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Mission constitutes a fundamental dimension of the Catholic Church’s identity, intrinsically linked to the divine mandate to participate in God’s work of salvation in the world. Within this framework, the consecrated life of the Congregation of the Missionary Sisters Servants of the Holy Spirit (SSpS) embodies a distinctive expression of Trinitarian spirituality and a prophetic missionary vocation. In the context of Timor Island, this charism is concretely manifested through ministries that directly engage with the realities of local communities. This study adopts a qualitative methodology with a literature review approach, drawing on theological sources, congregational spirituality, and the SSpS Constitution to explore the theological and practical dimensions of the sisters’ mission. The research aims to analyze how the life and apostolate of the SSpS Sisters serve as a tangible witness to the presence of the Triune God, particularly through works in education, healthcare, social services, and pastoral ministry. The findings indicate that the sisters’ mission is deeply rooted in a faith experience centered on the Most Holy Trinity, which shapes their incarnational and intercultural approach to ministry. Their service reflects a prophetic commitment to empowering marginalized communities, promoting human dignity, and fostering social transformation. Furthermore, the integration of religious vows with active engagement in societal issues illustrates a spirituality that bridges contemplation and action, grounded in both fidelity to the Gospel and responsiveness to contextual needs. In conclusion, the consecrated life of the SSpS Sisters on Timor Island stands as a visible and dynamic sign of God’s salvific and prophetic presence. Through their holistic and transformative ministries, they contribute significantly to the mission of the Church and the common good of society, embodying a vision of the “civilization of love” rooted in Trinitarian communion and expressed in concrete service to humanity.

This study aims to utilize data mining techniques, specifically the K-Nearest Neighbors (KNN) algorithm, to classify leaf diseases in sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum). Early and accurate detection of leaf disease types is a crucial step in prevention and control strategies, thereby reducing potential crop losses caused by pathogen attacks. Leaf diseases in sugarcane, such as leaf scald, rust, and mosaic virus, are known to affect photosynthesis, inhibit growth, and reduce the quality and quantity of sugarcane produced. The classification process in this study was carried out through image analysis of infected sugarcane leaves, where features such as color, texture, and shape were extracted using digital image processing techniques. The KNN algorithm was chosen because of its non-parametric nature, ease of implementation, and its ability to provide accurate classification results even with limited data size. The working principle of KNN is to determine the class of a new sample based on the majority class of its k nearest neighbors in the feature space, making it very suitable for the case of leaf disease image classification. In addition to building a classification model, this study also examines disease prevention strategies based on the identification results. These strategies include the use of disease-resistant sugarcane varieties, the implementation of appropriate planting patterns, land moisture management, regular plantation sanitation, and the measured and environmentally friendly use of pesticides or fungicides. Model performance evaluation was conducted using accuracy, precision, recall, and F1-score metrics to assess model effectiveness across various data scenarios. The results of this study are expected to not only contribute to the development of decision support systems for farmers and related parties but also support the application of artificial intelligence-based technology in the agricultural sector.

This study aims to examine in depth the role of Islamic Religious Education (PAI) in shaping the character and ethics of students at Madrasah Aliyah Al-Hikmah, Ciruas, Serang, Banten. Amidst the challenges of globalization and modernization that bring changes in values and behavior, PAI plays a strategic role in instilling moral, spiritual, and social values in students. Religious education not only teaches religious knowledge but also shapes attitudes, behaviors, and mindsets in accordance with Islamic teachings, enabling students to cope with diverse environmental influences. This study uses a qualitative descriptive approach with data collection techniques through observation, in-depth interviews, and documentation studies. Research informants consisted of PAI teachers, students, the principal, and homeroom teachers, thus obtaining a comprehensive picture of the implementation of PAI at the madrasah. The results show that PAI makes a significant contribution to the formation of student character, particularly in aspects of religiosity, discipline, responsibility, honesty, tolerance, and courtesy. Learning strategies used include habituating worship, teacher role models, enforcing school rules, and integrating Islamic values into all subjects. Additionally, extracurricular activities such as religious study groups, Islamic holiday commemorations, and Quran memorization programs are also effective tools for strengthening students' character. However, this study also identified several challenges, including low parental involvement in children's character development, negative environmental influences, and limited variety of learning methods. Therefore, synergy between madrasahs, families, and the community is needed to create an educational ecosystem that supports comprehensive and sustainable character development. Through this collaboration, Islamic Religious Education (PAI) is expected to provide a strong foundation for creating a generation with noble character and competitiveness in the modern era.

This study explains the POLITICAL COMMUNICATION STRATEGY OF THE CHRISTIAN WIDODO – SERENA FRANCIS PAIR IN THE MAYORAL ELECTION OF KUPANG IN THE 2024 REGIONAL ELECTION. This study aims to determine the political strategy of the Christian Widodo – Serena Francis pair to win the 2024 regional election in Maulafa sub-district. The approach in this study is Qualitative. The results of the study show that the candidate pair for Mayor and Deputy Mayor of Kupang, dr. Christian Widodo and Serena Francis (CS'an), led the vote count in the 2024-2029 Kupang City Regional Head Election (Pilkada). Based on the provisional results of the C1 Plano tabulation recapitulation conducted by the CS-an Center, which was collected from 552 Polling Stations (TPS), this pair won 36.29% of the vote or 68,853 votes, significantly ahead of their closest competitor, Jefri-Adinda, who won 26.4% of the vote or 50,192 votes. CS'an dominated in five of the six sub-districts in Kupang City, namely Kota Lama, Kelapa Lima, Maulafa, and Oebobo. It can be concluded that Christian Widodo and Serena Francis' political strategies show consistency in building narratives that are relevant to the needs of the community, especially in the areas of local economic empowerment and public service reform. They optimize social media and digital communication to reach young voters, strengthen public engagement, and shape their image as adaptive and modern leaders. Both build strategic coalitions with civil society groups and youth organizations that expand their electoral reach, especially in urban and semi-urban areas. Serena Francis specifically raises the issue of women's representation and political inclusivity, which has succeeded in attracting the attention of women and marginalized groups.

Public communication plays a crucial role in delivering targeted transportation information and building a positive image of government institutions in the eyes of the public. One concrete implementation of effective public communication is the Edutrip program, an educational initiative from Surakarta's Tirtonadi Terminal designed to improve public transportation literacy, particularly among students and teachers. This program is not merely an educational visit, but also a strategic tool for Tirtonadi Terminal Public Relations to introduce the terminal's function as a modern and integrated transportation service center. This study aims to analyze the public communication strategies implemented by Tirtonadi Terminal Public Relations in implementing Edutrip, with a primary focus on their interactions with students and teachers as participants. Using a qualitative descriptive approach, the results show that Tirtonadi Terminal Public Relations predominantly applies the Public Information model from Grunig and Hunt (1984), namely by conveying one-way information that is educational and factual. However, in practice, elements of the Two-Way Symmetrical model were also found, particularly through question and answer sessions, discussions, and gathering feedback from participants which were then used as evaluation material for future program improvements. In contrast, the Press Agentry and Two-Way Asymmetrical models did not appear dominant, given that the approach used did not focus on excessive promotion or information manipulation, but rather on objective and dialogical education. This adaptive and responsive communication strategy not only increased participants' understanding of public transportation but also helped shape the positive image of Tirtonadi Terminal as a transparent, professional, and educational public institution. These findings emphasize the importance of selecting an appropriate and contextual communication model in building constructive relationships between public institutions and the community.

Andaliman fruit (Zanthoxylum acanthopodium) is a typical spice from North Sumatra with a unique, spicy flavor and is widely used in traditional Batak cuisine. Although this fruit is known for its natural antimicrobial compounds, which have the potential to prevent the growth of pathogenic microorganisms, andaliman fruit is still at risk of contamination by various microorganisms during post-harvest handling and unhygienic storage. This study aims to assess the potential presence of microbes in andaliman fruit, as well as review methods for isolating and identifying existing microorganisms. Based on a literature review, several microorganisms frequently found in fruits include bacteria from the genera Bacillus, Pseudomonas, and Escherichia, as well as molds from the genera Aspergillus and Penicillium. In the process of microbial isolation, multilevel dilution techniques and cultivation on spectrum media are common methods used. Meanwhile, microbial identification can be carried out through morphological techniques by observing the shape and color of colonies, biochemical tests to examine the characteristics of microbial metabolism, and molecular techniques such as PCR to detect specific microbial DNA. A microbiological understanding of andaliman fruit is crucial to ensure food safety, especially in traditional culinary processing that uses this fruit as a spice. Therefore, efforts are needed to raise awareness of the importance of proper post-harvest handling and storage to minimize the potential for microbial contamination and ensure the quality and safety of andaliman fruit used in cooking. Furthermore, it is crucial to develop effective processing methods to reduce the risk of microbial contamination in andaliman fruit, such as washing or heating before use in cooking. The use of modern processing technologies, such as natural preservatives or processing techniques that can maintain its quality and safety, is also crucial.

Voter education is an important instrument in realizing a quality and sustainable democracy. Through the process of voter education socialization, it is hoped that the public can understand in depth their rights and obligations in the implementation of elections, as well as encourage active and responsible participation in the democratic process. Citizen participation in democratic social life must be based on adequate knowledge, critical reflection, and awareness of the rights and responsibilities as voters. A good understanding of the effectiveness of voter education socialization can shape a critical, rational, and independent attitude in exercising the right to vote, thereby strengthening the foundations of a clean and integrity-based democracy. This community service was carried out in the Selogiri District, Wonogiri Regency, with the aim of providing political education to the public regarding the importance of participation in the 2024 simultaneous regional head elections. Through a Participatory Action Research (PAR) approach, the community was actively involved as subjects in the activity process, not just as objects receiving information. Community service activities are carried out by integrating outreach into various village events, aimed at attracting residents to attend, interact, and directly discuss local political issues and forms of participation in the regional elections. Through these activities, it is hoped that the community will have a more comprehensive understanding of the importance of their role in determining the direction of regional policy through the regional elections. This education is also expected to raise awareness to vote based on conscience, without intervention or negative influences such as money politics, which has been a major challenge in every election at both the central and regional levels.

This community service activity aims to improve the competence of TPQ (Al-Qur'an Education Park) and MDT (Madrasah Diniyah Takmiliyah) teachers throughout Padang City in teaching the Qur'an effectively. The background to this activity is the fact that many TPQ and MDT teachers have not received adequate pedagogical training. As a result, the Qur'an learning they conduct tends to be monotonous and less interesting for children, thus reducing students' interest and understanding of the Qur'an. This training was conducted over two days with a participatory approach involving 100 participants from various TPQ and MDT institutions in Padang City. The material presented in the training included active learning methods that can activate student participation in class, the use of simple, easy-to-implement teaching media, and Islamic character building strategies that aim to shape noble morals in students. The training results showed a significant increase in the participants' teaching knowledge and skills, where they better understand more interesting and interactive teaching methods. In addition, participants' motivation to continue improving the quality of their teaching also increased. One of the important achievements of this training was the formation of a network among TPQ and MDT teachers that can serve as a forum for sharing good practices in teaching the Quran, so that teachers can learn from each other and improve the quality of their teaching together. The conclusion of this activity is that training designed with the right approach can have a real impact on improving the quality of Quran teaching in TPQ and MDT. Therefore, this activity provides recommendations to TPQ-MDT managers, the community, and the government to continue supporting the development of teacher competencies on an ongoing basis. In addition, it is recommended that further research further examine the impact of learning on student development in terms of knowledge and character.

This study aims to understand how Islamic values are represented in the television program Cahaya Tauhid, broadcast on MNCTV. This program, a religious program, aims to convey moral messages and Islamic teachings through stories related to everyday life. A qualitative approach with a constructivist paradigm was used to explore the representation of Islamic values in this program as a result of social construction influenced by media ideology, the interests involved, and audience responses. Data collected came from non-participant observation of 27 episodes of Cahaya Tauhid broadcast on the MNCTV YouTube Channel. The results show that this program contains Islamic messages that cover five main dimensions: aqidah (faith), worship, morals, social and muamalah (social behavior), and Ramadan spirituality. The most dominant Islamic values in this program are tauhid (monotheism), worship, morals, social and humanitarian, and tazkiyatun nafs (purification of the soul). The values of worship and tauhid, in particular, appear consistently in almost every episode and are the main focus of this program. These messages are delivered in a simple yet meaningful manner, making them easily understood by the audience. This program successfully represents Islamic teachings in the context of everyday life and shapes the audience's perspective on Islam. Thus, Cahaya Tauhid can be considered an example of an effective television da'wah program in building Islamic understanding through mass media, while also serving as a means of education and dissemination of Islamic values. Furthermore, this study also found that Cahaya Tauhid uses a narrative approach that combines Islamic values with real-life stories, making it more relevant and engaging for the audience. Thus, Cahaya Tauhid can be considered an example of an effective television da'wah program in building Islamic understanding through mass media, while also serving as a means of education and dissemination of Islamic values.

Traditional bamboo shoot fermentation is a hereditary practice still preserved by the people of Panti Village, Pasaman Regency. This process not only serves as a natural preservation method but also makes an important contribution to the formation of distinctive flavors and increases the nutritional value of bamboo shoots. One key aspect of this fermentation process is the activity of microorganisms, particularly lactic acid bacteria, which play a role in the production of metabolites such as lactic acid, which functions as a natural preservative, inhibits the growth of pathogenic microbes, and contributes to the distinctive flavor and aroma of fermentation. The main objective of this study was to isolate and identify the types of lactic acid bacteria found in traditionally fermented bamboo shoots. Fermented bamboo shoot samples were taken from several local production houses in Panti Village. The microbial isolation process was carried out using selective media MRS (de Man, Rogosa, and Sharpe) agar, which is commonly used for the growth of lactic acid bacteria. The obtained isolates were then analyzed through colony morphology observation, Gram staining, and microscopic tests to determine initial characteristics. Further identification was carried out through a series of biochemical tests to determine the genus and species of the bacteria. The results of the study showed the presence of several Gram-positive, rod-shaped bacterial isolates that are strongly suspected to belong to the lactic acid bacteria group, such as Lactobacillus plantarum. This bacterium is known to have probiotic potential and functional benefits in fermented food products. These findings indicate that traditional fermented bamboo shoots can be a potential source of functional bacterial isolates that are beneficial for the food industry, particularly in the development of probiotic products, natural preservatives, and food additives based on local fermentation. This study emphasizes the importance of preserving local wisdom in food fermentation practices as a foundation for sustainable, culturally aware food technology innovation and supporting food security based on local resources.

Honesty (ṣidq) is a core value in Islamic teachings that not only shapes individual behavior but also plays a vital role in establishing a just, trustworthy, and moral society. In various authentic hadiths, the Prophet Muhammad ﷺ emphasized that honesty leads to righteousness (al-birr), and righteousness leads to Paradise. Conversely, lying leads to wickedness and Hell, and is one of the signs of hypocrisy. This study aims to explore the significance of honesty in Islam based on the Prophet’s hadiths and the explanations of classical scholars. The research method used is qualitative with a library research approach. Primary data sources include authentic hadith compilations such as Sahih al-Bukhari and Sahih Muslim, while secondary data are drawn from relevant scholarly literature. The analysis applies a thematic approach by grouping hadiths on honesty into sub-themes and interpreting their contexts and meanings. The findings show that honesty must be cultivated continuously, is a sign of true faith, and a condition for attaining divine blessings in all aspects of life, including economic transactions (mu‘āmalāt). Scholars such as Imam al-Nawawī, Ibn Rajab, and Ibn Ḥajar unanimously affirm that honesty is the root of all virtue and a source of spiritual light. Thus, honesty in Islam is not merely a social ethic but a spiritual path to divine pleasure and salvation in both this world and the hereafter. The analysis follows a thematic approach, categorizing the hadiths related to honesty into sub-themes and interpreting their contexts and deeper meanings. The findings emphasize that honesty is an essential part of true faith, continuously cultivated by believers, and a necessary condition for receiving divine blessings in all areas of life, including economic transactions (mu‘āmalāt). Scholars like Imam al-Nawawī, Ibn Rajab, and Ibn Ḥajar unanimously assert that honesty is the foundation of all virtues and a source of spiritual enlightenment. Therefore, in Islam, honesty is more than just a social ethic; it is a spiritual path that leads to divine pleasure and salvation in this life and the hereafter. This study underscores the central role of honesty in both personal morality and broader social harmony within Islamic teachings.

This study aims to design and evaluate lipstick preparations by utilizing solid paraffin as the base ingredient and lanolin as an emollient and stabilizer. Solid paraffin was chosen because of its dense properties at room temperature and having the ability to form a stable lipstick structure. In addition, paraffin can provide a smooth, durable surface, and provide good smearing power. On the other hand, lanolin is known as a natural emollient ingredient that functions to moisturize and protect the lips from dryness. Lanolin also has water-retaining properties (occlusive) so that lip moisture is maintained even if the lipstick is used for a long time. The process of making lipstick is carried out by the melting method using indirect heating to maintain the stability of the material and prevent color and aroma degradation. All materials are accurately weighed, then put into beaker glass and heated over three legs using a Bunsen lamp. During heating, the ingredients are gently stirred so that all the components, including solid paraffin and lanolin, melt and mix homogeneously. Once the mixture reaches the desired consistency, the formula is poured into the lipstick mold and allowed to set at room temperature until ready for use. The results of the evaluation test showed that the combination of solid paraffin and lanolin was able to create lipstick with an optimal solid texture, even color, not easy to crack, and had a smooth application power on the surface of the lips. Lanolin plays a big role in providing a soft, moisturizing effect and adding a natural shine to the lips. Meanwhile, solid paraffin helps maintain the shape of the lipstick so that it doesn't break easily when applied. This study also highlights the importance of comparing the composition of ingredients to produce lipsticks that have a stable melting point, good application power, and appropriate adhesion.  

This study aimed to isolate and culture bacteria from well water samples as a first step in identifying microorganisms found in domestic water environments. Well water was chosen because it is one of the main water sources for communities, especially in rural areas, but is highly susceptible to contamination due to human activities such as household waste, agricultural waste, and poor sanitation systems. The isolation process was carried out using the pour plate and scratch plate methods using Nutrient Agar (NA) and MacConkey Agar (MAC) media, which function to detect various types of bacteria, both pathogenic and non-pathogenic, including gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. Samples were incubated at 37°C for 24–48 hours to allow colony growth. After the incubation period, the growing colonies were observed morphologically based on the color, shape, and edge of the colonies. Next, the colonies were cultured to obtain pure cultures for further analysis. Preliminary results showed a diversity of colony shapes indicating the presence of several bacterial species, such as Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas sp., and possibly Enterobacter sp., which are indicators of air quality and the level of fecal contamination. This study provides a preliminary overview of the microbiological status of well water and the importance of regular testing of domestic water sources. Early identification through isolation and culture is crucial for mitigating public health risks and providing a basis for any necessary air treatment or sanitation interventions. Therefore, the results of this study are expected to serve as a reference for the community and government in sustainably maintaining the quality and safety of well water. The recommended next step is to conduct antibiotic resistance testing to determine the potential hazards of the identified pathogenic bacteria.

This service activity aims to improve the digital literacy of students and teachers through training in making interactive teaching materials based on the Thunkable application. The activity was carried out in Malibela Complex, Klawalu Village, Sorong City, Southwest Papua Province, with a participatory and hands-on approach. The training was carried out in three stages, namely introduction to the concept of mobile learning and Thunkable application, assistance in the practice of making digital teaching materials, as well as presentation of results and evaluation. The results showed that all participants, both students and teachers, were able to understand and implement the main features of Thunkable, and successfully create prototypes of interactive teaching materials, such as local history applications, junior high school quizzes, and Indonesian teaching materials. In addition to improving technology skills, this activity also encouraged creativity, collaboration and confidence in utilizing digital media for learning. Technical challenges such as limited devices and internet networks were successfully overcome through cooperation between participants. This program proves that no-code-based technology training such as Thunkable can be an effective strategy to encourage digital education transformation, especially in areas with limited access to technology. This program is recommended to be replicated in similar contexts to expand the impact and shape a more adaptive and inclusive learning ecosystem.

Kue buayo berendam is a traditional food from Jambi that is unique in terms of ingredients, taste, and processing method. This food is made from glutinous rice flour and coconut milk, which gives it a chewy texture and a savory and sweet taste. With the increasing interest in functional foods that are not only delicious but also beneficial for health, kue buayo berendam has the potential for further study, especially in terms of its microbial content. One interesting aspect to study is the presence of lactic acid bacteria (LAB), especially from the genus Lactobacillus, which is known to have probiotic benefits. This study aims to identify the presence of Lactobacillus spp. in kue buayo berendam to determine the probiotic potential of this traditional food. The methodology used in the study included bacterial isolation from cake samples, observation of colony morphology, Gram staining to determine the type of bacterial cell wall, and a series of biochemical tests to identify the characteristics of the bacteria found. From the results of isolation and identification, it was found that most of the bacteria successfully cultured were Lactobacillus spp., which are Gram-positive and rod-shaped bacteria. The presence of Lactobacillus spp. The results of the research on kue buayo berendam (soaked crocodile cake) indicate that this food not only has cultural and flavor value but also has the potential to be a source of natural probiotics. Probiotics are known to play a role in maintaining digestive health, boosting the immune system, and balancing the gut microbiota. Therefore, kue buayo berendam (soaked crocodile cake) can be further developed as a traditional functional food that supports public health. These findings open up opportunities to enhance the nutritional and health value of local fermented foods, while preserving regional culinary heritage in more innovative and value-added forms.  

This study aims to investigate the role of Pancasila and Islamic Religious Education (PAI) as a foundation for cultivating a legal culture within Indonesian society through the lens of Islamic Sociological Jurisprudence Theory. The motivation for this research arises from the low levels of legal awareness and compliance, which reveal a gap between existing legal norms and the social behaviors of the populace. The research employs a qualitative method with both conceptual and sociological approaches, which examines the fusion of Pancasila values and Islamic teachings in fostering internal and collective legal awareness. The findings indicate that Pancasila, as the foundational state philosophy, holds normative values that align with the principles of Islamic teachings in PAI, particularly in promoting social ethics and legal responsibility. Within the framework of Islamic Sociological Jurisprudence Theory, law is perceived not only as normative rules but also as a sociocultural phenomenon shaped by religious values and traditions. This integration can lead to a deeper legal consciousness, thereby encouraging compliance with the law that stems not from coercion but from the moral and religious awareness of the community. Hence, the collaboration between Pancasila, PAI, and the sociological approach of Islam proves to be an effective strategy for establishing a lasting legal culture in Indonesia.

This research focuses on the development of an Android-based vegetable detection application by utilizing digital image processing technology and data communication through Application Programming Interface (API). This application is designed to make it easier for users to visually recognize different types of vegetables using the device's camera. The detection process is carried out by sending the image to a cloud server, where the image analysis process is carried out to identify the type of vegetable, displaying its name, characteristics, and benefits. The app's implementation includes an intuitive and user-friendly user interface, with key features such as login, registration, and an interactive dashboard. The dashboard displays user information, location, ambient temperature, vegetable detection history, and direct access to the camera for real-time detection processes. The utilization of cloud computing technology not only keeps application performance lightweight and responsive, but also enables high processing efficiency and data scalability. This allows the application to continue to evolve according to the increasing number of users and incoming data. Image processing is done with machine learning algorithms that are trained to recognize the shape, color, and texture of different types of local vegetables. In addition, this system is also equipped with a periodic data update feature to be able to adjust to the development of new vegetable classifications. The test results show that the app is able to recognize different types of vegetables with a high level of accuracy, as well as provide additional relevant information quickly and accurately. Tests are carried out on a variety of lighting and background conditions to ensure the reliability of the system. The success of the development of this application reflects the integration of modern technology in supporting the digital agriculture sector.

A conductor, as a material that allows the easy flow of electric charge, plays a crucial role in various electrical and electronic applications. Understanding how elementary charges, particularly electrons, configure and move within a conductor, especially one with a square shape, is essential for analyzing and designing efficient electrical devices. This article discusses the configuration of elementary charges in a square conductor through simulations using a mechanics and electrodynamics approach, focusing on the interactions between charges to achieve a stable configuration. The simulation is conducted by placing charges randomly around the square conductor. The electro-dynamic interactions between charges cause them to arrange themselves in the most stable positions, where each charge interacts to minimize the system's energy. Although a stable configuration is achieved, fluctuations in the total system energy are still observed, approximately 1.33×10⁻³⁵ Joules. These fluctuations indicate that, despite stability, the system continues to experience dynamics that affect the overall energy. Particles at the corners of the conductor move faster than those on other sides, contributing significantly to the measured energy fluctuations. This charge configuration forms an electric field profile in the shape of a square, with the field being concentric, moving from the inside out of the conductor. This indicates that the electric field distribution is more concentrated inside and gradually decreases toward the outside. Furthermore, the distribution of particles on each side of the conductor is not uniform. There are deviations up to 4% from the expected distribution, and these fluctuations occur within a range of ±1 particle. This phenomenon provides deeper insights into the behavior of charges in a square conductor. Understanding this is important for designing electrical and electronic systems. Although the conductor reaches stability, the energy fluctuations that occur still play a role in optimizing electronic devices. The approach combining mechanics and electrodynamics is very useful for understanding the interactions between charges and electric fields, which can be applied to modern electrical technology.  

This study aims to analyze the correlation between learning models and student achievement at SMA Negeri 1 Kuala by applying the Apriori algorithm in data mining, using Rapid Miner software as the primary tool for analysis. The research is motivated by the shift in educational approaches from conventional teacher-centered methods toward more innovative strategies such as project-based learning and cooperative learning, which are expected to foster higher levels of student engagement and improve academic outcomes. In many schools, particularly at the secondary level, the choice of learning model, availability of facilities, and attendance rates are crucial factors that shape learning effectiveness and student performance. The data collected in this study include student grades, the types of learning models implemented, school facility conditions, and attendance rates for the 2023/2024 academic year, covering a total of 680 students. The Apriori algorithm was employed to discover hidden patterns and associations among these variables, enabling the identification of relationships between learning factors and academic achievement. By applying Rapid Miner software, the research systematically generated association rules that reflect meaningful correlations in the dataset. The results indicated that the use of the Indonesian language subject in combination with a cooperative learning model, adequate and complete school facilities, and good student attendance was strongly associated with the attainment of an A grade. This finding was supported by a support level of 53.33% and a confidence level of 100%, suggesting a robust and reliable relationship between these factors. The implementation of data mining techniques through Rapid Miner not only allowed for efficient data processing but also provided practical recommendations for educators and school administrators in designing effective instructional strategies.

This study investigates the implementation of the discovery learning model to enhance the learning independence of Grade V students in the IPAS subject at MIS Nurul Yaqin. The problem arises from limited learning facilities, which reduce opportunities for activities that stimulate creativity, as well as students’ limited ability to recognize and describe shapes and colors in detail. This Classroom Action Research applied the Kemmis and McTaggart model with Grade V students as the research subjects. Data were collected through observation, questionnaires, interviews, and documentation, and analyzed descriptively in both quantitative and qualitative forms. The results show that Discovery Learning effectively improved students’ independence in learning. Through its exploratory approach, students actively engaged in questioning, observing, experimenting, and drawing conclusions in meaningful activities. Improvements were noted in self-confidence, task discipline, initiative in managing learning, motivation to understand material, and responsibility for outcomes. Active participation at each stage—from problem formulation to reflection—enhanced mastery of the properties of light and their applications, while also fostering critical, creative, and responsible learning behavior. Furthermore, the study found that the implementation of Discovery Learning encouraged collaborative interaction among students, allowing them to share ideas, test hypotheses, and provide peer feedback. This created a more student-centered learning atmosphere, shifting the focus from teacher instruction to student exploration. Quantitative results showed that student independence increased significantly, with success rates rising from 47.80% in Cycle I, when learning was still teacher-centered, to 84.76% in Cycle II, as students became more actively engaged both physically and mentally. These findings highlight the importance of using student-centered approaches such as Discovery Learning to develop independence, critical thinking, and motivation. The model not only supported better academic outcomes but also prepared students with essential lifelong learning skills that can be applied across subjects and in real-life problem solving.