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The culture of patronage is a key characteristic of Indonesian political dynamics, having developed from the pre-colonial era to the contemporary democratic era. Despite decentralization and political reforms in Indonesia, patronage practices persist through relationships between political elites, bureaucracy, business actors, and communities, particularly at the local level. This study analyzes patronage using Pierre Bourdieu's Social Practice Theory framework, which emphasizes the interaction between habitus, capital, and the arena as factors shaping social practices. The method used is descriptive qualitative research with data collection techniques through desk studies, which allows researchers to examine various academic literature to build a comprehensive conceptual analysis. The research findings indicate that internalized political habitus, the accumulation of economic, social, cultural, and symbolic capital, and a competitive local political field are key elements in perpetuating patronage. Patronage is not merely a transactional political practice, but a social structure that is continuously reproduced and impacts the politicization of bureaucracy, the strengthening of oligarchy, power inequality, and the vulnerability of the poor to political manipulation. This research confirms that efforts to strengthen democracy in Indonesia require transformation of the political habitus of society, bureaucratic reform, and restrictions on the dominance of economic actors in the political arena to break the entrenched patron-client chain.

The development of information technology requires service companies to improve the effectiveness and quality of their services, including in the field of electrical installation services. CV Givas Jaya Sentosa still faces problems in managing orders, customer data, and technician scheduling, which are done manually, resulting in inefficiency. This study aims to design and build a web-based electrical installation service provider information system using the Object Oriented Analysis and Design (OOAD) method. The research method used is qualitative with a research and development (R&D) approach, through data collection techniques such as observation, interviews, and documentation. The system is designed using Unified Modeling Language (UML) modeling and implemented as a web application. The results of the study show that the system is able to simplify the service ordering process, improve service and technician data management, and help monitor work status in an integrated and real-time manner. Thus, this information system can improve operational efficiency and service quality at CV Givas Jaya Sentosa.

The Non-Cash Food Assistance Program (BPNT) is a government policy aimed at reducing the expenditure burden of poor households through the provision of food assistance in non-cash form. However, its implementation at the village level still faces various challenges. This study aims to analyze the effectiveness of the BPNT Program in Tolotio Village, Tibawa District, Gorontalo Regency, and to identify the factors influencing its implementation. This research employed a qualitative approach with a descriptive method. Data were collected through in-depth interviews, field observations, and document analysis involving village government officials, the Social Affairs Office, BPNT facilitators, and beneficiary communities. The results indicate that the implementation of BPNT in Tolotio Village is relatively effective in supporting food needs and enhancing the independence of Beneficiary Families (KPM). Nevertheless, several issues remain, including inaccurate targeting of beneficiaries, limited technological literacy, and insufficient transparency and updating of beneficiary data. The factors affecting program effectiveness include the availability of implementing resources, the support of physical facilities and technology, the effectiveness of communication among stakeholders, and the level of community acceptance and response. The findings imply the need for regular data updating, improved socialization, and strengthened coordination and supervision to ensure that the BPNT Program is implemented more fairly, accurately targeted, and sustainably.

This study aims to formulate development strategies for a billiard business in Kota Uneng, Sikka Regency, using the SWOT analysis approach. The activity was carried out through field observations, interviews with the business owner, SWOT training sessions, and guided preparation of the strategic matrix. The analysis indicates several strengths, including a strategic location, adequate facilities, and affordable service prices. However, weaknesses were also identified, such as limited capital, insufficient promotional activities, and suboptimal operational management. Opportunities arise from the growing interest in recreational activities and the potential for collaboration with local community groups. Meanwhile, threats include competition from similar businesses and shifts in entertainment preferences. Based on these findings, SO, WO, ST, and WT strategies were formulated to be implemented gradually to enhance competitiveness and ensure business sustainability. These strategies provide a practical guide for improving service quality and strengthening the market position of the billiard enterprise.

The development of digital technology and the demands of 21st-century learning require teachers to implement meaningful and student-centered learning through an immersive learning approach. However, many elementary school teachers still face limitations in understanding the concept of immersive learning and utilizing technology-based learning media, especially three-dimensional (3D) and Artificial Intelligence (AI)-based media. Therefore, this Field Study activity aims to improve the knowledge and skills of teachers and students in implementing immersive learning through the use of 3D-based learning media and AI technology at the UPTD of SD Negeri 155684 Lubuk Tukko 1, Pandan District. The activity was implemented through a four-day workshop involving teachers and students, using an approach of socialization, demonstrations, hands-on practice, discussion, and reflection. The workshop materials covered the concept of immersive learning, the use of 3D-based learning media, gamification of learning through 3D Media applications, and the use of Artificial Intelligence in developing teaching materials and learning media. Evaluation of the activity was conducted through pre- and post-tests, participant observation, and analysis of the resulting learning products. .The results of the activity showed an increase in teachers' understanding and skills in designing and implementing technology-based immersive learning. Teachers were able to produce interactive learning media, teaching modules, and evaluation questions using 3D media, 3D media, and AI. Furthermore, this activity also increased teachers' motivation, creativity, and awareness of the importance of digital literacy in learning. This Field Study activity made a positive contribution to improving teacher competency and supporting the creation of more innovative, interactive, and relevant learning that reflects the characteristics of 21st-century learners.

This literature study examines hydroponic solutions (urban agriculture), particularly through hydroponic methods, as a response to the issue of significant urban agricultural land shrinkage and land conversion. Data shows a drastic reduction in rice fields in Sukawati District, Bali, from 497.24 Ha in 1985 to only 211.42 Ha in 2016, accompanied by a change in the profession of residents from farmers to entrepreneurs. This land conversion not only reduces agricultural areas but also has the potential to eliminate farmers' livelihoods. The method used is a literature review (narrative review) to collect and analyze studies related to the use of hydroponics in maximizing limited land in urban areas. The results of the discussion focus on hydroponic training provided to housewives from the Family Welfare Movement (PKK) and the City Youth Organization (Karang Taruna). This training aims to empower and utilize the free time of housewives, covering materials from the basic concepts of hydroponics, seed preparation, planting, maintenance, to harvesting. Hydroponic practices have been responded to positively by residents, and the PKK/Karang Taruna group is prepared to become mentors for other members. The benefits of hydroponics were emphasized as a highly efficient cultivation method, capable of saving up to 70-90% of water, enabling year-round food production, and providing faster and higher plant growth and yields. The outcome of this activity was the establishment of a communal hydroponic garden and each member's plan to grow hydroponically independently, demonstrating the success of hydroponics as a real solution to improving food security and sustainability in dense urban environments.

The purpose of this study is to analyze digital transformation in notary services, namely the validity of electronic deeds and the responsibilities of notaries in the era of e-government. This study uses a normative juridical method with a legislative and conceptual approach based on an analysis of relevant regulations, scientific literature, and other legal sources. Data was obtained through literature study and analyzed qualitatively and descriptively to assess the legal certainty and responsibility of notaries in preparing electronic deeds in the era of digital transformation in notarial practice. The results show that digital transformation in the notary field is an impact of information technology developments and e-government policies that change the notary's work processes, including administration, deed preparation, identity verification, and document storage. However, digitization must still comply with the principles of authenticity, legality, data security, and legal certainty in accordance with the characteristics of the notary's position as a public official. This study also found that the implementation of cyber notary in Indonesia still faces normative, technical, and ethical obstacles, such as the absence of comprehensive regulations, limited digital infrastructure, and the risk of identity abuse. Therefore, regulatory harmonization, capacity building for notaries, technology standardization, and effective supervision are needed so that the digitization of notary services can be implemented safely while maintaining the integrity of the profession.

The gap between academic curriculum content and modern industrial needs is often an obstacle for fresh graduates in the Information Technology field, particularly in the rapidly evolving Artificial Intelligence (AI) sector. This study aims to identify the relationship patterns among technical competencies (hard skills) most demanded by the global industry. The method employed is Association Rule Mining with the Apriori algorithm to discover association rules between skills, and Network Graph Analysis to visualize the topological map of these competencies. The research dataset covers 15,000 AI job vacancies from the 2024-2025 period, analyzed in depth using Support, Confidence, and Lift Ratio evaluation parameters to validate the strength of relationships between items. The results show that Python is the central competency with the highest frequency of occurrence. Strong association rules were found indicating that proficiency in TensorFlow has a high probability of requiring Python proficiency. The Network Graph visualization reveals three main competency clusters: Data Engineering Ecosystem, Deep Learning, and Infrastructure. These findings offer a strategic foundation for aligning curricula with the job market. Focusing on strengthening the identified competency clusters is expected to directly enhance the relevance and work readiness of graduates.

This research examines the effectiveness of narcotics crime investigation by the Narcotics Investigation Unit (Satuan Reserse Narkoba) from the perspective of Indonesia's Criminal Procedure Code (KUHAP) and related legislation. The study also analyzes the juridical-normative obstacles encountered during investigation processes, along with potential solutions under Indonesian positive law. As an extraordinary crime, narcotics offenses require precise and legally sound investigation methods. However, investigative practices often face challenges due to inconsistencies between legal norms and field implementation, limited resources, and the absence of clear regulations on special investigative techniques such as wiretapping and controlled delivery. This normative legal research employs statutory and conceptual approaches, analyzing primary legal materials including Law Number 8 of 1981 (KUHAP), Law Number 35 of 2009 on Narcotics, and various implementing regulations. The findings indicate that narcotics investigations are not yet optimal due to weak technical regulations, disharmonized laws between KUHAP and the Narcotics Law, overlapping authority between the Police and the National Narcotics Agency (BNN), and a lack of protection for whistleblowers and witnesses. The legal gap in regulating special investigation methods creates uncertainty in evidence admissibility. Proposed solutions include regulatory reform through KUHAP revision, improving investigator competence through specialized training, utilizing modern technology, strengthening inter-agency coordination, and enhancing internal and external oversight mechanisms. Legal reform and institutional synergy are essential to enhancing the overall effectiveness of narcotics investigations in Indonesia.

The digitalization of the creative economy has opened up significant opportunities for the community to create innovative products that have high sales value and are environmentally friendly. One interesting innovation is the use of used cooking oil as a raw material for making aromatherapy candles. Used cooking oil, which is usually discarded and pollutes the environment, can be reprocessed into products with economic value, thus supporting the principles of a circular economy. This study aims to examine the potential of processing used cooking oil into aromatherapy candles, analyze digital-based marketing strategies to increase product competitiveness in the market, and examine the meaning of transforming waste into innovative products from the perspective of Immanuel Kant's philosophy of reality. The research methods used were literature studies and field observations of used cooking oil processing practices by the community. The results show that used cooking oil-based aromatherapy candles have good business prospects, especially when combined with digital promotion through social media and marketplaces. Digitalization helps expand marketing reach, create brand identity, and attract consumers who care about environmental sustainability. From the perspective of Immanuel Kant's philosophy of reality, the transformation of used cooking oil into aromatherapy candles can be understood as a phenomenon, namely a reality that is visible in the practice of the digital creative economy. Meanwhile, the values ​​of sustainability, ethical awareness, and social meaning contained therein reflect noumena, namely the deepest reality that is not directly visible but provides direction and meaning for human actions.

Memorizing the Qur’an is a process, as the material to be memorized must be perfect, because this knowledge is studied to be memorized, not to be understood. However, once the memorization of the Qur’an is complete, it is then required to understand the contents contained within it. The purpose of this study is to find out how the tahfidz program is implemented at Pesantren Diniyyah Puteri Padang Panjang. By using a qualitative descriptive research method, it means that the data collected is not in the form of numbers but comes from interviews, field notes, and pictures. To obtain accurate results, this study uses data collection methods in the form of observation, interviews, and documentation. The analysis used includes data reduction, data presentation, and drawing conclusions. The results of this study first show that the Al-Quran tahfidz program at Pesantren Diniyyah Puteri Padang Panjang is a mandatory activity for students in the dormitory and is included in In the extracurricular program at school, the implementation has been running quite well. Second, there are supporting factors from both internal and external sources that facilitate the tahfidz program, such as rewards for students who have reached their memorization targets, designated rooms for students to memorize, and guidance from professional supervisors. The inhibiting factors are: students' laziness due to a packed schedule in both the dormitory and school, and too little time to memorize and review their memorization.

The national priority program of 12 years of compulsory education is a strategic effort by the government to improve the quality and equity of education, particularly at the secondary education level. This program is supported by the School Operational Assistance (BOS) and the Indonesia Smart Program (PIP). The PIP funds are used to meet the educational needs of students, such as purchasing books, stationery, uniforms, and transportation costs. The goal of providing PIP is to reduce the financial burden of education, decrease school dropout rates, and increase access to quality education. This study examines the effectiveness of PIP in promoting educational equity in Indonesia and evaluates the alignment of government policies related to beneficiaries, implementation, and monitoring of PIP. The method used is a literature review for public policy evaluation in the field of education. The findings show that PIP has successfully increased educational participation, as reflected in the improvement of the School Participation Rate (APS), Gross Participation Rate (APK), and Net Participation Rate (APM). PIP also expands educational access for children from low-income families. However, its implementation faces challenges such as bureaucratic obstacles, misidentification of recipients, low parental administrative literacy, and delays in the distribution of assistance in 3T regions (frontline, outermost, and underdeveloped).

This study examines the utilization of social media in improving the competitiveness of cassava chips and lidah manis SMEs in Pematang Serai Village, Tanjung Pura District, Langkat Regency, North Sumatra Province. The rapid development of information technology has encouraged SMEs to shift from conventional marketing methods to more effective and efficient digital marketing practices. This research employs a descriptive qualitative approach, with data collected through field observations, in-depth interviews, and documentation involving SME actors. The results indicate that the use of social media platforms such as WhatsApp, Facebook, and Instagram is able to expand market reach, increase product visibility, and strengthen relationships between business owners and consumers. Attractive promotional content, consistency in posting, and responsive communication are proven to influence consumer buying interest and trust. However, SMEs still face challenges, including limited digital literacy, time management constraints, and the lack of structured marketing strategies. Therefore, continuous training and assistance are needed so that SMEs can optimize the use of social media more effectively. This study is expected to serve as a reference for the development of digital-based SMEs in rural areas.

Kampung Wisata Titik Nol in Central Java has significant potential for developing special-interest tourism, particularly nature-based and outdoor sport tourism. However, this potential has not been optimally utilized due to limited community capacity in designing structured and market-ready tourism products. This community service program aims to enhance the capacity of local tourism managers and youth organizations in packaging sustainable and competitive sport tourism packages. The program was conducted at Joglo Gumregah from August to November 2024 using a Participatory Action Research (PAR) approach. The implementation was carried out in three phases: preparation, implementation, and evaluation. The preparation phase included field observation, Focus Group Discussions (FGDs), and coordination with village authorities and community leaders. The implementation phase involved in-depth interviews and mentoring activities in developing sport tourism packages. The evaluation phase was conducted through interactive dialogues with stakeholders to refine the developed packages. The results indicate an improvement in participants’ understanding and skills in designing integrated and locally based sport tourism packages. The resulting packages are expected to serve as references for sport tourism development and to support community empowerment and economic sustainability in Kampung Wisata Titik Nol.

The development of industrial areas has direct implications for surrounding buffer villages, including Plenen Village, which is adjacent to the Batang Integrated Industrial Estate (KITB)/Batang Industropolis Special Economic Zone (SEZ). The main issue identified is the suboptimal utilization of industrial development opportunities to improve local community welfare. This study aims to analyze the synergy between village government and industrial areas in empowering the community of Plenen Village. A qualitative approach with a case study design was employed. Data were collected through in-depth interviews, field observations, and document analysis, and were analyzed thematically. The findings indicate that synergy between the village government and industrial area has been established through program coordination, facilitation of local labor absorption, and social support via corporate social responsibility programs. However, such synergy remains partial and has not been institutionally integrated, resulting in limited impact on community empowerment. The study concludes that strengthening collaborative governance and joint planning is essential to ensure that industrial development provides more inclusive and sustainable benefits for buffer village communities.

This study aims to analyze the role and optimization strategies of Pecalang Segara in monitoring fishing activities that contribute to coral reef ecosystem degradation in the Traditional Village of Pemuteran, North Bali. Pecalang Segara is a customary security institution that holds social legitimacy and customary authority in maintaining order within coastal areas. This research applies an empirical legal approach using a qualitative descriptive method. Data were collected through field observations, interviews with customary leaders and coastal communities, and a literature review of environmental laws and related regulations. The findings indicate that Pecalang Segara plays a strategic role in supervising fishing activities based on local wisdom, particularly in preventing destructive fishing practices that damage coral reefs. However, the effectiveness of this role remains limited due to insufficient technical capacity, low environmental legal awareness, and weak integration between customary law and formal legal systems. The study highlights the importance of strengthening Pecalang Segara through environmental education, regulatory-based monitoring training, and institutional coordination with local government authorities. The integration of customary law and national environmental law is expected to establish a sustainable community-based marine monitoring model capable of effectively protecting coral reef ecosystems and supporting environmental governance in coastal areas.

This study aims to analyze the marketing of health-based local products in Plenen Village as a buffer village of the Batang Integrated Industrial Estate and its implications for community welfare. The identified problems include limited human resource capacity, restricted market access, and limited understanding of modern marketing strategies among micro and small business actors. This study employs a descriptive qualitative approach with a case study design. Primary data were obtained through in-depth interviews and field observations, while secondary data were collected from official documents, development reports, and related publications. Data analysis techniques included data reduction, data presentation, and drawing conclusions using source and method triangulation to ensure validity. The results indicate that the people of Plenen Village have diverse potential in health-based local products, including healthy processed foods and herbal products. The marketing strategies applied include direct marketing, digital marketing, and partnerships with local communities, which significantly improve community income and welfare. Major challenges still include limited product innovation and human resource capacity. This study concludes that marketing health-based local products can be an effective strategy to enhance the welfare of buffer village communities around industrial estates, provided it is supported by empowerment, innovation, and adequate policies.

This study examines the implementation of the Manak Salah tradition in Padang Bulia Customary Village from the perspectives of legal certainty and human rights protection. Manak Salah is a customary practice associated with the birth of opposite-sex twins, which in Balinese Hindu cosmology is considered a sacred event that may disrupt the balance between the sekala and niskala realms, thereby requiring purification rituals. Although the contemporary practice of this tradition has become more humane and no longer involves social exclusion, its regulation remains unwritten and has not been formally codified in the village’s Awig-awig (customary law). This condition creates the risk of multiple interpretations, legal uncertainty, and insufficient protection of the rights of children and affected families. This research employs an empirical juridical method with a qualitative approach, using interviews with customary leaders, field observations, and document analysis of statutory regulations and customary legal sources. The findings reveal that the absence of written norms causes the implementation of Manak Salah to rely heavily on the discretion of customary authorities, leading to potential inconsistency and normative vulnerability. This study emphasizes the urgency of codifying the Manak Salah tradition into the Awig-awig as a form of customary law reform aimed at ensuring legal certainty, strengthening institutional accountability within customary villages, and harmonizing customary law with Bali Provincial Regulation No. 4 of 2019 and fundamental human rights principles.

The city of Singkawang has experienced rapid population growth, leading to an increase in the number of students. On 17 September 2024, the Singkawang City Transportation Agency implemented a free revitalized Student Transport service to reduce the number of traffic accidents involving students. The aim of this study is to identify service and respondent characteristics, evaluate operational management, and assess performance and user satisfaction using the IPA and CSI methods, as well as Vehicle Operating Costs (VOC). The research employs a descriptive quantitative method by analyzing descriptive statistical data. Data were obtained from field observations, interviews, and surveys of 400 student respondents (146 users and 254 non-users). The results show that the student transport operates with two vehicles serving the North and East Singkawang routes. The load factor for outbound trips is 22%–32% and for return trips is 11%–12%, with travel times of 68–85 minutes, average operating speeds of 20–22 km/hour, and circulation times of 68–85 minutes. Based on the IPA analysis, the indicators in quadrant D require socialization regarding the functions and use of the interior of the student transport. The CSI result shows a score of 99.79% (very satisfied). The annual VOC amounts to IDR 292,905,814 (East Singkawang) and IDR 282,020,390 (North Singkawang). In conclusion, this service is satisfactory but still requires socialization to enhance its attractiveness and effectiveness.

This community service activity was conducted at PT Danny Karya Sukses, a newly established distribution company specializing in stainless steel kitchen equipment in Batam City, which faced challenges in managing inventory due to the use of manual recording systems and the absence of standardized operational procedures. These conditions led to a high risk of data inaccuracies, stock discrepancies, and inefficiencies in operational coordination. The objective of this program was to design and implement a standardized Inventory Standard Operating Procedure (SOP) integrated with a digital inventory management system using Zoho Inventory. The methods employed included interviews, field observations, documentation studies, and literature reviews to identify operational needs and design appropriate solutions. The implementation process involved SOP development, system configuration, employee training, and operational assistance. The findings indicate significant improvements in inventory accuracy, real-time stock monitoring, work efficiency, and interdepartmental coordination between administration, warehouse, and sales divisions. The adoption of Zoho Inventory reduced manual errors, accelerated stock reporting, and strengthened internal control mechanisms. The implications of this activity demonstrate that the integration of digital inventory systems with clear SOPs can serve as a strong operational foundation for newly established distribution companies, supporting sustainable business growth and enhanced competitiveness.