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This study examines the legal provisions regarding interfaith marriage in Indonesia from the perspective of Islamic law and national law. The focus lies on the differences and points of convergence between the two legal systems in assessing the validity of marriages conducted between couples of different religions. This research employs a library research method with a normative-comparative approach, analyzing primary sources such as the Qur’an, Hadith, the Compilation of Islamic Law (KHI), Law Number 1 of 1974 on Marriage, as well as relevant court decisions. The results show that Islamic law explicitly prohibits interfaith marriage, particularly between a Muslim woman and a non-Muslim man, as it contradicts the principles of faith and the objectives of marriage in Islam. Meanwhile, national law through Law Number 1 of 1974 stipulates that a marriage is valid only if conducted according to the laws of each religion and belief, which implicitly rejects the legality of interfaith marriage. In practice, however, some individuals seek legal loopholes through human rights interpretations or by registering their marriages abroad. Therefore, both Islamic and national law share the same goal: to preserve the sanctity of marriage and maintain social harmony based on the divine values upheld by the Indonesian nation.

This article examines in depth the concept of protecting human dignity through the regulation of gaze and physical contact among mahram according to the Shafi‘i School of Islamic law. From an Islamic perspective, the preservation of dignity (ḥifẓ al-‘irḍ) occupies a highly fundamental position as part of the objectives of Islamic law, particularly in regulating social relations and family interactions. Although mahram relationships legally allow closer interaction, Islam continues to establish ethical boundaries to safeguard purity and moral values. This study is a normative legal research employing conceptual and normative-fiqh approaches, relying on primary sources such as the Qur’an, the Prophetic traditions (hadith), and classical as well as contemporary Shafi‘i jurisprudential literature. The findings indicate that the Shafi‘i School does not regard mahram relations as a sphere of absolute and unrestricted freedom, but instead provides clear regulations concerning gaze and physical contact. Visual interaction is permitted in a limited manner, restricted to certain parts of the body and subject to the condition that it does not provoke desire or potential moral temptation (fitnah). Meanwhile, physical contact is regulated more strictly and, in principle, is only permitted in situations of legitimate shar‘i necessity, such as medical treatment or emergency circumstances. Therefore, the regulation of gaze and physical contact among mahram in the Shafi‘i School functions as an instrument for protecting human dignity, preserving the sanctity of family relationships, and preventing behavioral deviations from an early stage.

The prohibition of proposing to a woman during her ‘iddah period constitutes an Islamic legal provision that is firmly grounded in the normative foundations of the Qur’an and fiqh. This provision aims to preserve the clarity of lineage, protect women’s dignity, and maintain order within the legal framework of marriage. This article examines, from a normative perspective, the prohibition of proposing to a woman during her ‘iddah according to the Shāfi‘ī school of law. The study employs a normative legal research method with a qualitative approach through library research, drawing upon the Qur’an, hadith, and authoritative (mu‘tabar) Shāfi‘ī fiqh texts. The findings indicate that the Shāfi‘ī school strictly prohibits explicit proposals to women during all types of ‘iddah, including ‘iddah resulting from revocable divorce (ṭalāq raj‘ī), irrevocable divorce (ṭalāq bā’in), annulment (fasakh), and death. As for indirect proposals (ta‘rīḍ), they are permitted only for women whose ‘iddah is not accompanied by a right of reconciliation, such as ‘iddah due to death and ‘iddah of ṭalāq bā’in, while remaining prohibited during ‘iddah raj‘ī. This legal ruling reflects the prudence of the Shāfi‘ī school in preventing the occurrence of invalid marriage contracts and affirms the function of ‘iddah as an instrument of Islamic legal regulation rather than merely a biological waiting period.

Vitro Fertilization (IVF) technology is a biotechnological innovation that helps infertile couples conceive. However, the application of this technology has raised ethical debates regarding the nature of life, human dignity, and the moral boundaries of artificial reproduction. This article aims to examine the practice of IVF through an ethical deontology perspective, a moral approach that emphasizes obligations, principles, and respect for human beings as ends, not means. The research method used is a literature review with a descriptive-analytical approach to bioethics and moral philosophy literature. The results of the study indicate that based on deontological ethics, the application of IVF can be considered moral if it respects human dignity, does not treat embryos as mere objects, and is carried out with intentions that are in accordance with human moral obligations.

In the ever-evolving digital era, the importance of cyber law in safeguarding user privacy cannot be overstated. As a distinct legal discipline, cyber law examines regulations that oversee activities in cyberspace, offering legal protection regarding personal data and user privacy. Referring to various credible sources, this article evaluates the role of cyber law in protecting user privacy in the Indonesian context. The article discusses regulations such as the Electronic Information and Transactions Law (UU ITE), the Government Regulation on Electronic Systems, and the Personal Data Protection Bill. The main elements analyzed include supervision, regulation, resolution, and protection of user rights when facing digital security challenges. The examination shows that cyber law plays a significant role in protecting individuals' personal information, thereby encouraging safer and more trustworthy digital services. Furthermore, the article points out the various challenges faced in enforcing cyber law, such as administrative constraints, inadequate digital literacy, and limited access to justice, especially for those without legal knowledge or support. Consequently, to improve the effectiveness of cyber law, continued efforts are needed to strengthen the digital regulatory framework and provide more comprehensive user privacy protection. This perspective seeks to enhance understanding of the significance of cyber law in safeguarding privacy and proposes recommendations for governments and relevant organizations in addressing privacy issues in the digital age.

This study examines the process of religious habituation among congregants at Masjid Jami’ Al-Barokah Yasda, South Jakarta, through the perspective of Peter L. Berger’s theory of social construction. The mosque implements a series of religious programs conducted consistently on a daily basis, including ta’lim, recitation of Rotibul Haddad, congregational shalat tasbih, Yasin Tahlil Barzanji, silaturahmi, and jaulah. This research aims to understand how these programs are designed, implemented, and interpreted so as to shape the religious patterns of the congregation. This study employs a qualitative descriptive approach, with data collected through in-depth interviews with the head of the Mosque Management Board (DKM) and direct observation of religious activities. The findings indicate that religious habituation in this mosque is formed through an interconnected process of social construction: religious programs are formulated by mosque administrators as an expression of religious values and vision (externalization), subsequently carried out on a regular basis until they are accepted as traditions and a collective identity of the mosque (objectivation), and ultimately internalized by congregants as values that shape religious attitudes and consciousness of piety (internalization) in their daily lives.Overall, these religious activities are oriented toward sustaining Rahmatan lil ‘Alamin da‘wah da‘wah that promotes goodness, inner peace, and social benefit for both congregants and the surrounding community. The findings demonstrate that religious habituation, when managed consistently and adaptively, is capable of fostering a living religious culture, strengthening piety, and generating tangible social impacts within an urban religious context.

Traditional association rule analysis is effective at uncovering co-purchase patterns but fails to provide a global structural view of the market, which often results in fragmented and isolated insights. This study proposes a hybrid framework that integrates the Apriori algorithm with a Minimum Spanning Tree (MST) in order to validate and contextualize association rules within a single structural backbone. Transaction data from a retail store are transformed into a weighted, undirected product graph using an inverse-support function, and an MST is then extracted to represent the market backbone, while frequent itemsets and strong rules are obtained using Apriori. Experimental results on 236 multi-item transactions show that the MST backbone comprises 10 products and 9 fundamental links, with 66.67% of these links being confirmed by strong association rules, indicating a substantial coherence between statistical and structural evidence. The proposed model identifies 41 Apriori patterns that can be embedded in the MST and ranks them using a new metric, Structural Distance, which enables the categorization of Core Patterns, Bridge Patterns, and Complex Patterns according to their structural tightness. This hybrid perspective distinguishes dense, strategically meaningful bundles from anomalous but frequent combinations that are structurally peripheral, thereby offering a more holistic and actionable alternative to conventional Market Basket Analysis. The validated framework can support various applications, including store layout optimization, cross-selling strategies, and the design of path-based recommender systems, and it opens avenues for future extensions based on dynamic graphs and Graph Neural Networks.

Leadership is a fundamental aspect of human life that greatly determines the direction and quality of a society. The Qur’an, as the primary source of Islamic teachings, provides clear guidance regarding the criteria of an ideal leader based on divine values. This study aims to examine leadership criteria in the Qur’an through an analysis of Q.S. Al-Anbiya verse 73, Q.S. As-Sajdah verse 24, and Q.S. Yusuf verse 55. The research employs a library research method by analyzing the lexical meanings (mufradat), the historical context of the verses, and the interpretations of prominent mufassirs such as Buya Hamka and Muhammad Quraish Shihab. The findings indicate that leadership from a Qur’anic perspective is not merely oriented toward power, but is a great trust (amanah) that requires moral and spiritual integrity, patience, faith, trustworthiness, and competence. These verses emphasize that an ideal leader is one who guides others according to Allah’s command, possesses patience and strong conviction in His revelations, and is knowledgeable and trustworthy in managing public affairs. This study is relevant to contemporary conditions, particularly in addressing the leadership crisis marked by the abuse of power and weakened integrity. Therefore, understanding leadership criteria in the Qur’an is expected to serve as a foundation for Muslims in selecting and preparing leaders who are ethical, responsible, and morally upright.

Village-Owned Enterprises (BUMDes) are a strategic instrument in promoting village economic independence and increasing Village Original Income (PAD). However, in practice, BUMDes management still faces various governance issues, particularly related to human resource capacity, business innovation, and public accountability and trust. This study aims to analyze the acceleration of BUMDes governance from a Reinventing Government perspective through a comparative study between BUMDes in rural and urban areas. This study uses a qualitative method with a descriptive-comparative approach. Data collection techniques are carried out through in-depth interviews, observation, and documentation. The research locations include BUMDes in Paan Leleng Village, Kota Komba Utara District, East Manggarai Regency as a representative of rural villages, and BUMDes in Golo Bilas Village, Komodo District, West Manggarai Regency as a representative of urban villages. The research results indicate that the implementation of Reinventing Government principles in the governance of Village-Owned Enterprises (BUMDes) in both villages has been successful, but not yet optimal. The BUMDes in Golo Bilas Village has advantages in market access, business potential, and innovation, but still faces challenges in accountability and public trust. Meanwhile, the BUMDes in Paan Leleng Village demonstrates strong community participation and social values, but is hampered by limited human resources, technology, and business diversification. Accelerating BUMDes governance requires institutional strengthening, increased managerial capacity, business innovation, and the implementation of governance that is oriented towards results and community needs.

Human trafficking constitutes a transnational crime that inflicts physical, psychological, and economic suffering upon its victims. This research aims to analyze the fulfillment of restitution rights for victims of human trafficking and examine preventive efforts from the immigration perspective. According to Law Number 21 of 2007 concerning the Eradication of Human Trafficking, every victim has the right to restitution as compensation for losses suffered. However, implementation in practice still encounters numerous obstacles, including weak law enforcement, limited understanding among law enforcement officers, and insufficient technical regulations. This normative legal research employs statutory and conceptual approaches to examine primary legal materials, including Law Number 21 of 2007, Law Number 6 of 2011 on Immigration, and various implementing regulations. The findings indicate that legal protection for victims of human trafficking has not been optimal, with challenges including difficulties in proving immaterial losses, dual procedural systems between the Human Trafficking Law and Criminal Procedure Code, and weak coordination among law enforcement agencies. The Witness and Victim Protection Agency (LPSK) often cannot guarantee restitution payments as determined by judges. From the immigration perspective, the Directorate General of Immigration plays a strategic role in preventing human trafficking through travel document control, implementation of the Integrated Border Control Management (IBCM) system, education for prospective migrant workers, and cross-sectoral collaboration. However, challenges persist, including complex and evolving modus operandi, limited resources in remote border areas, and inter-agency coordination obstacles. The study concludes that synergy between institutions and improvements in education and regulation are required to ensure victims' restitution rights are fulfilled effectively.  

According to Indonesian law, marriage is a legal act that has legal consequences for the personal status, assets, and rights and obligations of husband and wife. Therefore, marriage requires the free and conscious will of both prospective bride and groom as the basis for the birth of a valid legal relationship. This study examines the importance of getting to know your partner before getting married from a legal perspective, especially as a form of preventive legal protection in marriage law. This research uses a normative juridical method with a statutory approach and a conceptual approach through literature study of statutory regulations, legal doctrine and relevant scientific literature. The research results show that although Indonesian positive law does not yet explicitly regulate the obligation to get to know one's partner before marriage, the objectives of the Marriage Law, the principle of consensualism, and pre-marital guidance policies reflect the importance of the prospective bride and groom's substantive readiness. This readiness is related to understanding the rights and obligations in marriage as well as the legal consequences that accompany them. Thus, getting to know partners before marriage has legal relevance as an effort to prevent disputes, divorce and family disputes, as well as strengthening legal protection for husbands, wives and children in the institution of marriage.  

This research examines the effectiveness of narcotics crime investigation by the Narcotics Investigation Unit (Satuan Reserse Narkoba) from the perspective of Indonesia's Criminal Procedure Code (KUHAP) and related legislation. The study also analyzes the juridical-normative obstacles encountered during investigation processes, along with potential solutions under Indonesian positive law. As an extraordinary crime, narcotics offenses require precise and legally sound investigation methods. However, investigative practices often face challenges due to inconsistencies between legal norms and field implementation, limited resources, and the absence of clear regulations on special investigative techniques such as wiretapping and controlled delivery. This normative legal research employs statutory and conceptual approaches, analyzing primary legal materials including Law Number 8 of 1981 (KUHAP), Law Number 35 of 2009 on Narcotics, and various implementing regulations. The findings indicate that narcotics investigations are not yet optimal due to weak technical regulations, disharmonized laws between KUHAP and the Narcotics Law, overlapping authority between the Police and the National Narcotics Agency (BNN), and a lack of protection for whistleblowers and witnesses. The legal gap in regulating special investigation methods creates uncertainty in evidence admissibility. Proposed solutions include regulatory reform through KUHAP revision, improving investigator competence through specialized training, utilizing modern technology, strengthening inter-agency coordination, and enhancing internal and external oversight mechanisms. Legal reform and institutional synergy are essential to enhancing the overall effectiveness of narcotics investigations in Indonesia.

Children constitute a vulnerable group requiring protection from sexual crimes, including pedophilia. This research aims to examine criminal law provisions protecting child victims of pedophilia crimes in Indonesia and identify obstacles in their implementation. Using a normative juridical method with statutory and conceptual approaches, the findings demonstrate that legal protection is comprehensively regulated through the Criminal Code (KUHP), the Child Protection Law (Law Number 35 of 2014), Law Number 17 of 2016, and the Electronic Information and Transactions Law (ITE). These regulations provide a strong legal basis both in terms of principal criminal sanctions and additional sanctions such as chemical castration, electronic monitoring device installation, and perpetrator identity disclosure. The regulations also emphasize victims' rights to medical and psychological rehabilitation as well as identity protection. However, implementation faces several obstacles, including low case reporting rates due to stigma and taboo culture, evidentiary difficulties arising from victim trauma, weak inter-agency coordination, limited resources, and the emergence of digital pedophilia modi. Efforts to address these obstacles include strengthening law enforcement capacity, providing child-friendly justice systems, comprehensive rehabilitation services, public legal education, and synergy between government and non-government institutions in child protection.

The digitalization of the creative economy has opened up significant opportunities for the community to create innovative products that have high sales value and are environmentally friendly. One interesting innovation is the use of used cooking oil as a raw material for making aromatherapy candles. Used cooking oil, which is usually discarded and pollutes the environment, can be reprocessed into products with economic value, thus supporting the principles of a circular economy. This study aims to examine the potential of processing used cooking oil into aromatherapy candles, analyze digital-based marketing strategies to increase product competitiveness in the market, and examine the meaning of transforming waste into innovative products from the perspective of Immanuel Kant's philosophy of reality. The research methods used were literature studies and field observations of used cooking oil processing practices by the community. The results show that used cooking oil-based aromatherapy candles have good business prospects, especially when combined with digital promotion through social media and marketplaces. Digitalization helps expand marketing reach, create brand identity, and attract consumers who care about environmental sustainability. From the perspective of Immanuel Kant's philosophy of reality, the transformation of used cooking oil into aromatherapy candles can be understood as a phenomenon, namely a reality that is visible in the practice of the digital creative economy. Meanwhile, the values ​​of sustainability, ethical awareness, and social meaning contained therein reflect noumena, namely the deepest reality that is not directly visible but provides direction and meaning for human actions.

The development of the modern world, characterized by advances in digital technology, globalization, and complex social dynamics, has created new challenges in child-rearing practices, particularly for Muslim families. Children require not only the fulfillment of physical needs and formal education, but also balanced emotional, social, and spiritual support. This study aims to examine the concept of child-rearing based on love and compassion from the perspective of Islamic psychology, identify the core principles of Islamic parenting, and explain its implications for children’s psychological development. This research employed a qualitative approach using a literature review method with a systematic literature review design. Data sources were obtained from academic books as well as nationally accredited journals and reputable international journals published between 2020 and 2024. The data were analyzed using content analysis and thematic analysis to identify patterns, key concepts, and relationships among variables. The findings indicate that parenting grounded in love and compassion (rahmah), combined with role modeling, justice, and wisdom in discipline, contributes positively to children’s emotional, social, moral, and spiritual development. Warm and responsive Islamic parenting supports the development of effective emotional regulation, prosocial behavior, and the internalization of faith-based and moral values in children. The results also demonstrate a strong alignment between Islamic parenting concepts and the compassionate parenting approach in modern psychology, with Islamic psychology offering a distinctive strength in its spiritual dimension. This study contributes to the reinforcement of the theoretical framework of Islamic psychology and provides practical recommendations for parents and educators in implementing balanced parenting that integrates compassion, discipline, and Islamic values in the modern era.

This research aims to analyze the criminal liability of perpetrators of fraud through bounced checks and the legal protection provided to victims. The study focuses on Decision Number 1698/Pid.B/2022/PN Sby, in which the defendant was found guilty of fraud under Article 378 of the Indonesian Criminal Code (KUHP). Using a normative juridical approach through literature study with statutory and conceptual approaches, the findings demonstrate that the panel of judges correctly applied the elements of fraud, including malicious intent (mens rea), the use of deception or a series of lies, and actual loss suffered by the victim. The judge's legal considerations have reflected the principles of legality, justice, and legal certainty in criminal law. Legal protection for victims can be pursued through both criminal and civil legal remedies, where victims may report to police for criminal prosecution under Article 378 KUHP and claim compensation through civil breach of contract lawsuits. Law enforcement against perpetrators is carried out through repressive and preventive criminal sanctions. This decision confirms that bounced check fraud is not merely a civil breach of contract but can be classified as a criminal offense when accompanied by malicious intent to deceive others.

The concept of Human Rights in the perspective of modern Islamic law according to Abdullah Ahmed An-Naim emphasizes the importance of prioritizing humanitarian values ​​as a central part of Islamic law. An-Naim proposes that Islamic law needs to undergo a comprehensive reconstruction to remain in line with the development of the times without losing its Islamic elements. According to him, the Universal Declaration of Human Rights is a very important tool to maintain the dignity, honor, and rights of all individuals throughout the world. An-Naim also encourages the elimination of all forms of violence and emphasizes the importance of recognizing humans as subjects that must be valued and respected, as well as providing sufficient space for human rights values ​​in public contexts and rejecting the application of sharia as an oppressive state law, but rather as a moral guideline that is more flexible and appropriate to the conditions of today's society.

Research on the relationship between physical activity and morbidity levels of inmates, particularly in women's prisons, is still very limited. This study aims to provide empirical data that can be used as a basis for developing better physical training programs in women's prisons, while also supporting improvements in the quality of life of inmates and their readiness to return to society. This study used a quantitative design with a cross-sectional study approach. Activities carried out included data collection and measurement of the independent and dependent variables. This study analyzed variables related to the relationship between physical activity and morbidity levels among inmates at the Class II Pondok Bambu Women's Prison, East Jakarta. The results of the study showed (1) variations in the distribution of physical activity levels were relatively balanced between the low (34.6%), medium (33.3%), and high (32.1%) categories. (2) Morbidity rates in the sample indicated a significant burden of disease, the proportion of prisoners with low levels of morbidity was 39.7%, medium 24.4%, and high 35.9%. (3) Statistical analysis showed a significant relationship between physical activity levels and levels of morbidity in prisoners, the bivariate test (Chi-Square) produced p < 0.001, so the hypothesis that there is a relationship between physical activity and morbidity is accepted. (4) In an Islamic perspective, physical activity is believed to strengthen the body, prevent disease, and maintain physical and spiritual balance.

The Ten Scholars per Village Scholarship Program (SESAR) is an initiative of the Bojonegoro Regency Government to expand access to higher education for rural communities. This study evaluates the implementation of the program using the CIPP model (Context, Input, Process, Product). The evaluation was conducted through interviews, document analysis, observations, and information from program implementers to assess policy relevance, resource readiness, process quality, and achieved outcomes. The results indicate that the program is relevant to the goal of educational equity; however, the distribution of beneficiaries has not been even due to differences in the number of applicants and socio-economic conditions among villages. In terms of context, the program aligns with the need for equitable access to higher education, although beneficiary distribution remains uneven. From the input perspective, regulations and funding are adequate, but administrative requirements and higher education accreditation criteria still limit potential applicants. Regarding the process, the selection mechanism follows the established guidelines; nevertheless, socialization remains insufficient, document verification poses challenges, and fund disbursement is often delayed. In the product aspect, the program provides tangible benefits by supporting the continuity of higher education for rural students, although its overall effectiveness still requires improvement.

The development of Artificial Intelligence (AI) has significantly influenced the formation of contracts in civil law, particularly through the automation of clause drafting, risk analysis, and the standardization of contractual documents. The use of AI in contract drafting raises complex legal issues, especially concerning the validity of agreements and the attribution of legal liability in the event of default. This study aims to analyze the validity of contracts created through Artificial Intelligence from the perspective of Indonesian civil law and to examine models of legal liability in AI-based contracts. This research employs a normative legal method with statutory and conceptual approaches, examining the provisions of the Indonesian Civil Code, particularly Article 1320, as well as legal doctrines and scholarly perspectives on digital contracts and AI. The findings indicate that AI-based contracts are, in principle, legally valid as long as they fulfill the requirements of a valid agreement, namely the consent of the parties, legal capacity, a specific object, and a lawful cause. Artificial Intelligence cannot be positioned as a legal subject because it lacks intent, consciousness, and the capacity to bear rights and obligations, and therefore functions solely as a technological tool. Consequently, legal intent and liability remain attached to the human or legal entity that uses, controls, or benefits from AI. This study also emphasizes that the primary challenge of AI-based contracts lies in the absence of specific legal regulations governing the allocation of liability among AI users, system providers, and developers, particularly when default occurs due to algorithmic errors or system failures. Therefore, clearer, adaptive, and comprehensive regulations are required to ensure legal certainty, protect the parties involved, and maintain a balance between technological innovation and the principles of justice in AI-based contractual practices in Indonesia.