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The evaluation of information systems becomes important to ensure the effectiveness of the Hospital Information System (SIMRS) application and its positive impact in producing information that meets the standards of data quality with the HOT fit theory, which includes the core elements of the information system: human, organization, Technology and net benefits. The research was conducted using a cross-sectional design and involved 78 SIMRS users in X Hospital as the sample. Data were analysed using the partial least squares (PLS) structural equation modelling (SEM) method. The results of the study showed that user satisfaction, information quality, service quality, system quality, organizational environment, system utilization level, and organizational structure had significant relationships with SIMRS based on hypothesis testing. The significant findings included user satisfaction, net benefits, system utilization, service quality, system quality, organizational environment, and information quality. This study emphasizes the importance of routine and periodic maintenance, monitoring of SIMRS by relevant units, attention to factors influencing SIMRS adoption by users, and regular training related to the operation of the SIMRS application. Efforts to improve operational skills in the aspects of system quality, information quality, service quality, organizational structure, and organizational environment of SIMRS are crucial to optimize the net benefits generated by SIMRS.

The development of automotive technology drives innovation in vehicle support components, including the continuously variable transmission (CVT) system, which plays a crucial role in transmitting engine torque and power to the wheels. One of the main elements in this system is the clutch lining and clutch housing, whose performance significantly impacts motorcycle performance. However, the standard pattern on these components is often not optimal in maximizing power delivery. Therefore, this study was conducted to analyze the effect of modifying the grooves of the clutch lining and clutch housing on engine torque in a 110 cc motorcycle. The research method used an experimental approach by varying the modification pattern on the clutch lining and clutch housing. The test motorcycle with a capacity of 110 cc was tested using a dyno test to measure torque and power at various engine speeds. Each modification variation was then compared with standard conditions to evaluate the resulting performance differences. The results showed that the pattern modifications on the clutch lining and clutch housing significantly increased torque. Several modification variations were able to significantly increase torque at medium to high speeds, thus providing better engine response and more efficient power delivery. Thus, this research contributes to the development of more optimal CVT component designs and has the potential to improve motorcycle performance, especially in the small capacity vehicle segment.  

Criminal law formulation policy is the initial stage in criminal law politics that establishes legal norms formulated in legislation, including religious offenses. In the National Criminal Code enacted through Law No. 1 Year 2023, this policy is reflected in Article 300 - Article 305 of the National Criminal Code which regulates criminal offenses against religion, belief, and worship. In this case, it is important to analyze how the formulation policy on religious criminal offenses in the National Criminal Code and what are the juridical implications of the formulation policy on religious criminal offenses in the National Criminal Code. The research method used is normative juridical and supported by empirical juridical method. The data used are primary data, secondary data, and tertiary data. The data obtained is then analyzed qualitatively. Based on the results of the research, it is known that in the National Criminal Code passed through Law No. 1 of 2023, In Article 300 to Article 305 of the National Criminal Code, the state attempts to reorganize religious offenses by clarifying the elements of the act and the intention of the perpetrator, thus preventing multiple interpretations and abuse of the law. This formulation also expands the reach of legal protection not only to official religions, but also to public order and diversity of beliefs in society. However, in substance, the juridical implications of the policy formulation of religious criminal articles in the National Criminal Code include higher legal certainty, protection of citizens' constitutional rights, and changes in the orientation of punishment from repressive to more educative and preventive.

In the era of globalization, the rapid development of information technology has brought significant changes in the way people access and convey information. The presence of the Internet and social media has proven that global networks enable interaction and information exchange to occur in real time without geographical boundaries. One phenomenon arising from this development is social media, which has become a virtual space for individuals and companies to communicate directly, personally, and interactively. One of the most popular social media platforms today is Instagram, a platform that is now widely utilized by businesses, including those in the culinary industry, to build a strong brand image amid intense competition. This study focuses on the Instagram account @tastea.ig, which makes use of visual content, interactive features, and the comment section to maintain emotional connections and consumer trust. The purpose of this research is to analyze the interaction strategies of the @tastea.ig account in maintaining a positive brand image in the eyes of its followers. Instagram’s visual-centric nature allows businesses to showcase their products in an aesthetically appealing manner, drawing attention from potential customers. The strategic use of high-quality images, videos, and stories not only highlights the brand’s offerings but also creates a lifestyle around the product. @tastea.ig effectively uses these features to build an engaging presence, showing its products in an appealing and relatable context. In addition to visuals, Instagram’s interactive features such as polls, quizzes, and direct messaging foster a sense of community and direct engagement with followers. By involving followers in decision-making or seeking their opinions, @tastea.ig strengthens its relationship with its audience, making them feel valued and heard.

The worsening ecological crisis, such as the floods that hit Parapat, demands a serious response from various elements of society, including religious institutions. This article highlights the role of the Church, particularly Huria Kristen Batak Protestan (HKBP), in caring for nature in Tanah Batak as a form of faith and social responsibility. Using theological and socio-cultural approaches, this study analyzes the contribution of HKBP teachings and Pope Francis' call in the encyclical Laudato Si' to the ecological awareness of the people. It emphasizes that the HKBP doctrine of the wholeness of creation and community-based ecological movements can be transformative solutions to environmental degradation. Through a case study of flooding in Parapat, this article demonstrates the urgency of church involvement in ecological advocacy and environmental education, and the importance of synergy between faith, Batak culture, and concrete action for the sustainability of God's creation. The HKBP's teachings on the wholeness of creation align closely with Pope Francis’ encyclical Laudato Si’, which calls for a radical shift in how humanity perceives and interacts with nature. By emphasizing the interconnectedness of all life, the HKBP doctrine encourages its followers to view environmental stewardship not only as a moral obligation but as an essential expression of faith. This view aligns with Pope Francis' call for an "ecological conversion," urging individuals and communities to recognize their role in caring for God's creation. Through the case study of flooding in Parapat, this article illustrates the real-world implications of ecological negligence and the importance of church involvement in ecological advocacy. The HKBP, along with other religious and community-based movements, can spearhead efforts to integrate environmental education into their teachings and local initiatives.

This study aims to determine the effect of the Course Review Horay learning model on students' comprehension ability in response text material at SMP Negeri 4 Gunungsitoli Idanoi. This learning model is an active and fun strategy that combines game elements with learning activities, so it is expected to increase student engagement and understanding of the material. The study used a quasi-experimental approach with a Non-Equivalent Control Group Design. The research procedure included three stages, namely (1) implementing a pre-test to measure students' initial abilities, (2) providing treatment by applying the Course Review Horay model in the experimental class and conventional learning in the control class, and (3) implementing a post-test to determine the increase in students' comprehension abilities. The study population was all seventh grade students consisting of two classes, namely VII-A and VII-B, each consisting of 20 students, so that the total number of participants was 40 people. Sampling used a saturated sampling technique because the entire population was sampled. The independent variable in the study was the application of the Course Review Horay learning model, while the dependent variable was student learning outcomes in the response text material. The results of data analysis showed a significant difference between student learning outcomes in the experimental class and the control class. Based on the hypothesis test, the t-value was 12.006, with a significance (2-tailed) <0.001, which is smaller than 0.05. 

This study aims to analyze the application of the full costing method in determining the cost of goods sold at a Sukoharjo Village-Owned Enterprise (BUMDes). The full costing method is an approach that assigns all production costs, both fixed and variable, to the product. It is expected to provide more accurate cost information than the traditional method currently used by BUMDes. This study used a qualitative descriptive approach, using a case study of a BUMDes Sukoharjo that produces traditional foods such as clorot, geblek, and lanting. Data collection techniques included interviews, observation, and documentation.The results indicate that the method currently used by BUMDes Sukoharjo does not capture all production costs, particularly equipment depreciation and other fixed overhead. Calculating the cost of goods sold using the full costing method yields a higher value than the previous method. This difference occurs because the full costing method comprehensively considers all cost elements, providing a more accurate basis for setting selling prices. By implementing the full costing method, BUMDes can improve cost management efficiency and obtain more accurate information for managerial decision-making. Furthermore, applying the full costing method enables BUMDes to better understand the impact of fixed costs on the overall profitability of their products. By factoring in all costs, including overheads and depreciation, BUMDes can make more informed decisions regarding pricing strategies and resource allocation. This method also allows for greater transparency in cost structures, which is essential for effective financial planning and budgeting. Ultimately, the full costing method will contribute to improved financial sustainability and long-term profitability for BUMDes Sukoharjo, helping them navigate challenges in the competitive market of traditional food production.

Weather and cloud cover are two fundamental atmospheric elements that are closely interconnected and play a vital role in understanding, classifying, and predicting atmospheric conditions. Accurate classification of weather conditions is essential not only for meteorological studies but also for practical applications in agriculture, aviation, transportation, and disaster management. Among the various statistical techniques available, correspondence analysis has proven to be an effective exploratory method for revealing associations among categorical variables by displaying their relationships in a two-dimensional graphical map. The primary objective of this study is to examine the relationship between different categories of weather conditions and levels of cloud cover using correspondence analysis. The data were sourced from the Kaggle platform, consisting of 13,200 observations with two key categorical variables: weather conditions (sunny, cloudy, rainy, and snowy) and cloud cover (clear, partly cloudy, cloudy, and overcast). This large dataset provides sufficient variability and reliability to capture the complex interdependence between the two variables. The findings reveal a statistically significant relationship between weather categories and cloud cover levels. The correspondence map visualization shows distinct patterns: clear weather is strongly associated with cloudless skies, while rainy and snowy weather conditions are predominantly linked to fully overcast skies. Cloudy and partly cloudy conditions occupy an intermediate position on the correspondence map, reflecting a transitional state between favorable and unfavorable weather. The first dimension of the map represents a spectrum from favorable weather conditions (sunny and clear) to adverse conditions (rainy and snowy), whereas the second dimension primarily reflects the intensity or density of cloud cover, ranging from thin to thick cloud layers. Overall, this study demonstrates the usefulness of correspondence analysis as an exploratory tool for meteorological data, offering valuable insights into the interrelation of weather and cloud cover categories.

The phenomenon of image degradation due to global boycott issues, including the Boycott, Divestment, and Sanctions (BDS) movement, has influenced consumer behavior, especially towards international brands such as Starbucks. This occurrence serves as the basis for the study's analysis of how Surabaya consumers' decisions to buy Starbucks are influenced by brand image, brand awareness, and brand trust. 112 Starbucks customers in Surabaya participated in a survey as part of this study's quantitative methodology. ThWith the use of SmartPLS 3.0 software, the data analysis method employed is Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM).  The study's findings show that purchase decisions are positively and significantly impacted by brand image, brand awareness, and brand trust. This finding indicates that these three variables have an important role in encouraging consumers to continue making purchases, even amidst reputational pressure due to social issues. This study provides implications for company marketing strategies in maintaining and building brand elements that can strengthen consumer loyalty and purchasing decisions. The study's findings show that purchase decisions are positively and significantly impacted by brand image, brand awareness, and brand trust. This finding indicates that these three variables have an important role in encouraging consumers to continue making purchases, even amidst reputational pressure due to social issues. Specifically, brand image is found to enhance consumers' emotional connection with the brand, which can mitigate the negative impacts of global boycotts or negative publicity. Brand awareness is shown to increase familiarity and recognition, which in turn solidifies consumer trust and loyalty. Lastly, brand trust has the strongest direct effect on purchase intentions, demonstrating that consumers are more likely to remain loyal to a brand they trust, even in the face of external challenges.

Film as a form of mass media has an important role in the socio-cultural, artistic, political, as well as scientific realms. Cek Toko Lado 2 is a continuation of the story of the Chinese family of Koh Afuk which is in the comedy genre and directed by Ernest Prakasa. This film not only presents entertainment, but also presents family dynamics, parental expectations, and challenges in maintaining family business while building trust between fellow family members. The stories presented are able to illustrate the social reality of urban communities who are often faced with a dilemma between family interests and individual freedom. The purpose of this research is to analyze the struggle of Erwin's character in fighting for his love for Natalie and his efforts to get the blessing of his future in-laws. The research method used is qualitative with the approach of Charles Sanders Peirce's semiotic theory. The data source was obtained through direct observation of scenes and dialogues in the film, and reinforced by documentation and literature studies. The results of the study show that Erwin's struggle can be understood through three main elements in Peirce's semiotics, namely sign, object, and interpretant. First, the spirit of never giving up is reflected in Erwin's consistency in facing various obstacles. Second, the attitude of responsibility can be seen from Erwin's commitment to his career and the romantic relationship he is living. Third, the willingness to sacrifice is evident when Erwin prioritizes personal interests in order to gain the blessing of Natalie's family. In conclusion, this study emphasizes that films not only function as a means of entertainment, but also as a social learning medium that conveys moral messages about struggle, sacrifice, and the importance of trust in family relationships and romance. Thus, Cek Toko Lado 2 is able to be a relevant and inspiring social reflection for the audience, especially urban people who are facing the dynamics of family life and love.

This study investigates the influence of the marketing mix (product, price, promotion, and place) on purchase decisions for automotive products at PT. XYZ Sidoarjo. Using a quantitative approach, data were collected from 150 consumers who had purchased vehicles, spare parts, or services within the last six months. A structured questionnaire measured the four marketing mix elements and purchase decision using a 5-point Likert scale. Multiple linear regression analysis was applied to test the partial and simultaneous effects of the independent variables on the dependent variable. The results indicate that all four elements significantly and positively affect purchase decisions, with price emerging as the most dominant factor. The model’s Adjusted R² value of 0.915 shows that the marketing mix variables explain 91.5% of the variation in purchase decisions. These findings reinforce the relevance of the 4P framework in the automotive sector and highlight the need for integrated marketing strategies. Practically, the study suggests that PT. XYZ Sidoarjo should focus on maintaining competitive pricing, enhancing product quality and innovation, optimizing promotional activities—especially digital marketing—and strengthening distribution channels to sustain competitiveness in a dynamic market. In addition to these findings, the study provides insight into consumer behavior within the automotive industry, particularly in a highly competitive market like Sidoarjo. Consumers are increasingly sensitive to pricing structures, especially given the economic pressures and the availability of alternative brands. Price sensitivity, therefore, should be a focal point in shaping future marketing strategies. Companies need to conduct regular market analysis to ensure their pricing aligns with customer expectations and perceived value.

This study discusses the implementation of consumer law in the context of gold investment through PT X's digital application and the consumer protection guarantee mechanisms presented in the system. The research method used is normative juridical, namely a method that emphasizes the study of applicable positive legal norms, legal doctrine, and the application of relevant legal principles. The results of the study indicate that the implementation of consumer law in digital-based gold investment has been carried out in accordance with contractual principles as stipulated in civil law and in line with the provisions of Law Number 8 of 1999 concerning Consumer Protection. In practice, gold investment transactions through the X application are carried out with a mixed agreement containing elements of sale and purchase, deposit, and pawn. This is an important basis because the legal relationship between consumers and companies is not only a single transaction, but a combination that requires guaranteed protection of consumer rights. The legal basis for this mechanism is reflected in the X Digital Application Operational Guidelines Number 28 of 2024, which detailed administrative procedures, application usage requirements, and the implementation of consumer protection principles as stipulated in Articles 4, 7, 18, and 45 of the Consumer Protection Law. Thus, the implemented system not only emphasizes commercial aspects but also ensures a balance between the rights and obligations of consumers and businesses. This study highlights how digital transformation in financial services requires a robust legal framework to protect consumers from potential risks. Therefore, internal company regulations and guidelines play a strategic role in ensuring fairness and providing a sense of security for people investing in gold through digital applications.  

The lack of interest of young children in learning numbers is a common challenge in kindergarten learning activities. Children tend to be passive during the mathematics learning process because the approach used is not appropriate to their age developmental characteristics, which prefer play, movement, and direct interaction with concrete media. To address this problem, the Community Service Program (KKN) at At-Tien Kindergarten, Sumber Gayam, focused on learning innovation by designing a simple media called the Mathematics Ferris Wheel. This media was designed by combining elements of play and motor activity, making it more engaging for children. The research in this community service activity used a Participatory Action Research (PAR) approach, which actively involved teachers and students in the planning, implementation, and evaluation stages. The media was implemented by children turning the Ferris wheel in turns, then calling out the number indicated along with the numbers before and after. Through this activity, children not only learned to recognize number sequences but also practiced concentration, courage, and communication skills. The implementation results showed that the use of the Mathematics Ferris Wheel was able to significantly improve the understanding of number concepts in early childhood. Furthermore, children's active involvement in learning also increased, demonstrated by their enthusiasm in participating in the game from start to finish. Teachers found this media to be highly beneficial because it is easy to use, flexible, and adaptable to teach other topics such as colors, shapes, and letters. Thus, this KKN activity demonstrates that innovative, participatory learning media can create a fun, contextual, and effective learning environment. Such efforts are a practical solution to improving the quality of learning in early childhood education

Spiritual well-being in psychology is used to discuss the process of achieving spiritual conditions in individuals. Spiritual well-being is a concept regarding an innate state, has elements of motivation or drive to find the purpose of one's life, is dynamic and subjective in nature, and focuses on a certain uniqueness which is then believed to be the truth. One way to improve spiritual well-being is through dhikr activities, which are usually used as one of the psychotherapies in Islam. Epistemology as a branch of philosophy determines the character of knowledge, even determining the truths that are considered worthy of being accepted, and which ones should be rejected. Therefore, there are a number of questions that are usually asked to examine the issues in epistemology, namely what is knowledge, what are the sources and bases of knowledge? Is this knowledge a definite truth or just a guess? To answer all questions regarding the epistemology of knowledge, this article will examine in more depth the theories of knowledge and truth in epistemology. The method used in writing this article is a literature study. After presenting several explanations from various literature sources, it can be concluded that it is almost impossible to talk about "knowledge" without considering things about "truth".    

Criminal liability, also known as "criminal responsibility," is a legal assessment that is made after all elements of a criminal act are met or evidence of a criminal act is proven. The purpose of this assessment is to determine whether the defendant can be held accountable for the criminal act committed. This study specifically focuses on criminal liability for the perpetrator of murder who is a person with paranoid schizophrenia, as well as the factors that influence the act of murder. The approaches used in this study are normative juridical and empirical juridical juridical The research involved the Judge of the Gedong Tataan District Court and a Psychiatrist at the Regional Psychiatric Hospital of the University of Lampung as the main speakers. Data collection was carried out through literature studies and field studies to obtain a comprehensive picture related to the legal, medical, psychological, and social aspects of the case being studied. The results of the study show that the defendant, even though it is legally proven that he committed a criminal act as stated in Decision No. 105/Pid.B/2023/PN.Gdt, is bound by the provisions of Article 5 letter a juncto Article 44 Paragraph (3) of Law Number 23 of 2004 concerning the elimination of domestic violence. However, based on judicial, medical, and psychological considerations, the defendant cannot be criminally held liable for his actions for excused reasons related to mental disorders. Factors that affect this act of murder include psychological aspects, psychological conditions, mental health, traumatic experiences, and the social and family environment in which the perpetrator grew up. The analysis shows the importance of an integrative understanding between criminal law, psychiatry, and social conditions in determining criminal liability.

The government’s efforts to provide protection for trademark rights holders have been implemented by enacting and updating laws on trademarks. However, in reality, crimes against trademark rights continue to occur, including in the jurisdiction of the Tanjung Karang District Court. This research addresses the following issues: What are the judges' considerations in cases of unauthorized use of registered trademarks, and how is the criminal analysis of such offenses reflected in Decision Number: 381/Pid.Sus/2023/PN.Tjk? This study uses normative and empirical legal research methods, with statutory and conceptual approaches. The data type used is secondary data obtained through literature study. Data processing involved selection, classification, and organization. The data were analyzed using a descriptive qualitative method. The findings of this research indicate that the judge's legal basis in sentencing the defendant for the unauthorized use of a registered trademark in Decision Number: 381/Pid.Sus/2023/PN.Tjk includes juridical considerations—specifically that the defendant was legally and convincingly proven to have committed a criminal offense as regulated under Article 100 paragraph (1) of Law Number 20 of 2016 concerning Trademarks and Geographical Indications. Philosophically, the judge considered the imposed sentence as a means of rehabilitation and deterrence. Sociologically, the judge weighed both aggravating and mitigating factors in the sentencing. Criminal liability for the offender was based on the fulfillment of criminal responsibility elements, namely that the defendant was an adult and legally capable of committing the act. The element of fault was fulfilled, as the defendant knowingly and intentionally used a registered trademark without authorization, fully aware that such an act constitutes a criminal offense. The element of the absence of justification or excuse was also met, as the defendant committed the offense in a conscious and sound state of mind, without coercion.

Indonesia has a rich cultural heritage, one of which is batik, which has become a national cultural heritage and is recognized by UNESCO as a world intangible cultural heritage. Along with the development of digital technology and the increasingly dynamic needs of society, innovations in the form of digital batik have emerged, opening new opportunities in the preservation and development of traditional batik motifs. Digital batik not only allows efficiency in the production process but also expands the reach of creative expression through the exploration of new, more modern forms, colors, and media. This creative research aims to explore the shape and color of the female beetle (Coccinellidae) as inspiration in creating digital batik motifs that are then applied to mugs using digital printing techniques. The method used is exploratory with an artistic practice approach, involving stages ranging from visual concept design, digital sketching, color exploration, to the printing process on ceramic media. The design process was carried out digitally using the Ibis Paint application on a mobile device, which demonstrates that batik works can be created flexibly with the help of simple technology. The results of this creation are 15 digital batik works with the visual character of the female beetle that have been artistically modified without losing their distinctive shape and striking color. Each design measures 20 x 8 cm and is printed on a cylindrical mug with a curved surface. This research demonstrates that natural elements such as insects can be a rich source of aesthetic inspiration for developing contemporary batik motifs. Furthermore, this work demonstrates that modern technology can play a crucial role in maintaining the relevance and appeal of traditional arts like batik in the era of globalization and digitalization.

This research aims to analyze the essence of the principle of legality and the recognition of living law in society after the reform of the Indonesian National Criminal Code (KUHP). The study employs normative or doctrinal juridical research, which relies on a legislative and conceptual approach. The principle of legality is a fundamental doctrine in criminal law, emphasizing that no individual may be punished without pre-existing legal provisions. This principle is crucial not only as an instrument to guarantee legal certainty but also as a safeguard of human rights against arbitrary and repressive actions of the state. Traditionally, the principle of legality contains several core elements, namely lex scripta (law must be written), lex certa (law must be clear), lex stricta (prohibition of analogy), and lex praevia (non-retroactivity of law). These elements ensure that criminal provisions are accessible, predictable, and prevent abuse of power. However, with the enactment of the new Criminal Code in 2023, the meaning and application of this principle have shifted. The reform introduces a transition from a strictly formal legality principle toward a material legality principle. This development is particularly reflected in Article 2, paragraph (1) of the new Criminal Code, which explicitly recognizes living law (hukum yang hidup dalam masyarakat) as a legitimate source of criminal law. The recognition of living law expands the scope of legality beyond statutory law to include unwritten norms that are deeply rooted in local communities and cultural traditions. On the one hand, this reform represents an effort to align national criminal law with Indonesia’s socio-cultural realities. On the other hand, it also raises critical debates regarding legal certainty, uniformity, and potential conflicts with universal human rights standards.

This study aims to examine the potential of the Baduy traditional house as a realistic context in mathematics learning, particularly in the material of spatial geometry. The traditional houses of the Baduy people not only function as residences, but also hold cultural values, philosophies, and architectural structures rich in geometric elements. Using a systematic literature review (SLR) approach, this study explores various scientific sources, including journal articles, proceedings, and reference books, that discuss the relationship between spatial elements and the structure of traditional Baduy buildings. This approach was chosen so that the study obtained is comprehensive, directed, and able to illustrate the real contribution of ethnomathematics in learning. The results of the review indicate that the Baduy traditional house contains various forms of spatial geometry that can be clearly recognized, including cuboids, triangular prisms, pyramids, cubes, and cylinders. These elements are reflected in building components such as roofs, walls, floors, support pillars, and traditional household furniture. The visual and functional representation of these spatial geometry has the potential to be a contextual resource that can be utilized by teachers in the mathematics learning process, particularly through the Realistic Mathematics Education (RME) approach. By linking abstract mathematical concepts to local cultural phenomena, students not only gain a better conceptual understanding but also increase their active engagement, motivation to learn, and awareness of their own cultural identity. These findings emphasize the importance of utilizing local wisdom as an ethnomathematics approach that can provide meaningful, contextual learning rooted in the realities of students' daily lives. Through the integration of culture and education, mathematics learning can be more relevant, engaging, and support the preservation of national culture.

The contractual relationship between government entities (PA/KPA/PPK) and construction service providers in procurement activities is complex, as it intersects with both public and private law. Government procurement contracts for construction projects are often structured through a tender process, where service providers must compete to win the contract. Once the provider is selected, a legal agreement is formed, which regulates the roles, responsibilities, and obligations of the parties involved. This agreement is typically outlined in a contract document that serves as a formal, legally binding commitment. In civil law, such contracts are typically governed by private law principles, which include contracts, obligations, and liabilities. However, the nature of government procurement contracts adds a unique element of public law, particularly administrative and criminal law. The government’s involvement in these contracts introduces a dual legal framework that governs the relationship between the parties. On one hand, the contract is influenced by the state’s regulatory powers and administrative authority, ensuring compliance with legal standards and public interests. On the other hand, it is also subject to private law principles, as the government enters into agreements with construction providers just like any other business transaction. This mixed legal framework (or "mixed law") creates a distinctive legal relationship, where elements of public law, such as administrative regulations and oversight, coexist with private law principles, such as those governing contract enforcement and dispute resolution. The contract, which is a Keputusan Tindakan Administrasi Negara (KTUN), remains a civil law act, despite its public law foundation. This hybrid nature of government contracts ensures that both public and private law aspects are considered in the process, which can sometimes lead to legal complexities and challenges in the implementation and enforcement of these contracts.