relevance of Erikson and Vygotsky's theories and provide theoretical and practical implications for the development of family parenting patterns and early childhood education policies that encourage optimal father involvement.

The development of Islamic Religious Education in Banjar Land represents a long historical process marked by social, political, and religious transformations. Since the era of traditional da‘wah conducted by ulama through halaqah, surau-based instruction, and religious study circles (majelis taklim), the Islamic education system in this region has continuously evolved, eventually giving rise to formal educational institutions such as madrasahs and Islamic-based schools. This study aims to chronologically describe these historical dynamics, examine the factors influencing educational change, and analyze the roles of ulama, the Banjar Sultanate, and community institutions in the transformation of Islamic education. The research employs a qualitative method with a historical approach, involving the stages of heuristics, source criticism, interpretation, and historiography. Data were collected from scholarly literature, local manuscripts, and the works of Banjar ulama. The findings indicate that the transformation of Islamic education in Banjar Land, from the period of Islamization to the emergence of madrasahs and Islamic Religious Education in public schools, occurred through at least three major phases: (1) family- and community-based traditional da‘wah through langgar (prayer houses) and halaqah institutions; (2) the establishment of modern madrasahs in the twentieth century as a response to colonialism and modernity; and (3) the integration of Islamic education into the formal national education system in the post-independence era. This study affirms that Islamic education in Banjar Land possesses distinctive characteristics, is adaptive in nature, and is deeply rooted in local culture.

This article explores the relevance of Thomas Aquinas’ concept of bonum commune (the common good) in shaping a Christian leadership paradigm amid the global and national leadership crisis, particularly in Indonesia. The phenomena of corruption, abuse of power, and weak moral orientation indicate the absence of the common good as the guiding principle in contemporary political practices. Employing a qualitative library research method, this study analyzes Aquinas’ thought, the Scriptures, Catholic social teaching, and modern literature on theology and political philosophy. The findings reveal that bonum commune serves as a fundamental principle that integrates moral, spiritual, and social dimensions of leadership. Within the Christian perspective, the principles of service, justice, love, and participation find their philosophical and theological foundation, with Jesus Christ as the Good Shepherd as their ultimate model. This article emphasizes that Christian leadership rooted in bonum commune is not about domination but about servant leadership oriented toward the common good, social justice, and human dignity. A reinterpretation of Aquinas’ thought in the modern context highlights the need to understand bonum commune through dialogue, participation, and respect for pluralism. Therefore, Christian leadership in the light of bonum commune remains relevant as an alternative paradigm for building a more just, transparent, participatory, and humane society

This study aims to analyze the effectiveness of enforcement actions undertaken by the Business Competition Supervisory Commission (KPPU) in Indonesia in 2025 against various forms of unfair business practices. Using a juridical-normative approach combined with an analysis of recent market data, this article examines the KPPU’s strategic response to the challenges posed by the digital economy. The study focuses on the enforcement of competition law against cartel practices, algorithmic collusion, abuse of dominant positions, and anticompetitive vertical integration, particularly in the logistics and food sectors. The findings indicate that 2025 marks a significant turning point in Indonesian competition law enforcement, characterized by a shift toward more aggressive and data-driven supervision. Strengthening enforcement authority, particularly in the execution of fines, along with the adoption of algorithmic audits, has enhanced the KPPU’s ability to detect and deter anticompetitive behavior. These measures aim not only to preserve market efficiency and fair competition but also to ensure that national economic growth is not concentrated among a small number of dominant firms, thereby promoting more equitable opportunities for micro, small, and medium enterprises (MSMEs).

The phenomenon of unregistered marriages in Indonesia is a complex issue that continues to spark debate between religious legitimacy and legal validity under national law. From an Islamic legal perspective, marriage is considered valid if it meets the essential pillars and requirements, such as the presence of a guardian, two witnesses, a dowry, and the consent (ijab qabul) both the bride and groom. However, according Indonesian national law, specifically Law Number 1 of 1974 concerning Marriage and the Compilation of Islamic Law (KHI), every marriage must be officially registered to receive legal recognition and protection. This discrepancy between the two legal systems raises serious problems, particularly regarding the legal status of wives and children, inheritance rights, and legal protection for women in both the private and public spheres. This study aims analyze the issue of unregistered marriages in Indonesia from the perspectives of Islamic law and national law, and to identify the social and legal impacts unregistered marriages. The approach used is normative-juridical, by analyzing legislation, classical and contemporary Islamic legal literature, and empirical case studies in the community. Research findings indicate that although unregistered marriages are considered valid religiously, they lack legal force the eyes of the state, leading to unequal rights for women and children. This situation results in difficulties obtaining birth certificates, inheritance rights, and legal protection cases divorce or domestic violence. This research emphasizes the need for synchronization between Islamic and national legal systems through strengthening regulations and public education regarding the importance of marriage registration.

This study examines deep learning as an educational approach within the Indonesian education system by exploring its conceptual foundations, policy frameworks, and practical implementation. The background of the study arises from ongoing challenges in Indonesian classrooms, where teacher-centered instruction and surface learning practices remain dominant, limiting students’ critical thinking, engagement, and real-world application of knowledge. The study aims to analyze how deep learning, characterized by mindful, meaningful, and joyful learning, is conceptualized in educational theory, reflected in national education policies, and implemented in classroom practices. Using a qualitative literature review method, data were collected from peer-reviewed national and international journal articles, academic books, and research reports related to deep learning in education. The data were analyzed through thematic synthesis to identify patterns concerning implementation strategies, learning outcomes, and implementation challenges. The findings indicate that deep learning contributes positively to students’ cognitive development, motivation, engagement, and 21st-century skills, particularly critical thinking, collaboration, and creativity. However, its implementation in Indonesia faces several obstacles, including limited teacher competence, inadequate assessment systems, insufficient contextual learning materials, and unequal technological infrastructure. The study concludes that successful deep learning implementation requires integrated policy support, continuous teacher professional development, contextualized curriculum design, and equitable access to learning resources. These findings provide practical implications for educators, curriculum developers, and policymakers in strengthening sustainable and humanistic education in Indonesia.

This study examines the legal provisions regarding interfaith marriage in Indonesia from the perspective of Islamic law and national law. The focus lies on the differences and points of convergence between the two legal systems in assessing the validity of marriages conducted between couples of different religions. This research employs a library research method with a normative-comparative approach, analyzing primary sources such as the Qur’an, Hadith, the Compilation of Islamic Law (KHI), Law Number 1 of 1974 on Marriage, as well as relevant court decisions. The results show that Islamic law explicitly prohibits interfaith marriage, particularly between a Muslim woman and a non-Muslim man, as it contradicts the principles of faith and the objectives of marriage in Islam. Meanwhile, national law through Law Number 1 of 1974 stipulates that a marriage is valid only if conducted according to the laws of each religion and belief, which implicitly rejects the legality of interfaith marriage. In practice, however, some individuals seek legal loopholes through human rights interpretations or by registering their marriages abroad. Therefore, both Islamic and national law share the same goal: to preserve the sanctity of marriage and maintain social harmony based on the divine values upheld by the Indonesian nation.

Educational inequality persists across ASEAN despite improvements in enrollment and literacy, reflecting structural rather than merely access-related challenges. This study examines how governance structures, financing mechanisms, institutional capacity, and socio-economic stratification interact to produce disparities in educational access, participation, and progression. Using a qualitative-dominant mixed-methods design with cross-national comparative policy analysis, the research integrates macro-level quantitative indicators with in-depth qualitative evaluation of policy frameworks across ASEAN member states. Findings reveal that while primary enrollment approaches universality, secondary and tertiary education exhibit pronounced attrition, particularly among rural, low-income, and minority populations. Centralized governance, equitable public financing, and targeted support correlate with higher retention and reduced disparities, as evidenced in high-performing systems such as Singapore, whereas decentralized or under-resourced systems exacerbate structural inequities. Moreover, digital access and institutional capacity emerge as critical factors influencing educational trajectories. The study underscores that addressing inequality requires systemic reforms integrating governance coordination, progressive financing, institutional strengthening, and equity-focused interventions. By foregrounding structural determinants and cross-national variation, this research contributes to theoretical and policy debates on educational equity, providing evidence-based guidance for ASEAN strategies aimed at achieving inclusive, high-quality education across diverse socio-economic and geographic contexts.

Family disputes over inheritance are a common social and legal issue in Indonesian society, often leading to long-term conflicts and even legal battles. This situation is influenced by the complex legal system of inheritance in Indonesia, which is pluralistic and includes Western civil law, Islamic law, and customary law. It is further complicated by social, cultural, economic, and psychological factors among the heirs. This study aims to analyze the causes of family disputes in inheritance distribution and examine the role of law in providing certainty, fairness, and benefits for all parties involved. The research method used is normative legal research with a jurisprudential approach, through the study of relevant legal regulations, legal doctrines, and court decisions. The findings show that inheritance disputes are generally caused by unfair distribution of assets, differing interpretations of law, conflicts between customary law, religious law, and national law, as well as poor communication and lack of transparency within the family. Therefore, resolving inheritance disputes requires not only the enforcement of law in a normative manner, but also non-litigious approaches such as mediation, family consultation, and increased legal awareness to maintain family harmony and legal certainty.  

The development of national character is a strategic agenda in addressing moral, social, and cultural challenges in the era of globalization. Strengthening fundamental values derived from Islamic teachings is considered an important solution, particularly the values of obedience to Allah SWT, the spirit of competing in goodness (fastabiqul khairat), and work ethic. These three values play a crucial role in shaping individuals who are faithful, possess noble character, are responsible, and have high competitiveness. However, the reinforcement of these values in the practice of Islamic Religious Education (PAI) at the elementary, junior high, and senior high school levels has not yet been optimally and systematically integrated. Therefore, this article aims to analyze the concepts, urgency, and strategies for integrating the values of obedience, competition in goodness, and work ethic into PAI learning. The research method employed is a literature study using a qualitative-descriptive approach through the analysis of scientific literature, curriculum documents, and relevant concepts of Islamic education. The findings indicate that the value of obedience serves as a spiritual and moral foundation for students, the value of fastabiqul khairat encourages active, collaborative attitudes oriented toward positive contributions, while work ethic strengthens discipline, responsibility, and productivity. The integration of these three values can be implemented through the development of teaching materials, the application of contextual learning methods, educators’ role modeling, and the cultivation of a religious school culture. The implications of this study affirm that integrating these values into PAI significantly contributes to the formation of a young generation with integrity and readiness to build a dignified nation.

The handling of children involved in narcotics crimes requires a restorative approach focused on rehabilitation rather than punishment. This study aims to examine the role of police investigators in applying restorative justice to child offenders in narcotics cases and to identify the obstacles encountered in its implementation. This research employs a normative legal research method with statutory and conceptual approaches. Primary legal materials include Law Number 11 of 2012 on the Juvenile Criminal Justice System, Law Number 35 of 2009 on Narcotics, and Chief of Police Regulation Number 8 of 2021. The findings show that investigators play a strategic role in facilitating diversion, including conducting initial assessments, facilitating diversion deliberations, and coordinating with supporting institutions such as the Correctional Center (Bapas), National Narcotics Agency (BNN), and Social Services. However, implementation remains suboptimal due to internal constraints, including inadequate training and understanding among investigators, limited facilities such as child-friendly rooms and mediation spaces, regulatory disharmony between the Juvenile Criminal Justice System Law and the Narcotics Law, weak inter-agency coordination, and lack of support from families and communities. Post-diversion monitoring is also ineffective. This study concludes that strengthening investigator capacity through specialized training, improving legal frameworks through regulatory harmonization, and enhancing inter-agency collaboration are essential to ensure restorative justice truly serves the best interests of children.

This research examines the effectiveness of narcotics crime investigation by the Narcotics Investigation Unit (Satuan Reserse Narkoba) from the perspective of Indonesia's Criminal Procedure Code (KUHAP) and related legislation. The study also analyzes the juridical-normative obstacles encountered during investigation processes, along with potential solutions under Indonesian positive law. As an extraordinary crime, narcotics offenses require precise and legally sound investigation methods. However, investigative practices often face challenges due to inconsistencies between legal norms and field implementation, limited resources, and the absence of clear regulations on special investigative techniques such as wiretapping and controlled delivery. This normative legal research employs statutory and conceptual approaches, analyzing primary legal materials including Law Number 8 of 1981 (KUHAP), Law Number 35 of 2009 on Narcotics, and various implementing regulations. The findings indicate that narcotics investigations are not yet optimal due to weak technical regulations, disharmonized laws between KUHAP and the Narcotics Law, overlapping authority between the Police and the National Narcotics Agency (BNN), and a lack of protection for whistleblowers and witnesses. The legal gap in regulating special investigation methods creates uncertainty in evidence admissibility. Proposed solutions include regulatory reform through KUHAP revision, improving investigator competence through specialized training, utilizing modern technology, strengthening inter-agency coordination, and enhancing internal and external oversight mechanisms. Legal reform and institutional synergy are essential to enhancing the overall effectiveness of narcotics investigations in Indonesia.

Having a child with an intellectual disability requires parents to face greater challenges in parenting, encompassing not only physical needs but also emotional and social aspects. This study aims to explore the resilience of parents of children with intellectual disabilities and the factors that influence it. Parental resilience encompasses the ability to survive, adapt, and thrive despite facing high levels of psychological stress. This study used a narrative literature review method, reviewing 11 international and national journal articles published between 2015 and 2025. The results indicate that psychological stress, such as anxiety, stress, and frustration, is often experienced by parents, but high resilience can mitigate the negative impact of this stress. Factors influencing resilience include the individual characteristics of parents, the characteristics of children with intellectual disabilities, and social and environmental support. Good resilience not only supports child development but also the well-being of parents. Based on these findings, this study suggests the importance of social support and the formation of a community of parents to share experiences and provide emotional support.