Publication Search

The abuse of narcotics in Indonesia has become a serious threat to public health and social order. In supporting law enforcement efforts against narcotics abuse cases, the role of the Police Medical and Health Division (Biddokkes) is crucial. Biddokkes is not only responsible for conducting medical and forensic examinations on suspects but also plays a key role in assessment and rehabilitation recommendations for drug addicts. The health law approach, which emphasizes recovery and the protection of human rights, serves as a vital framework in addressing these cases. This study aims to analyze the role of Biddokkes in supporting law enforcement processes against narcotics abuse and to examine how health law can be applied in this context. The research uses a normative-empirical method with primary and secondary data obtained through document studies, interviews, and field observations within Biddokkes of the North Sumatra Regional Police. The results show that Biddokkes plays a strategic role in legal proceedings, including conducting medical examinations, issuing visum et repertum, toxicology testing, and clinical assessments that determine the legal status of suspects. The findings also indicate that medical examination results from Biddokkes serve as vital evidence in court and form the basis for recommending rehabilitation for drug users. However, challenges such as limited facilities, human resources, and pressure in forensic practices remain obstacles. Therefore, the integration of criminal law and health law approaches must be continuously strengthened to establish a fair, humane, and recovery-based legal enforcement system.

Housing, as a basic human necessity, demands not only physical comfort but also assurance of safety and legal protection for its residents. In recent years, the rise in security violations within residential areas has raised serious concerns, especially regarding the authority of housing management and the frequent neglect of residents’ rights. Various security policies such as 24-hour gate security, CCTV installation, and visitor access restrictions are often enforced without a clear legal basis and without the participation of residents, thereby creating the potential for legal violations, including those related to criminal law and human rights. This study aims to analyze the forms of criminal liability that may be imposed on housing management in cases of negligence or abuse of authority in the implementation of security policies. It also examines the forms of legal protection available to residents and identifies potential criminal law violations arising from such policies. The research adopts a normative and empirical juridical approach, with a case study conducted at DL Sitorus I Housing Complex in Simalungun Regency. The results of the study show that the security policies at DL Sitorus I lack a valid internal legal foundation, were not developed through participatory means, and are not supported by standardized operating procedures (SOPs). This situation creates room for overreach by security personnel, such as arbitrary detention of visitors and unauthorized interrogations, which may violate Article 333 of the Indonesian Penal Code. Management may be held indirectly criminally liable under the principles of culpa in vigilando (negligence in supervision) and culpa in eligendo (negligence in the selection of personnel). The study recommends the formulation of internal regulations based on resident participation and the provision of legal training for security officers to ensure a fair, transparent, and legally compliant residential security system that upholds the principles of criminal law and human rights protection.

In order to maintain the integrity and dignity of their position, Notaries are required to comply with the Code of Ethics, including the prohibition on job promotions as stated in Article 4 paragraph (3) of the Notary Code of Ethics. However, violations of this rule are still frequently encountered. This study uses a doctrinal method by reviewing primary legal materials, such as the Notary Law, Minister of Law and Human Rights Regulation Number 19 of 2019, and the Notary Code of Ethics, as well as secondary legal materials in the form of books, legal journals, and interviews with the Chairperson of the Regional Board, Former Regional Honorary Council, and Members of the Indonesian Notary Association. The purpose of the study is to determine and analyze the position of the Notary Code of Ethics as a public official regarding violations committed, as well as to examine the form of legal accountability for violations of the code of ethics related to job promotions. The results of the study indicate that although the Notary Code of Ethics is binding, many Notaries still violate it, especially through job promotion practices that are contrary to the principles of professionalism and reduce public trust. Existing forms of accountability are still limited to ethical, moral, and social aspects within the scope of professional organizations, thus not being effective enough to create a deterrent effect, especially for notaries who repeatedly seek promotions. This research also revealed that although the Notary Code of Ethics provides clear provisions regarding the prohibition of promotions.

Basically, heirs have the same legal position as the testator in agreement disputes, including sale and purchase agreements made before the testator dies. However, in practice, there is often a discrepancy between the legal provisions and their implementation, especially when there is a conflict between the heirs and third parties. This can be seen in the dispute between Baniyamin as the buyer and the heirs of Muhammad Husen, where the shophouse sale and purchase agreement ended with a default on the part of the seller, so that the responsibility to provide compensation was imposed on the heirs. This research aims to analyse the legal position of the heirs in a dispute over a sale and purchase agreement involving the heir's estate and the form of legal protection that should be given to the heirs. This research uses normative juridical research and case study approach. Data analysis uses a qualitative method. The results show that the position of the heirs is found in the saisine principle in Article 833 of the Civil Code, the rights and obligations of the testator automatically pass to the heirs. The legal protection of heirs is regulated in Articles 833, 1045, and 1100 of the Civil Code, which provide the right to inheritance with debt responsibility limited to the value of the inheritance and the right to refuse harmful inheritance.

This research is directed to answer two main problems: the form of liability imposed on parking service providers toward consumers, and how the Supreme Court decision reflects (or diverges from) legal justice and proportionality. The study aims to examine the legal liability approach adopted in the Supreme Court Decision Number 2157/K/Pdt/2010 and to formulate an ideal concept of a fair and proportional limitation of liability for parking service operators. In the aforementioned decision, the Supreme Court held the parking operator liable for the loss of a consumer’s vehicle, even though a disclaimer clause had been clearly printed on the parking ticket. This ruling raised controversy, as it seemed to overlook the fact that the operator had fulfilled their duties to a reasonable and professional standard. The substance of parking as an object of regional tax was disregarded in the judicial consideration, which focused solely on consumer protection law. This has led to an interpretation that imposes an almost unlimited liability on the service provider. This study employs doctrinal legal research, supported by conceptual approaches in parking regulation and legal case analysis. The method used is normative legal research (doctrinal) with statutory, conceptual (regarding lease and deposit agreements), and judicial approaches. The findings indicate that parking service providers should not be subjected to absolute liability. Instead, the assessment of liability must take into account the principles of justice, proportionality, and contributory negligence. Hence, there is a need for a clear formulation of liability limitations that not only safeguard consumer rights but also consider the reasonable obligations of business actors, particularly within the context of regional tax regulations related to parking.

The creation of Family Cards for couples resulting from serial marriages is an administrative policy of the government, but this policy raises legal problems. This is because serial marriages are still not officially recognized according to Law Number 1 of 1974 concerning Marriage. This policy is considered not to provide complete legal protection and has the potential to weaken the principle of legality in the Indonesian marriage legal system. This study aims to analyze the background of serial marriages, analyze the policies of the Dukcapil government in providing legal protection for serial marriages, and analyze the policy of issuing family cards for serial marriage couples. The type of research used is normative legal research using legislative, conceptual, and case study approaches. Data is collected through literature research and compiled qualitatively. The results of the study show that serial marriage occurs due to economic, religious, cultural, social, and lack of legal understanding. Many people choose it because it is considered practical, cheap, and religiously legal, even though it is not recognized by the state. Dukcapil can indeed issue Family Cards for serial couples for administrative needs, but that does not make the marriage legally valid. As a result, legal protections for wives and children remain weak, especially related to inheritance, alimony, child recognition, and civil disputes.  The Marriage Law requires registration for marriage to be legal, so the issuance of family cards for serial couples has the potential to cause multiple interpretations and conflicts of legal norms. The suggestions of this research are to improve legal education, simplify marriage registration, strengthen the role of religious/traditional leaders, and expand isbat nikah so that the family rights of serial couples are legally protected.  

Community service (PkM) in the form of educational assistance and legal consultation in Bulili Village, Duhiadaa Subdistrict, was carried out with the aim of improving legal understanding and assisting the community in resolving legal issues they face. This educational support and legal consultation activity was based on two crucial issues: the community's lack of understanding of marriage and inheritance laws, and their low participation in the village regulation formation process. These two issues were chosen because they significantly affect the realization of a safe, orderly, and prosperous village. The methods used in this community service program include interactive outreach and participatory-based direct consultation, combining educational and legal empowerment approaches for village residents. The results of the program indicate an increase in community legal awareness regarding rights and obligations within the family context, as well as the importance of active community involvement in the formulation of village regulations. It is hoped that this activity can strengthen the legal culture at the local level and serve as a foundation for the development of a just, inclusive, and sustainable village.

The skincare industry is growing very rapidly along with increasing public awareness of the importance of proper skin care. However, in marketing their products, many business actors make exaggerated claims regarding product benefits that are often not supported by facts or scientific evidence. The study aims to analyze the application of consumer legal protection in overclaiming actions carried out by business actors on skincare products from the perspective of Law Number 8 of 1999 concerning Consumer Protection. The research method applied is the normative juridical method with a statutory approach and a conceptual approach. In this study, the practice of overclaiming carried out by business actors on skincare products is contrary to applicable legal provisions, namely Articles 8 and 10 of the Consumer Protection Law. These articles prohibit business actors from providing misleading information about a product and violate consumer rights as defined in Article 4 of the Consumer Protection Law. Although normatively the law has provided sufficient protection for consumers, its implementation in the field still faces many challenges. Supervision from the government and related institutions such as the BPOM is very necessary to ensure business actors' compliance with applicable regulations. Firm and consistent law enforcement is also needed to make business actors more responsible in providing information to consumers and to foster healthy and ethical skincare industry climate.

This study discusses legal protection for customer data security in internet banking systems in Indonesia, especially after the enactment of various related laws and regulations. The purpose of this study is to analyze how legal protection is applied and the legal measures that can be taken by customers if their data is not protected. The research method used is normative legal research with a qualitative approach, through data collection from secondary sources such as laws, legal literature, and official documents. The final findings show that although legal protection has improved with the existence of relevant laws, there are still challenges in its implementation. Customers have the right to file complaints and legal claims in the event of a data breach, which includes complaint procedures with banks and the Financial Services Authority. Compliance with regulations and the principles of legal justice are essential to maintaining public trust in the banking sector.

Public literacy regarding health rights remains low, especially in communities with limited access to legal and health-related information. This lack of understanding often leads to unfulfilled rights and unequal access to quality healthcare services, contributing to a cycle of inequity and poor health outcomes. In response to this issue, this community service program seeks to enhance public awareness of health rights through interdisciplinary education, combining the expertise of lecturers from legal and health sciences. The program’s activities include the development of educational modules designed to provide clear, accessible information about health rights, as well as interactive legal-health counseling sessions aimed at addressing specific concerns. Group discussions serve as a platform for individuals to engage with experts and peers, furthering their understanding of how to navigate healthcare systems and advocate for their rights. Additionally, printed materials are distributed to reinforce learning and serve as ongoing references for participants. The program targets communities with high needs for health literacy, focusing on empowering individuals to recognize their rights and take action to ensure their healthcare needs are met. It also encourages the collaboration of interdisciplinary academic staff, fostering a collective approach to community empowerment. By improving health literacy, the program aims to promote social equity and improve access to quality healthcare services for underserved populations. Through this initiative, participants are better equipped to make informed decisions regarding their health and advocate for fair treatment in the healthcare system.

This study provides an in-depth examination of the emergence of servitude rights (hak servituut) arising from procedural errors in land parcel division, which result in landlocked plots without road access. Servitude rights, as regulated in Article 674 of the Indonesian Civil Code and reinforced by the Conversion Provision of Article I point 6 of the Basic Agrarian Law (UUPA), constitute a legal burden imposed on one parcel of land for the benefit of another, thereby ensuring that landlocked owners gain reasonable access. Although the UUPA serves as the national agrarian framework, the servitude concept remains highly relevant and functions as a crucial legal instrument to safeguard the rights of affected landowners. This research employs a normative juridical approach, integrating statutory and conceptual analyses to explore the consistency between legal theory and practice. The findings demonstrate that parcel division conducted without considering the social function of land, as mandated by Article 6 of the UUPA, can trigger access disputes that adversely affect community interests. Dispute resolution may proceed through litigation or non-litigation channels, with mediation emerging as the more effective and efficient option for maintaining harmonious relations between parties. Article 667 of the Civil Code provides a clear legal basis for landlocked property owners to obtain access while obligating them to pay fair compensation to the burdened land. Based on these findings, the study recommends strict adherence to lawful land division procedures and the development of detailed technical guidelines on servitude compensation to prevent future disputes and to strengthen legal certainty for all stakeholders.

This study examines the political reconstruction of fair juvenile criminal law in the diversion mechanism at the investigation stage in Indonesia. The background of the research departs from the gap between the empirical conditions (das sein) and the ideal conditions (das sollen) mandated by the Law on the Juvenile Criminal Justice System UU SPPA and the principle of the best interest of the child in the Convention on the Rights of the Child. The research method used is normative legal research with legislative, case, and comparative approaches. The results of the study show that the implementation of diversion faces obstacles in substance, structure, and legal culture: procedural uncertainty, limited capacity of apparatus, lack of supporting facilities, and weak coordination across institutions. This research offers a reconstruction of legal politics in these three domains at once substance, structure, and culture so that diversion truly becomes an instrument of restorative justice that restores, not punishes. The scientific contribution of this article lies in the formulation of a multi-layered policy model, the elaboration of performance indicators for the implementation of diversion at the investigation stage, as well as a matrix of operational recommendations for stakeholders at the police, prosecutor's office, court, and child social service institutions.

This study aims to analyze the responsibilities of the Witness and Victim Protection Agency (LPSK) and the state in implementing restitution for victims of sexual violence, particularly when the perpetrators are unable to pay or are sentenced to death. The background of this research lies in the weak implementation of restitution, which should be a fundamental right of victims, as illustrated by the case of Herry Wirawan based on the Bandung High Court Decision Number 86/Pid.Sus/2022/PT Bdg. The research addresses two main problems: (1) how the state and LPSK ensure the victims’ rights to restitution under such circumstances, and (2) what obstacles hinder the implementation of restitution based on the decision. The study employs a normative juridical method with a statutory and case study approach. The findings show that the implementation of restitution still faces serious obstacles, such as the absence of technical mechanisms, the lack of designated executing institutions, and the lack of coordination among law enforcement agencies. LPSK plays a role in proposing and calculating restitution amounts but lacks execution authority. Moreover, the state has not yet fulfilled its role as the ultimate guarantor for victims when the perpetrator is unable to comply. In conclusion, Indonesia’s legal system needs to strengthen technical regulations, ensure inter-agency coordination, and affirm the state's role as a guarantor of restitution to achieve meaningful restorative justice for victims of sexual violence

Psychological violence against children remains a critical issue that is often overlooked because it does not leave visible physical injuries, yet its long-term consequences can significantly hinder children’s emotional, social, and academic development. Addressing this problem requires not only legal and institutional measures but also preventive efforts at the family and community levels. The Community Service Program (KKN) entitled “Safe Home Supporting Child Development” in Desa Nusawungu was designed as a community-based educational initiative to raise parents’ awareness of the importance of creating an emotionally safe home environment. The program was implemented through the Focus Group Discussion (FGD) method, which integrated structured material presentations, individual reflections using digital forms, and interactive group discussions. This combination allowed participants to gain knowledge, critically reflect on their own parenting practices, and share experiences with peers. The results revealed a notable increase in parents’ awareness of the detrimental effects of psychological violence on children’s well-being, their readiness to adopt positive parenting strategies, and their ability to identify challenges commonly faced in daily child-rearing practices. Moreover, participants expressed enthusiasm for sustaining similar activities in the future, highlighting the importance of continuous learning and the establishment of a parent learning community. The program demonstrated that simple, low-cost, and locally adapted interventions can effectively enhance parenting literacy, reduce the risk of psychological violence, and strengthen the developmental foundation of children during their golden age. These findings suggest that empowering parents through participatory education can serve as a replicable model for other communities facing similar challenges, thus contributing to the broader goal of ensuring children’s rights to grow in a safe and nurturing environment.

This study aims to analyze and find the inhibiting factors faced by North Lampung Police investigators in handling domestic violence (KDRT) cases. The research approaches used are normative juridical and empirical juridical The normative juridical approach is carried out by examining laws and regulations related to the handling of domestic violence, such as Law Number 23 of 2004 concerning the Elimination of Domestic Violence. Meanwhile, an empirical juridical approach is carried out through the collection of primary data from interviews with investigators, prosecutors, academics, and non-governmental organizations active in handling domestic violence. Secondary data is obtained from legal literature, official documents, and applicable regulations. The results of the study show that there are several significant obstacles in the process of investigating domestic violence cases. These obstacles include the lack of sensitivity of investigators to the psychological condition of the victim, social pressure and stigma towards the victim that makes reporting low, and limited public understanding of forms of domestic violence, especially non-physical ones such as psychological and economic violence. Internal obstacles also arise from the limitations of supporting facilities such as victim-friendly examination rooms, psychological assistants, and special training for investigators in handling gender-based cases. From the juridical side, the lack of a clear rule regarding the limits of penal mediation in domestic violence cases creates legal uncertainty and opens up space for perpetrators to escape criminal snares through peace that is often impure. In addition, the patriarchal culture that is still strong in society is a structural obstacle in the law enforcement process that favors victims, especially women. Therefore, it is necessary to increase the capacity of investigators through continuous training, the provision of victim-friendly support facilities, widespread legal socialization to the community, and the reformulation of legal policies that are more firm and in favor of victims. Thus, law enforcement of domestic violence cases can be carried out more effectively, fairly, and oriented towards the protection of human rights.

In the Indonesian economic system, cooperatives play a crucial role as one of the pillars of the national economy, as mandated in Article 33 paragraph (1) of the 1945 Constitution of the Republic of Indonesia. This article emphasizes that "the economy is structured as a joint venture based on the principle of kinship," which serves as the constitutional basis for the existence and development of cooperatives in Indonesia. The research method used in this study is normative juridical, focusing on legal frameworks and regulations related to cooperatives. The results of the study indicate that the government holds an important and strategic role in regulating and supervising cooperatives to ensure the protection of the rights and obligations of cooperative members. Through regulatory instruments such as Law Number 25 of 1992 concerning Cooperatives, the government establishes cooperative principles, good governance standards, and oversight and development mechanisms. The government’s efforts are aimed at ensuring the operation of cooperatives is transparent, accountable, and beneficial to all members. Furthermore, the study found that despite these regulatory efforts, significant challenges remain in the cooperative sector. These include issues such as weak financial reporting, low literacy rates among cooperative members, and the dominance of local elites, which can hinder the equitable distribution of benefits. These challenges need to be addressed to ensure that cooperatives can fulfill their role as economic agents that contribute to national development in line with the principles of kinship and mutual benefit.

This research examines the legal safeguards for children born outside of marriage in Indonesia after the release of Constitutional Court Decision (MK) No. 46/PUU-VIII/2010, which represented a pivotal shift in national family legislation. Up until now, children born outside of marriage have frequently encountered bias and unfair treatment, both socially and legally. The Constitutional Court (MK) Decision No. 46/PUU-VIII/2010 marks an important advancement in enhancing the civil status of children born outside of marriage, establishing connections not just with their mother and her relatives, but also with their biological father if scientifically validated, for instance, via DNA testing. In this research, the author will examine how judges define legal protection for children born outside of marriage in light of Constitutional Court Decision No. 46/PUU-VIII/2010 and how this decision is executed in legal practices and everyday life, especially concerning the acknowledgment of rights for children born outside of marriage and the obligations of their biological fathers.This study uses a normative research method with a legislative approach and a case approach.  Data was collected through library research covering primary, secondary, and tertiary legal materials, namely by collecting legal materials through studies of books, journals, legal research results,  as well as various official institutional documents such as regulations and other literature relevant to the issues being studied.  The research findings indicate that legal protection for children born out of wedlock needs to be further strengthened through legal reform, public education,  and legal recognition and validation mechanisms, so that the basic rights of children can be optimally fulfilled in accordance with human rights principles and applicable laws and regulations.

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui sejauh mana perlindungan hukum yang diberikan terhadap pekerja konstruksi melalui program-program yang diberikan pemerintah dan diwajibkan bagi pemberi kerja. Metode yang digunakan adalah normatif dengan menganalisa kesenjangan kenyataan dengan peraturan perundangan yang berlaku. Hasil penelitian ini ditemukan masih terdapat kasus yang terjadi dalam sektor konstruksi yang pekerjanya tidak memiliki jaminan terhadap keselamatan kerja. Hal ini tentu berdampak pada Keselamatan dan Kesehatan Kerja (K3) yang sudah diatur dalam Undang-Undang Nomor 1 Tahun 1970 tentang Keselamatan Kerja jo. Peraturan Pemerintan Nomor 50 Tahun 2012 tentang Penerapan Sistem Manajemen Keselamatan dan Kesehatan Kerja jo. Peraturan Menteri PUPR Nomor 10 Tahun 2021 Tentang Pedoman Sistem Manajemen Keselamatan Konstruksi. Hal ini akan berdampak kepada perlindungan hukum bagi hak-hak pekerja konstruksi yang tidak terealisasikan. Oleh karena itu, perlu untuk ada tindakan tegas yang menyertai sifat wajib program yang digalangkan pemerintah seperti BPJS Ketenagakerjaan.

Christian Religious Education (PAK) plays a crucial role in building religious tolerance in a diverse society. PAK does not only focus on Christian teachings, but also seeks to shape students' morals, attitudes, and spirituality through an approach that is relevant to various age levels. Thus, this education provides a solid foundation for understanding universal human values. PAK emphasizes the importance of tolerance in a pluralistic society, respects religious diversity, and accepts differences as part of a complex social structure. In this context, PAK teaches students to see differences as a source of strength and cultural richness, not as a barrier. This education also encourages the development of empathy and concern for others, which are very important in building intergroup relationships.Furthermore, PAK actively seeks to expand understanding of the values ​​of commonality between religions through dialogue and seminars. These activities involve not only students but also parents and local communities and create constructive discussion forums. Using social media as a means to spread messages of taboos and respond quickly to religious issues is also an effective strategy given its broad impact. PAK also contributes to poverty alleviation and community empowerment, regardless of religion, with programs that focus on improving basic needs and quality of life.A commitment to justice and human rights is the foundation of all initiatives, and all stakeholders are asked to play an active role in creating positive change. Therefore, PAK aims to build a peaceful, harmonious, and inclusive society that values ​​differences and avoids conflict. Through continuing education and open dialogue, our goal is to equip future generations with an attitude of mutual respect and harmonious coexistence with diversity.

This article discussesthe social and cultural changes in the United States over time, with aspecial emphasis on the major changes that occurred from the 19th century to the modern era. There are a number of variables that have influenced social change in the United States, including the abolition of slavery, the civil rights movement, and the immigration process thathas resulted in a multicultural society. Influenced by a mix of European cultures, indigenous peoples, and immigrants from various parts of the world, the evolution of American culturehas produced a unique cultural wealth such as jazz, blues, and pop music. This transformation is also linked to changes in the economicand political spheres, which have impacted social structures, such as changes inlegislation and the expansion of individual rights. To describe the journeyand socio-cultural impact that reflects the complex and dynamic national identity of the United States, this article employs a qualitative literature review methodology. This article also examines the role of media and technology in accelerating and spreading socio-cultural change in American society.