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There has been a lot of rapid growth in Micro, Small and Medium-sized Enterprises (MSMEs) in Indonesia in recent years. MSMEs are critical to the overall health of the national economy. They are responsible for creating jobs and generating profits, which in turn helps support other parts of the economy. The development of MSMEs is hoped to reduce the unemployment rate, which will result in an increase in people's purchasing power and growth in the country's economy. The purpose of the study is to see an overview of how business motivation and performance and the impact of business motivation on the performance of business actors. The population is 461 business actors. The sampling technique using the Slovin Formula was obtained by a sample of 81 people. The analysis method in this study uses descriptive and verificatif analysis consisting of regression analysis, correlation, coefficient of determination. The results of the descriptive analysis show that business motivation has a score of 81.36 which means that business actors have excellent business motivation with the lowest score on the expectation indicator and the highest score on the intensive indicator. As for the Business Performance variable, it has a score of 69.52 which means that business actors already have good business performance with the lowest score on the indicator of increasing sales and the highest score on the indicator of increasing profits. The results of the verificative  analysis Business motivation has a significant effect on business performance in the Sukaregang Kulit Industry Center, Garut Regency. Good business motivation is needed to support business performance.

Breastfeeding is one of the best for babies because by breastfeeding the baby's nutritional needs will be met, at the age of more than 25 years, a third of women in the world (38%) agree not to breastfeed their babies (IDHS, 2012). Breastfeeding is an unrivaled way of providing ideal food for the healthy growth and development of babies. In addition, it has a unique biological and psychological effect on the health of mothers and babies. Anti-infective substances contained in breast milk help protect the baby against disease. However, breastfeeding is not always able to run normally, not a few mothers complain such as breast swelling due to the accumulation of breast milk, because the milk is not expelled or sucked by the baby (Heryani, 2012). The purpose of this study was to determine the relationship. To determine the relationship between knowledge and attitudes of breastfeeding mothers about ASI dams at PBM Hj. Mariani Makassar City. This type of research is an analytic survey with a cross sectional study approach. population and sample were all postpartum mothers from December 2021 to February 2022 (13 people) with accidental sampling technique which was then analyzed using chi-square. The results showed that there was no significant relationship between mother's knowledge and attitudes towards breastfeeding dams. It is hoped that breastfeeding mothers and families will be active in finding out about ways to prevent breast milk dams

The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of profitability, liquidity, company growth, dividend policy and tax avoidance (study on the manufacturing sector listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange). The population in this study were all manufacturing companies listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange for the 2016-2019 period, totaling 76 companies. The data collection method used in this research is documentation. The source of data in this study is secondary data in the form of financial reports published on the Indonesia Stock Exchange (IDX). The data analysis technique used was multiple linear regression which was preceded by classical assumption test consisting of normality test, multicollinearity test, autocorrelation test and heteroscedasticity test. While hypothesis testing is done by using the coefficient of determination, t test and F test. In this study, the results of the analysis show that profitability has effect on firm value, liquidity has no effect on firm value, firm growth has no effect on firm value, dividend policy has effect on firm value, and tax avoidance has  effect on firm value.

Development is the process of changing the functional capacity or working ability of the body's organs towards a state that is increasingly organized and specialized according to the wishes of their respective functions. According to the 2015 United Nations Emergency Children's Fund (UNICEF) report, data was found that the incidence of growth and development disorders in children under five, especially motor development disorders, is still high, namely 27.5% or 3 million children. The aim of this research is to determine the factors that influence the motor development of preschool children at TKIT Al Hikmah. This type of research is analytical with a cross sectional approach which was carried out in February 2021. The research population was 40 preschool aged children. With a sample of 32 respondents. The sampling technique uses accidental sampling. Data were analyzed using a logistic regression test with a confidence level of 95%. The results of the research showed that there was an influence of the length of interaction and stimulation with children on the motor development of preschool aged children and there was no influence of age, education and mother's occupation on the motor development of children aged 3 - 4 years at TKIT Al Hikmah. It is hoped that mothers can increase developmental stimulation during interactions with children and make contact time with children a useful time for stimulation.

Indonesia is a developing country with a high population increase. The increasing population situation makes it difficult to improve and equalize people's welfare. The higher the population growth, the greater the efforts made to maintain people's welfare. One strategy to reduce the birth rate is through the use of contraception. However, there are several factors that influence the choice of contraception, including level of knowledge, age, birth spacing and parity and postpartum counseling. So this research aims to explain the analysis of factors that influence the choice of type of contraception in couples of childbearing age at Batara Siang Regional Hospital. Research Design: The type of research is quantitative descriptive correlation with a cross sectional design. The population in this study was all family planning acceptors at Batara Siang Regional Hospital in April 2020. The research sample was 47 couples of childbearing age at Batara Siang Regional Hospital using an accidental sampling technique. The results of the research show that the p value obtained from the Wald test for the age variable is 0.039, which means there is a relationship between age in choosing a contraceptive method. This relationship is statistically significant (OR= 11.139; p = 0.039), the education variable shows that the p value obtained from the Wald test for the education variable is 0.014, which means there is a relationship between education and the choice of long-term contraceptive methods. Conclusion: There is a significant influence between age and education and the choice of type of contraception in couples of childbearing age at Batara Siang Regional Hospital.   

Exclusive breastfeeding in the world is only around 38 percent. When compared with the WHO target of reaching 50%, this figure is still far from the target. There are several factors that influence exclusive breastfeeding, namely knowledge, education, work. This has led to the assumption that breast milk cannot meet the needs of babies, working mothers whose workplaces do not have facilities to store expressed breast milk or who do not facilitate regulations for workers to express breast milk. In fact, breast milk is the best living fluid that babies really need, which contains various substances that are important for the baby's growth and development and suit their needs. So the aim of this research is to find out the factors that influence mothers in providing exclusive breastfeeding in Anrong Appaka Village, Kab. Pangkep. This research is an observational analytical study with a cross sectional approach. The research population was mothers who had babies aged 6-22 months in Anrong Appaka Village, Kab. Pangkep. The sample consisted of 32 people. This research uses a data collection tool in the form of a questionnaire. The research results show that there is a significant relationship between work, education and exclusive breastfeeding. The conclusion is that the job characteristics of the majority of respondents are not working. The majority of respondents have higher education. Bivariate test results There is a significant relationship between employment, education and exclusive breastfeeding.

Financial distress is a financial condition of a company that is in a state of crisis. The purpose of this study is to find out the effect of liquidity, leverage, operating capacity, profitability, and firm growth on financial distress. The population of this study is manufacturing companies listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange in 2017-2018 with the sampling technique using porposive sampling or criteria. Based on the technique, obtained sample of 112 companies. The results of this study indicate that liquidity and profitability has a significant effect on the financial distress of manufacturing companies listed on the Indonesian stock exchange. Meanwhile, leverage, operating capacity, and firm growth have no effect on the financial distress of manufacturing companies listed on the Indonesian Stock Exchange.

This  research  analyzes  the  effect  of   Working  Capital  Turnover,  Growth,  Size  and  Liquidity  on  Profitability  (Study  at  Manufacture  Companies  listed  on  the  Indonesia  Stock  Exchange  for  the  2016-2018  period).  There  are  population  of  143  Manufacture  Companies  listed  on  the   Indonesia  Stock  Exchange.  The  sample  selection  method  uses  purposive  sampling  which  is  based  on  predetermined  criteria,  then  obtained  total  sample  are  44  manufacture  companies  during  2016-2018  period. The  analytical  tool  use  is  multiple  linear  regression  .  The  results  this  research  show  that  working  capital  turnover  and  growth  have not  effect  on  profitability,  while  size  and  liquidity  have effect on profitability.  Keywords : Working  Capital  Turnover,  Growth,  Size,  Liquidity,  Profitability

This study examines the effect of PAD, DAU, DAK, DBH, Area on Capital Expenditures and their impact on Economic Growth. The population in this study is the Province / Region of Sumatra, Java, and Bali in 2012-2017.The sampling method uses purposive sampling with the study period from 2012-2017 producing 96 samples. The relationship and or influence between variables is explained by using the multiple regression analysis method. the results of the study show that PAD, DAK and area have a significant positive effect on Capital Expenditures, DAU and DBH have no effect on Capital Expenditures, Capital Expenditures have a significant negative effect on Economic Growth. Testing the control variable shows that the relationship between the Human Development Index has no effect on Economic Growth, while Direct Foreign Investment has a significant positive effect on Economic Growth.  Keywords: Capital Expenditures, PAD, DAU, DAK, DBH, Area, Human Development Index, Direct Foreign Investment, and Economic Growth

This study aimed to examines the influence of leverage, institutional ownership, audit commitee, sales growth, profitability and firm size on the tax avoidance. This research was conducted at Indonesia by using analysis unit manufacture company that have gone public. The population of this research are manufacture company that listed in Indonesia Stock Exchange. The sampling method using purposive sampling with the study period of 2014 until 2017 and obtained as many as 127 companies. The technique of data analysis is used multiple regression analysis. The results of this study shows that leverage, Institutional Ownership and Audit Commitee positive not significant on Tax Avoidance. Sales Growth negative not significant on Tax Avoidance. Profitability positive significant on Tax Avoidance. Firm Size negative significant on Tax Avoidance.  Keyword: Leverage, Institutional Ownership, Audit Commitee, Sales Growth, Profitability, Firm Size and Tax Avoidance

This study aimed to examines the influence of the regional revenue, general allocation funds and general special allocation funds on the capital expenditures moderated by economic growth. The population of this research are District/City Central Java Province which consists of 35 District/City. The study uses secondar data such as Realization Report 2013 until 2015 budget. The technique of data analysis is used multiple regression analysis.The results of this study shows that General Allocation Fund has a positive influence on Capital Expenditure. However, Local Revenue and Special Allocation Fund does not affect on Capital Expenditure. While Economic Growth proved to moderate Local Revenue to Capital Expenditure. But Economic Growth does not moderate the relationship between the General Allocation Fund and the Special Allocation Fund  to Capital Expenditures.  Keywords : local revenue, general allocation fund, special allocation fund,   economic growth and capital expenditure.

This study aims to analyze the effect of the Original Income, the difference between the expenditure budget, and the Area of Capital expenditure with economic growth as a moderating variable. Population in this research is Regency / City of Province of Central Java counted 35 which consist of 29 regency and 6 municipality. Sample Samples selected were 35 districts / cities with census technique. Secondary data retrieval method using report from BPS in Regency / Municipality of Central Java Province. The analysis used multiple linear regression model of moderation model with the basis of interaction. The results showed that PAD has a positive effect on capital expenditure. Similarly, SiLPA has a positive effect on capital expenditure. The area has positive effect on capital expenditure. Economic Growth is a positive influence on capital expenditure. Economic growth strengthens the effect of PAD on capital expenditures. While Economic Growth is not proven to strengthen the influence of SiLPA on capital expenditure. Keywords: local original revenue, SiLPA, area, economic growth, capital expenditure

This study aimed to analyze the influence of the company's growth, profitability, asset structure, business risk, tax and liquidity to funding decisions on manufacturing companies listed in Indonesia Stock Exchange.The population in this research is manufacturing companies listed in Indonesia Stock Exchange in 2013-2015. Sample selection is done by purposive sampling method. Data were processed as many as 242 companies. Mechanical testing data is by using multiple linear regression analysis.The results of analysis show that the variable asset structure and tax significant positive effect on funding decision, the variable  liquidity (current ratio) significant negative effect on funding decision, while the variable  business risk does not affect to the funding decision on Manufacturing companies listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange.Keywords: asset structure, business risk, tax, liquidity and funding decision

This research aimed to examine and analyze the effect of executive characteristic, size, sales growth, and leverage towards corporate tax avoidance. On this research, leverage used as mediating variabel to mediate the relationship between executive charactheristic, size, and sales growth to corporate tax avoidance. The population in this research is manufacturing companies listed on the Indonesian Stock Exchange period 2012 to 2014. The sampling technique was done by purposive sampling with sample data which gathering of this research was 129. Data was processed by SPSS software using multiple regression analysis and path analysis. The result of this research showed that executive characteristic, size, sales growth, and leverage had a significant effect to tax avoidance. Based on path analysis, leverage as mediating variabel can’t mediate the relationship between executive characteristic to tax avoidance, but it can mediated the relationship between size and sales growth to tax avoidance in the company. Keywords: executive characteristic, size, sales growth, leverage, tax avoidance

The study examines the effect of internal cash flow, insider ownership, profitability, investment opportunity and sales growth on capital expenditure. This research was conducted at the Indonesian Stock Exchange by using a go public manufacturing company as the unit of analysis.Population in this research is manufacturing company listed on the Indonesian Stock Exchange period form 2010 to 2014. The sampling method used purposive sampling. The research sample includes companies that have insider ownership, releasing financial statement, has the completeness of data, used the rupiah currency  Relationship and (or) influence between variables is describe by using multiple regression analysis.The result showed that the insider ownership has significant negative effect and investment opportunity has significant positive effect to the capital expenditure. Where as the internal cash flow and sales growth has no significant positive effect, and profitability has no significant negative effect to the capital expenditure.Keywords:   Internal Cash Flow, Insider Ownership, Profitability, Investment Opportunity, Sales Growth and Capital Expenditure.

The local government allocated funds in the form of capital expenditure in the local budget to increase fixed assets. During this shopping areas more used to spending relatively less productive routine. The purpose of this study is to prove empirically the effect of regional revenue and general allocation funds for capital expenditures in the District / City Central Java Province Year 2011-2013 with moderation variables Economic Growth. The population in this study is the Regency / City Central Java province which consists of 35 District / City. This study uses secondary data such as Realization Report 2011-2013 budget. In this study, the test model for hypothesis testing will be done using Moderated Regression Analysis. The data has been collected and analyzed in advance with the classic assumption test. Based on the results of this study concluded that the original income has no effect on Capital Expenditure. General Allocation Fund has a positive influence on Capital Expenditure. Directions regression coefficient is positive, meaning that an increase in the General Allocation Fund will increase capital expenditures. Economic growth does not affect the Capital Expenditure. Economic growth does not moderate relationship with the Regional Income Capital Expenditure. Economic growth does not moderate the relationship with the general allocation fund capital expenditures. Keywords:  Local Revenues, General Allocation Funds, Economic Growth and Capital Expenditure

This study aim to examine the effect of the ratio likuiditas, leverage,operating capacity, sales growth, audit committee size, independentcommissioner and public ownership on financial distress.The population ofthis study is manufacture company listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchangefor period of 2009-2015. Based on purposive sampling method, this sampleof this study are 281 companies (159 financial distress and 122 nonfinancial distress). The criteria is used to categorize a financial distresscompany in this study based on earning per share (EPS) negative. Dataanalysis using regression logistic.The result show that the sales growth,operating capacity, independent commissioner and public ownership have asignificant on financial distress.

Small pelagic fisheries play an important role in food security, coastal livelihoods, and local fishery economies in Indonesia. Sardinella fimbriata is one of the economically important small pelagic fish species widely utilized in coastal communities. However, increasing fishing pressure may alter population size structure and reduce reproductive sustainability. This study aimed to analyze the size structure, gonad maturity stage, and exploitation status of Sardinella fimbriata in Kwandang Waters, Tomini Bay, Indonesia. The research was conducted from August to November 2025 using a descriptive quantitative approach. A total of 1,560 fish samples collected from commercial landings were measured for total length and examined macroscopically for gonad maturity. Data were analyzed using length-frequency distribution, maturity proportion, and logistic regression to estimate length at first maturity (L₅₀). The results showed that fish length ranged from 8.0 to 19.9 cm and was dominated by the 12.0–15.9 cm size group, accounting for 75.45% of total samples. Immature gonads dominated the catch, representing 91.35% of individuals, while mature fish accounted for only 8.65%. Logistic regression estimated L₅₀ at 16.72 cm, whereas the average catch length was 13.56 cm with an Lc/L₅₀ ratio of 0.81. These findings indicate that most fish were captured before reaching reproductive maturity, suggesting growth overfishing conditions. The study highlights the importance of minimum catch size regulation, selective fishing gear, and routine biological monitoring to support sustainable management of small pelagic fisheries in Tomini Bay.

Debt Policy is policy to decision finance is a policy in determining the company’s funds are sourced from external. Managers must determine the exact proportion of debt with due regard to the risks of the debt. The purpose of this research is to explore how the influence free cash flow, growth of the company, dividend policy and firm size toward the debt policy. Population in this study are all companies listed on the indonesia stock exchange year 2013 obtained 137 company. This research used purposive sampling method. The analysis show that they have one variable is dividend policy has positive influence to debt policy. As for the other three variables independent are free cash flow, growth of the company, and firm size that insignificant influence to debt policy. The conclusions of this study proved that the dividend policy can improve the company’s debt policy. Suggestion for future research to use an independent commissioner and the implementation of good corporate governance to supervise the activities of the company and improve its performance. Keywords: Free cash flow, debt policy, dividend policy, firm size, growth of the company

This study aims to analyze the factors that affect the capital structure. Factors examined as independent variables are profitability, company size, business risk, growth opportunities and managerial ownership. Variable profitability, company size, business risk is analyzed in the perspective of the pecking order theory and variable growth opportunities and managerial ownership is analyzed in the perspective of agency theory.Hypothesis testing using multiple regression. The population in this study is manufacturing companies listed in Indonesia Stock Exchange. Sampling technique using purposive sampling method. The samples used 222 observations are pooled data from 2008 to 2010. Types of data used are secondary data. Statistical tests showed hypotheses for the variables profitability and business risk accepted. This means that the profitability and business risk significantly and negatively related to capital structure. Hypothesis testing results for firm size variable positive and significant impact on capital structure. Thus the hypothesis is rejected due to size of company direction opposite hypothesis. Variable growth opportunities and managerial ownership and significant negative effect on capital structure.Keywords: capital structure, profitability, company size, business risk, growth opportunity, managerial ownership, the pecking order theory, agency theory.