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The transformation of public governance has encouraged a paradigm shift in public service delivery, from an administrative and procedure-oriented approach toward a citizen-centered and value-based model. In this context, public sector marketing has emerged as a strategic instrument to enhance service quality, institutional image, public participation, and trust. This study aims to examine the contemporary implementation of marketing strategies and planning in the public sector, with particular attention to their effectiveness and contextual relevance. The research adopts a qualitative descriptive approach through a systematic literature review of selected scholarly publications addressing public sector marketing, strategy implementation, digital governance, and public service management. The findings indicate that public institutions increasingly apply marketing principles not as commercial activities, but as mechanisms for creating public value through strategic communication, digital engagement, institutional branding, and stakeholder collaboration. However, the effectiveness of implementation varies across organizations and is strongly influenced by leadership capacity, human resources competence, organizational culture, and technological support. The study also reveals that public sector marketing strategies must be adapted to social, cultural, and institutional contexts, as private-sector models cannot be directly transferred. Theoretically, this study strengthens the positioning of marketing as an integral component of public governance. Practically, it provides insights for public organizations to develop contextual, responsive, and sustainable marketing strategies to improve public service performance and trust.

The formation of spiritual maturity within Christian families is often misunderstood as a result of chronological age or the length of one’s Christian experience. This literature study emphasizes that spiritual maturity is not determined by age, but by a continuous process of faith formation through biblical knowledge, spiritual practices, lifestyle modeling, and character transformation. Using library research methods, this study analyzes primary and secondary literature related to the role of families, stages of faith development, and the collaborative role of the church in spiritual formation. The findings reveal that the family serves as the central foundation of faith formation, requiring the active involvement of parents in Bible reading, prayer, ethical guidance, and moral example. Furthermore, spiritual maturity is influenced by developmental stages that do not necessarily correspond to biological age. The church functions as a collaborative partner that supports family spiritual growth through teaching, ministry involvement, and pastoral guidance. This study concludes that spiritual maturity is reflected in character and actions rather than ritual participation alone, and it recommends strengthening family-based faith education and cooperation with the church as a foundation for authentic spiritual growth.

Environmental pollution in coastal areas continues to be a critical issue, particularly in regions with high tourism activity such as Pantai Baru Seliper Ate in Sumbawa. The increasing accumulation of plastic waste and the lack of environmental awareness among visitors and local communities highlight the need for educational and practical interventions. This community service program aimed to strengthen students’ understanding of environmental cleanliness through Islamic values and participatory actions. The method consisted of short religious-based environmental education, a collaborative beach-cleaning activity, and a reflective session designed to reinforce ecological and spiritual awareness. The results showed a significant increase in students’ knowledge of environmental ethics, Islamic principles related to cleanliness, and practical skills in waste identification and sorting. The program also succeeded in improving the physical condition of the beach and fostering collective responsibility among participants. These findings indicate that integrating environmental education with Islamic values and hands-on activities can effectively enhance environmental awareness and support sustainable behavior among young people.

This article explores the relevance of Thomas Aquinas’ concept of bonum commune (the common good) in shaping a Christian leadership paradigm amid the global and national leadership crisis, particularly in Indonesia. The phenomena of corruption, abuse of power, and weak moral orientation indicate the absence of the common good as the guiding principle in contemporary political practices. Employing a qualitative library research method, this study analyzes Aquinas’ thought, the Scriptures, Catholic social teaching, and modern literature on theology and political philosophy. The findings reveal that bonum commune serves as a fundamental principle that integrates moral, spiritual, and social dimensions of leadership. Within the Christian perspective, the principles of service, justice, love, and participation find their philosophical and theological foundation, with Jesus Christ as the Good Shepherd as their ultimate model. This article emphasizes that Christian leadership rooted in bonum commune is not about domination but about servant leadership oriented toward the common good, social justice, and human dignity. A reinterpretation of Aquinas’ thought in the modern context highlights the need to understand bonum commune through dialogue, participation, and respect for pluralism. Therefore, Christian leadership in the light of bonum commune remains relevant as an alternative paradigm for building a more just, transparent, participatory, and humane society

The increasing use of electronic devices, specifically gadgets, among elementary school children has caused various problems, such as addiction, decreased social interaction, health problems, and decreased concentration in learning. These problems involve not only children but also objects and things around them, as well as parents in managing them. Gadget use is not just a matter of quantity that exacerbates this condition. As a solution, the community service team held a socialization focused on improving healthy digital literacy through counseling, interactive discussions, and practical simulations. Results achieved included increased knowledge about the risks of excessive gadget use, increased collective awareness in limiting usage time, and the formation of practical guidelines for healthy gadget use in school and family environments. The results of the activity were documented in the form of a scientific article published in the community service journal as an academic contribution. Overall, the activity has gone according to plan in terms of planning, implementation, and partner involvement. Active participation of participants was evident in the enthusiasm in the discussions and the school's commitment to continuously monitoring gadget use. Thus, this program is expected to have a long-term positive impact in shaping wise behavior in using technology among elementary school children.

This study's objective is to describe the implementation of teaching modules as a Christian Religious Education learning strategy at Palangka Raya Christian High School. Teaching modules are used as learning tools in the Merdeka Curriculum to help teachers design structured, contextual, and student-centered learning. Seventeen students in the tenth grade served as research subjects for this study, which employed a descriptive qualitative method. Data collection was carried out thru observation of the learning process, analysis of learning documents, and evaluation results of student learning. The study's findings show that the implementation of teaching modules is able to support the systematic implementation of learning, increase students' active participation in discussions and group activities, and help achieve fairly good assessment results. Nevertheless, some constraints were found in the implementation of learning, such as time limitations and supporting facilities. Overall, the implementation of the teaching module has positive implications for improving the quality of the Christian Religious Education learning process and outcomes, and has the potential to be developed sustainably to shape students' character based on Christian values.  

The aim of this study is to analyze verbal and non-verbal communication in an English as a Foreign Language (EFL) classroom by using the Sinclair and Coulthard (1975) model of classroom discourse. Although many studies have examined verbal interaction in EFL classrooms, few have discussed how verbal and non-verbal communication work together to support effective learning. To fill this gap, this research focuses on identifying the types and frequency of verbal and non-verbal communication used by the teacher and students during classroom interaction. This study used a descriptive qualitative method. The data were taken from an 80-minute video recording of an eleventh-grade English class at MAS Darul Quran. The recording was transcribed and analyzed based on Sinclair and Coulthard’s framework, which includes three main levels: Exchange (Informing, Directive, Question–Answer), Move (Initiation, Response, Feedback), and Act (Questioning, Explaining, Agreeing, Refusing, Revising, Appraising). The findings show that the classroom interaction was mainly teacher-centered. The teacher dominated the talk through Initiation moves, mostly in the form of questions, explanations, and instructions, while students gave short and simple responses. Feedback was used less often and mostly as short praise or confirmation. The teacher also used various non-verbal behaviors such as gestures, eye contact, movement, and changes in voice tone to direct attention and motivate students. The results suggest that combining verbal and non-verbal strategies can create a more interactive and engaging classroom atmosphere that supports student participation and understanding.

This kind of research can reveal a purpose, namely to be able to carry out an analysis of the important role of the government together with the community in realizing policies to combat corruption of village funds. It is necessary to understand that village funds have been made one of the government's priority programs in order to increase the level of prosperity of rural communities and village development through the Village Law. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to identify policy solutions provided by the government and the community to prevent corruption of village funds. This study utilizes a literature study method through a qualitative approach that can be used to assess the role of the government and the community in implementing policies to combat corruption of village funds as an effort to uphold the integrity of the village administration system. Meanwhile, the research data sources obtained came from secondary data, which included the collection of scientific journals in the last five years, reading books in the last ten years, reports in the mass media, and government regulations. The findings of this study describe that the Corruption Eradication Commission (KPK) has identified several loopholes that are often exploited by village officials in misappropriating Village Funds. Then there were 98 cases of corruption that caused the state to lose up to Rp. 37.2 billion. This creates an urgency for the government and the community to play a role in creating village regulations that are capable of overcoming corruption of village funds.

Educational inequality persists across ASEAN despite improvements in enrollment and literacy, reflecting structural rather than merely access-related challenges. This study examines how governance structures, financing mechanisms, institutional capacity, and socio-economic stratification interact to produce disparities in educational access, participation, and progression. Using a qualitative-dominant mixed-methods design with cross-national comparative policy analysis, the research integrates macro-level quantitative indicators with in-depth qualitative evaluation of policy frameworks across ASEAN member states. Findings reveal that while primary enrollment approaches universality, secondary and tertiary education exhibit pronounced attrition, particularly among rural, low-income, and minority populations. Centralized governance, equitable public financing, and targeted support correlate with higher retention and reduced disparities, as evidenced in high-performing systems such as Singapore, whereas decentralized or under-resourced systems exacerbate structural inequities. Moreover, digital access and institutional capacity emerge as critical factors influencing educational trajectories. The study underscores that addressing inequality requires systemic reforms integrating governance coordination, progressive financing, institutional strengthening, and equity-focused interventions. By foregrounding structural determinants and cross-national variation, this research contributes to theoretical and policy debates on educational equity, providing evidence-based guidance for ASEAN strategies aimed at achieving inclusive, high-quality education across diverse socio-economic and geographic contexts.

The student teaching internship program in the Zakat and Waqf Management Study Program within the Sharia Marketing Management course, Faculty of Islamic Economics and Business, UIN Sayyid Ali Rahmatullah Tulungagung, was implemented to strengthen students’ pedagogical and conceptual competencies through direct classroom experience. The program aimed to encourage active student engagement by integrating theoretical knowledge with practical teaching application. Key activities included reviewing the Semester Learning Plan (RPS), preparing a sample PowerPoint (PPT) learning material, delivering classroom presentations, observing the learning process, and conducting reflective evaluations from September to December 2025. The methods applied consisted of participatory observation, teaching practice, documentation, and systematic self-reflection. The results indicate improvements in teaching competence, conceptual understanding, and students’ soft skills, despite challenges such as low audience participation and limited references. Overall, the findings highlight the effectiveness of experiential learning in internalizing prophetic ethical values, understanding the halal marketing mix, and comprehending Halal Product Assurance (JPH) regulations. This program contributes positively to curriculum strengthening and supports the development of Indonesia’s halal industry, while enhancing students’ readiness as agents of sharia economic development.

School leadership plays a strategic role in improving educational quality through effective management, the creation of a positive school culture, and the achievement of learning outcomes, while women’s participation in educational leadership continues to face structural and cultural challenges related to gender stereotypes. This study aims to analyze the leadership styles of female principals at SMK Negeri 1 Penawar Tama and SMK Negeri 1 Banjar Margo, identify supporting and inhibiting factors, and examine the strategies implemented to improve school quality. The research employed a descriptive qualitative approach, with principals, teachers, and students as research subjects. Data were collected through in-depth interviews, passive participatory observation, and documentation, and were analyzed using interactive qualitative analysis techniques involving data condensation, data display, and conclusion drawing, with validity ensured through triangulation and member checks. The results indicate that female principals apply a combination of democratic-participatory, transformational, visionary, humanistic-communicative, and professional exemplary leadership styles. These leadership practices are reflected in inclusive decision-making, open communication, moral exemplarity, and strategic programs oriented toward student competence and institutional development. Supporting factors include strong personal commitment, high discipline, a conducive school climate, and stakeholder support, while inhibiting factors consist of limited infrastructure, policy changes, internal differences of opinion, and gender-based social pressures. The study concludes that, despite existing obstacles, female principals are able to implement adaptive and participatory leadership strategies that foster a positive work climate, enhance school community involvement, and contribute significantly to improving the quality and sustainability of vocational education.

Village-Owned Enterprises (BUMDes) are a strategic instrument in promoting village economic independence and increasing Village Original Income (PAD). However, in practice, BUMDes management still faces various governance issues, particularly related to human resource capacity, business innovation, and public accountability and trust. This study aims to analyze the acceleration of BUMDes governance from a Reinventing Government perspective through a comparative study between BUMDes in rural and urban areas. This study uses a qualitative method with a descriptive-comparative approach. Data collection techniques are carried out through in-depth interviews, observation, and documentation. The research locations include BUMDes in Paan Leleng Village, Kota Komba Utara District, East Manggarai Regency as a representative of rural villages, and BUMDes in Golo Bilas Village, Komodo District, West Manggarai Regency as a representative of urban villages. The research results indicate that the implementation of Reinventing Government principles in the governance of Village-Owned Enterprises (BUMDes) in both villages has been successful, but not yet optimal. The BUMDes in Golo Bilas Village has advantages in market access, business potential, and innovation, but still faces challenges in accountability and public trust. Meanwhile, the BUMDes in Paan Leleng Village demonstrates strong community participation and social values, but is hampered by limited human resources, technology, and business diversification. Accelerating BUMDes governance requires institutional strengthening, increased managerial capacity, business innovation, and the implementation of governance that is oriented towards results and community needs.

The national priority program of 12 years of compulsory education is a strategic effort by the government to improve the quality and equity of education, particularly at the secondary education level. This program is supported by the School Operational Assistance (BOS) and the Indonesia Smart Program (PIP). The PIP funds are used to meet the educational needs of students, such as purchasing books, stationery, uniforms, and transportation costs. The goal of providing PIP is to reduce the financial burden of education, decrease school dropout rates, and increase access to quality education. This study examines the effectiveness of PIP in promoting educational equity in Indonesia and evaluates the alignment of government policies related to beneficiaries, implementation, and monitoring of PIP. The method used is a literature review for public policy evaluation in the field of education. The findings show that PIP has successfully increased educational participation, as reflected in the improvement of the School Participation Rate (APS), Gross Participation Rate (APK), and Net Participation Rate (APM). PIP also expands educational access for children from low-income families. However, its implementation faces challenges such as bureaucratic obstacles, misidentification of recipients, low parental administrative literacy, and delays in the distribution of assistance in 3T regions (frontline, outermost, and underdeveloped).

The body may experience insulin resistance or an insufficient production of the hormone, blood sugar levels rise continuously, leading to a chronic metabolic condition called Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. Among non-pharmacological approaches proven effective in managing hyperglycemia, physical exercise particularly the Prolanis workout program has shown notable benefits. This study assesses how joining the Prolanis Exercise Program influences blood glucose reduction in Type 2 Diabetes patients at Kuta Baro Health Center, Aceh Besar. This research utilized a quasi-experimental method applying a one-group pretest–posttest framework. Participants, numbering 25 individuals, were selected through an accidental sampling process.. Throughout a four-week implementation of the Prolanis Exercise Program, measurements of blood glucose levels were taken both prior to and subsequent to the program. The findings revealed a notable decline in mean blood sugar levels, decreasing from 158.84 mg/dL before the intervention to 121.92 mg/dL afterward. Based on the Paired Samples t-Test (p < 0.05), the Prolanis Exercise intervention was found to have a significant effect in lowering blood glucose levels. This finding demonstrates that regular participation in Prolanis Exercise serves as an effective non-pharmacological approach for controlling Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. Community Health Centers are advised to consistently continue developing and facilitating routine Prolanis Exercise activities, in addition to providing ongoing education on healthy lifestyles to patients. Patients are expected to actively engage in this program as part of their diabetes self-management.

This study aims to analyze local community participation in the development of ecotourism. The method used is descriptive qualitative based on document analysis, with data obtained through the review of village planning documents, tourism development reports, field observations, and informal interviews with local stakeholders. The results show that the community has begun to engage in tourism-related activities such as opening homestays, food stalls, and working as tour guides. However, this involvement is still limited by capacity, skills, and the lack of supporting facilities. Neblo Beach holds great potential to be developed as a nature- and culture-based ecotourism destination, but it currently lacks basic amenities such as toilets, trash bins, souvenir kiosks, and photo spots. Through a SWOT analysis, several strategies were identified to support the development of this area, including the participatory preparation of a master plan for amenity development, community training programs, and collaboration with academics and investors. In conclusion, the success of ecotourism development at Neblo Beach strongly depends on the synergy between the community, village government, and strategic partners in realizing sustainable tourism that provides direct benefits to the local population

Christian transformational leadership offers an ideal model for church organizational development, but its implementation in the Indonesian context faces complex structural and cultural barriers. This study aims to identify and analyze the structural and cultural barriers that influence the implementation of Christian transformational leadership in Indonesian church organizations, analyze the mechanisms of organizational resistance and their implications for leadership effectiveness, and formulate adaptive strategies relevant to local dynamics. The method used is a qualitative literature study with a systematic literature review approach of the latest academic sources. The results show that structural barriers include limited human resource capacity, weak organizational infrastructure, and immature management systems, while cultural barriers are rooted in strong local traditions and resistance to new leadership models. Organizational resistance arises through mutually reinforcing interpersonal, organizational, and cultural mechanisms, resulting in decreased congregation participation and empowerment effectiveness. Effective adaptive strategies include participatory dialogue communication, continuous leadership development, acculturation of leadership to local values, and the formation of an inclusive organizational culture. This study concludes that the sustainable implementation of Christian transformational leadership requires a holistic approach that integrates changes in structure, culture, and interpersonal relationships while remaining sensitive to the local context and cultural wisdom.

Drug abuse and risky social behavior remain significant social issues among adolescents, particularly in rural areas experiencing rapid information exposure and lifestyle changes. This community service program aimed to enhance adolescents’ awareness and resilience toward the dangers of drug abuse (NAPZA) while promoting a healthy lifestyle through the cultivation of family medicinal plants (TOGA) in Karangmalang Village, Ngawi Regency. The program employed a participatory descriptive approach, actively involving adolescents as the primary beneficiaries. The implementation consisted of two main stages: interactive socialization on drug abuse and risky behavior, and a workshop on cultivating medicinal plants as a form of community-based healthy living practice. The results indicated that the socialization activities improved adolescents’ understanding and awareness of drug abuse risks, as reflected in their active participation during discussions. Furthermore, the TOGA cultivation workshop provided practical benefits by introducing simple herbal remedies and offering positive, sustainable activities for the community. Overall, the integration of educational and practical approaches proved effective as a preventive and empowerment strategy to strengthen adolescent resilience and foster a healthier and more productive village environment.

The purpose of this study is to determine how the social behavior of the Margoagung Village Community, especially Ngino Hamlet, preserves local wisdom inherited from the ancestors of Mbah Bregas, particularly in building community harmony. This field research was conducted using a qualitative descriptive method. This research was conducted by taking a case study in Ngino Hamlet, Margoagung Village, Seyegan Sub-district, Sleman Regency from June to July 2025. The informants of this study were the leaders, committees, traditional figures, and all parties involved and witnessed directly the Merti activities of Margoagung Village. Data collection was carried out through observation, interviews, and documentation. Data analysis was carried out through four stages, namely: data documentation, data reduction, data presentation, and drawing conclusions/verification. The study findings show that the entire series of Merti activities of Mbah Bregas Village, Margoagung Village build community harmony through participation, cooperation, and mutual cooperation without distinguishing religion, ethnicity, race, social strata, and profession.

This research aims to determine the extent to which interactive quizzes can help improve students' understanding of Economics lessons in the Merdeka Curriculum, which focuses on a Deep Learning approach implemented at SMA Negeri 4 Surakarta. The results show that quite a few students have difficulty grasping economic concepts. The lack of participation and learning motivation, combined with the dominance of the lecture method, makes the learning process tend to be one-way. Conversely, the application of digital technology by educators is still very limited. This research uses a descriptive qualitative approach, collecting data thru observation, interviews, and documentation. A total of five students from the eleventh grade were selected based on purposive sampling techniques who had already taken economics lessons. The results show that the quiz format contributes to increasing students' interest, attention, and participation due to the presence of visual elements, screen animation, and a game-like atmosphere. However, obstacles such as slow internet connectivity or a slightly longer completion time than estimated did arise, although they did not hinder overall learning activities. Essentially, implementing this type of quiz aligns with the direction of the Merdeka Curriculum, which emphasizes in-depth conceptual understanding while also encouraging self-study habits, training the ability to reflect on the material, and creating a classroom atmosphere that tends to be more dynamic.

The advancement of digital technology has triggered a transformation in the teaching and learning process, including in the teaching of Economics at the senior high school level. Social media, which initially served merely as a communication tool, is now utilized as an interactive and easily accessible alternative learning resource. This study aims to describe how social media is used in the Economics learning process at SMA Panca Marga Lamongan and to identify its benefits and challenges. The research employed a qualitative descriptive method with purposive sampling, involving one Economics teacher and eleventh-grade social science students. Data were collected through interviews, observations, and documentation, then processed and examined using the Miles, Huberman, and Saldaña analysis model. The findings show that social media platforms such as YouTube, Instagram, and TikTok enhance students’ understanding of economic concepts in a more contextual and visual manner, as well as foster learning independence and participation. However, challenges include difficulties in filtering credible information and the potential for distraction when usage is not well-controlled. Thus, social media can serve as an effective learning resource when supported by strong digital literacy, clear teacher guidance, and proper management of its use.