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The rapid digital transformation has had a significant impact on various aspects of life, while simultaneously increasing the complexity of cyber threats faced by nations, including Indonesia. As a country with a high number of internet users, Indonesia is in a vulnerable position regarding cyberattacks that could threaten national stability. This study aims to analyze Indonesia’s national security strategy in responding to cyber threats through a descriptive qualitative approach based on literature review and document analysis. The findings show that Indonesia has implemented various strategic policies, including the establishment of the National Cyber and Crypto Agency (BSSN), the enactment of regulations such as the Personal Data Protection Law, as well as the strengthening of international cooperation, human resource development, and the utilization of security technologies. However, significant challenges such as weak inter-agency coordination, low digital literacy, and limited infrastructure remain major obstacles to effective implementation. This study recommends strengthening governance, increasing institutional capacity, and involving multiple stakeholders to build a national cybersecurity system that is adaptive, inclusive, and sustainable.

The state's efforts to provide accurate and up-to-date population data for various development needs, such as planning policies and public services, are known as the implementation of population administration. Due to the large number of people living in big cities, many non-permanent residents have not been officially registered. This is due to difficult procedures, lack of legal knowledge, and limited access to population registration services. The need to maintain the basic rights of every citizen, both permanent and non-permanent, and ensure orderly administration as part of national development is the basis of the policies used to manage population administration. By ensuring proper data collection, accurate recording, and legal protection for non-permanent residents, proper population administration is expected to be an important tool to reduce the negative impacts of urbanization, especially in the city of Surabaya. This study aims to determine how population administration for non-permanent residents in the city of Surabaya is implemented in the context of urbanization and to suggest more reasonable and efficient policies. The results of the study, which was conducted using a qualitative approach by conducting literature research, in-depth interviews, and policy analysis, showed that simplifying registration procedures, increasing socialization, and increasing cooperation between related institutions are needed to carry out population administration for non-permanent residents.  

The No Smoking Area (KTR) is a form of protection for the community from the adverse effects of smoking, which is regulated in Regional Regulation Number 2 of 2016. This study aims to analyse the implementation of the KTR policy in the Regional Apparatus Organisation (OPD) of Merangin Regency by reviewing four aspects of policy implementation, namely communication, resources, disposition, and bureaucratic structure. This research used a descriptive qualitative approach with data collection techniques in the form of interviews, observation, and documentation. The research informants consisted of OPD parties involved in the implementation of KTR. The results showed that in the communication aspect, KTR policies have been socialised through print and electronic media, but delivery training has not been carried out optimally. In the resource aspect, limited human resources, funds, and facilities are the main obstacles in implementing KTR. In the disposition aspect, most OPDs show commitment in implementing KTR, but have not been supported by providing incentives or awards. In the aspect of bureaucratic structure, there is no special SOP or organisational structure in each OPD for KTR implementation, so the implementation is still not running optimally. In conclusion, the implementation of the KTR policy in Merangin Regency has not run optimally because there are still weaknesses in the four aspects, especially related to coordination, human resources, and supporting institutions.

The corruption that occurred at PT Pertamina reflects the weak integrity of public officials and the inadequacy of internal oversight systems. The positive legal approach has proven ineffective in addressing corruption in practice. Therefore, this study departs from the need for an alternative approach based on Islamic political values such as trustworthiness (amanah), justice, and supervision in addressing corruption within state-owned enterprises (SOEs). This research employs a descriptive qualitative approach using a literature review method. Data were collected from academic journals, official reports by the Corruption Eradication Commission (KPK) and the Audit Board of Indonesia (BPK), as well as credible media sources. The data were analyzed by categorizing them according to the principles of trustworthiness, justice, and supervision, and then interpreted through the framework of Islamic political thought to deeply understand the root causes of corruption. Corruption in PT Pertamina involves power protection, budget manipulation, and procurement fraud. Violations of trust, injustice in resource distribution, and weak supervision indicate the absence of Islamic principles in corporate governance. Ethical and spiritual values have not yet been internalized within the bureaucratic system and organizational culture of SOEs. This study concludes that corruption in PT Pertamina is a result of the loss of trust, the breakdown of justice, and weak oversight. An Islamic political approach that emphasizes ethics and spiritual responsibility is highly relevant to be applied. These values can help form a just and transparent governance system and rebuild public trust in SOEs.

Domestic Violence (DV) is a serious human rights violation, particularly affecting women as a vulnerable group. Gorontalo City has seen a significant rise in DV cases, reflecting weak prevention efforts and law enforcement. Although Law No. 23/2004 regulates the elimination of DV, its local implementation faces structural, cultural, and resource-related challenges. This study analyzes the effectiveness of DV law enforcement in Gorontalo and identifies key obstacles. Using an empirical juridical method with a qualitative approach, data were collected through field research, interviews with law enforcers, and document analysis. The findings reveal that despite procedural efforts, barriers such as low public legal awareness, partiality among officials, limited victim protection facilities, and patriarchal norms hinder effective enforcement. Law enforcement remains ineffective due to weak institutional synergy and victims’ reluctance to seek justice. The study recommends specialized training for law enforcers, strengthening integrated victim services, and intensive legal outreach to build a more responsive environment to DV issues.

The mass deportation of Indonesian migrant workers (TKI) from Malaysia is a multidimensional threat to national security, especially in Indonesia's border areas. In 2022–2023, more than 40,000 migrant workers were forcibly repatriated, mostly through North Kalimantan and Riau. Malaysia's strict immigration policies such as Operation Nyah and the implementation of online recruitment procedures accelerate the deportation process and increase migrant workers' vulnerability to exploitation. This journal examines the impact of these deportations on local socio-economic stability, increased cross-border crime, and institutional weaknesses in the management of migrant worker repatriation and reintegration. Using a policy study approach and analysis of deportation data, the paper highlights the need for integrated and responsive security policies and strengthened bilateral Indonesia–Malaysia coordination. Recommendations focus on institutional capacity building, protection of migrant workers' rights, and a human security approach in dealing with the challenges of forced migration.  

The rapid digital transformation in Indonesia has intensified the need for robust personal data protection, particularly through the mechanism of the Data Protection Impact Assessment (DPIA) as stipulated in Law Number 27 of 2022 concerning Personal Data Protection (PDP Law). This study employs a normative juridical and qualitative approach to examine the role of DPIA as a key instrument in identifying, evaluating, and mitigating privacy risks in high-risk personal data processing activities. The findings reveal that although DPIA represents a significant normative advancement, its implementation faces major challenges, including the absence of detailed technical regulations, limited institutional capacity, and insufficient data subject involvement. By comparing international best practices, this research highlights the urgent need to strengthen regulatory frameworks, enhance digital and privacy literacy, and develop a collaborative ecosystem to optimize the DPIA function. Normative recommendations are formulated to reinforce DPIA as a risk management tool and a safeguard for privacy rights, aiming to foster a secure and trustworthy digital ecosystem amid ongoing digital transformation.

The criminal act of pedophilia or sexual violence against children still frequently occurs in Indonesia. Although the penalties for perpetrators and clauses regarding child protection have been regulated by national law, this has not stopped the emergence of pedophiles committing crimes. One of the contributing factors is that pedophiles are often individuals close to the victim's environment. This article is prepared to examine the role of law in Indonesia in providing protection to children who become victims of pedophilia cases. Additionally, this article aims to explore how to impose a deterrent effect on pedophiles based on state policies. The research method used in this article is normative legal research, which focuses on the legislation and legal norms in force. Data collection techniques are conducted through literature studies from various legal sources. Laws regarding penalties for perpetrators of violence against children or pedophilia have been structured in such a way as to address these issues. The government has also formulated regulations concerning legal protection for children, especially for those below the legal age of marriage, as an effort to protect them from pedophilic criminal acts. It is hoped that the government, parents, and the immediate environment of children can implement these policies to create a safe environment free from cases of sexual violence against children.

Indonesia's digital economy is rapidly growing with the emergence of e-commerce, fintech, and blockchain technology that facilitate cross-border transactions. However, challenges such as technological access inequality, personal data exploitation, and multinational company dominance remain major concerns. Therefore, implementing Pancasila values in digital economy governance is crucial to ensuring social justice, consumer protection, and national competitiveness. Pancasila principles, such as moral-based business ethics, consumer rights protection, digital sovereignty, and participatory regulation, must be integrated into digital economic policies. Additionally, electronic commerce regulations based on international law should align with national interests to balance digital economic growth and constitutional rights protection. Thus, Pancasila-based digital economic policies can promote inclusivity, strengthen SMEs' competitiveness, and ensure the broader welfare of society.

The purpose of this research is to analyze the legal protection of the constitutional rights of communities affected by the C excavation mine in Sukolilo, especially the importance of protecting community rights and effective law enforcement so that people can avoid the negative impact of mining. So it is necessary to emphasize the importance of this research in providing recommendations for improving regulations or policies that protect communities in mining-affected areas. This research is descriptive research using a qualitative approach with a type of descriptive research aimed at solving problems in the present. This research will examine the constitutional rights of communities in the area of C excavation mining activities, in the Sukolilo area of Pati Regency. The data collection in this research is collected through literature study. This method aims to obtain a strong theoretical foundation and understand the development of relevant recent research, so that the analysis carried out can be more comprehensive and supported by credible scientific references. The formulation of the problems raised are: (1) How are the constitutional rights of people affected by C excavation mining activities in the Sukolilo area of Pati Regency, (2) How are the responsibilities of local governments and mining actors in providing legal protection and guaranteeing the constitutional rights of the Sukolilo community affected by C excavation mining. The results of this study indicate.

This study aims to analyze the legal remedies for denial of default in the civil procedural law system in Indonesia. The main problem raised is how the denial mechanism can provide legal protection for defendants who are not present at the trial, and how the application of denial in judicial practice is related to the principle of fair and speedy trials. The background of this study is based on the phenomenon of many civil cases being decided by default due to the absence of the defendant, which then leads to the submission of denial as a means of protecting the defendant's rights. The research method used is normative juridical with a statutory approach and case studies. Data were obtained through a literature study of laws and regulations, court decisions, and relevant literature, and analyzed qualitatively. The results of the study indicate that denial is an important legal right for defendants to defend themselves against unilaterally imposed decisions. However, in practice, the implementation of denial is often hampered by administrative factors, the defendant's ignorance of their rights, and different interpretations by law enforcement officers regarding the deadline for submitting denial. Therefore, it is necessary to strengthen regulations and socialize the mechanism of verzet so that the principle of justice in the civil trial process can be realized optimally.    

This research is conducted to comprehensively analyze the legal provisions related to the annulment of arbitral awards in Indonesia based on Law Number 30 Year 1999, identify obstacles in practice, and provide recommendations for strengthening the arbitration system as a reliable alternative dispute resolution. This research is a normative legal study that uses an approach through literature review and statutory analysis. The data used includes primary data in the form of legal literature related to the law, as well as secondary data which includes primary, secondary, and tertiary legal materials. Data collection is done through document study method and literature review. The data analysis was conducted using a qualitative descriptive approach to interpret the legal materials collected. The results of this study indicate that the district court has an important role in enforcing the financial principle of arbitral awards, there are limited opportunities for annulment and efforts to balance the protection of justice and legal certainty in resolving arbitration disputes. Meanwhile, the implications are very significant for the parties as well as the effectiveness and reputation of the arbitration system itself.

This study aims to evaluate the effectiveness of the National Cash Social Assistance (BST) policy on the purchasing power of communities in Surabaya. BST is a social protection program launched by the Indonesian government in response to the economic impact of the COVID-19 pandemic. The policy targets low-income and vulnerable groups through direct cash transfers, with the goal of maintaining basic consumption levels and preventing a sharp decline in household welfare. This research examines the extent to which the BST program has achieved its objectives, particularly in enhancing or sustaining the purchasing power of its beneficiaries in urban settings. The study employs an evaluative approach using a mixed-methods design, combining quantitative survey data with qualitative interviews involving aid recipients and local-level implementers. The findings indicate that the BST program had a positive short-term impact on household purchasing power, particularly in meeting essential needs such as food and utility expenses. However, several implementation challenges were also identified, including issues of inaccurate beneficiary targeting, delays in distribution, and the relatively small amount of assistance compared to actual household need. These results highlight that the effectiveness of social policy is not solely dependent on budget allocation but also on the precision of its implementation on the ground. Consequently, the study recommends improvements in beneficiary data updating, enhanced transparency in aid distribution, and the development of more adaptive program designs that reflect local socio-economic conditions. The findings are expected to serve as a valuable reference for policymakers in designing more efficient and sustainable social assistance programs in the future.  

The leakage of consumers' personal data by irresponsible corporations has become a serious issue in the digital era, particularly in the context of data protection in Indonesia. This paper analyzes corporate criminal liability for such data breaches from the perspective of Indonesian cybercriminal law. The study adopts a normative legal approach through literature review of relevant legislation, legal doctrines, and court decisions. The findings indicate that corporations may be held criminally liable if proven negligent or if they fail to fulfill their data protection obligations under the Electronic Information and Transactions Law (ITE Law). Although a legal framework already exists, proving the elements of fault and direct involvement of corporate executives remains a significant challenge. Therefore, there is an urgent need for strengthened technical regulations and stricter law enforcement to ensure the protection of consumer rights in the digital sphere.

Financial innovation plays a crucial role in increasing people's access to economic services, especially in the ever-evolving digital era. Through various forms of innovation such as digital financial services, fintech, mobile banking, and electronic payment systems, people, including those in remote areas—have made it easier to reach banking, investment, and financing services. These innovations help overcome various conventional barriers, such as limited physical infrastructure, high transaction costs, and the unaffordability of formal financial services. In addition, the presence of financial technology also expands financial inclusion by providing products and services that are more flexible, cheap, and easily accessible through mobile devices. This not only encourages local economic growth, but also empowers micro, small, and medium enterprises (MSMEs) to develop their businesses. However, challenges remain, such as the need for financial literacy, consumer data protection, and adequate regulatory oversight. Therefore, synergy between the government, financial institutions, technology providers, and the community is important to ensure that financial innovation can be utilized optimally and sustainably in promoting inclusive economic prosperity. Financial innovation is not just a technological advancement, but a strategic solution towards economic justice.

This study uses a qualitative method to analyze the impact of green fiscal policy on sustainable investment in Indonesia from a public economics perspective. The focus of this research is on how fiscal instruments such as tax incentives, environmentally friendly subsidies, and government spending are directed to support economic growth while preserving environmental sustainability. In the context of Indonesia, which is facing challenges such as climate change and natural resource degradation, green fiscal policy has become a crucial strategy for achieving sustainable development. The study finds that well-implemented green fiscal policies can encourage investment in sustainable sectors such as renewable energy, eco-friendly agriculture, and green transportation. However, the success of these policies is highly dependent on inter-institutional synergy, data-based fiscal planning, and consistent regulatory support. The findings of this study are expected to contribute to the strengthening of Indonesia’s green fiscal policy design, which can better promote environmental protection and positively impact the long-term economy. Therefore, strong government commitment is required to position fiscal policy as a primary instrument in the transition toward a green economy.  

The exploitation of street children is a complex social problem in Indonesia, especially in large cities. Children living on the streets are highly vulnerable to exploitation. Although the government has regulated child protection through Law No. 35 of 2014 as a revision of Law No. 23 of 2002, the implementation of these protections has not been optimal in practice. This study aims to analyze the implementation of the Child Protection Law in addressing the exploitation of street children, identify obstacles in its implementation, and evaluate the suitability of legal norms with their practices. This study uses a normative legal method with a descriptive qualitative approach, based on an analysis of legal documents, scientific literature, and relevant data. The results of the study show that the implementation of child protection still faces many obstacles, such as a lack of supporting facilities, poor coordination between institutions, a lack of education for the community, and weak law enforcement. In addition, there is still a gap between ideal legal provisions and practices in the field. In conclusion, child protection is not sufficient with regulations alone but also requires integrated, sustainable, and participatory implementation so that Indonesian children, especially street children, can live safely, be protected, and develop optimally.

This study explores the philosophy of wasiat wajibah (obligatory bequest) within the Islamic inheritance law system in Indonesia, by examining its philosophical, normative, and practical foundations in the context of national law. Wasiat wajibah is a legal institution that grants a mandatory inheritance share to heirs who are otherwise excluded from inheritance rights, such as grandchildren whose parent (the child of the deceased) has passed away before the testator. The purpose of this study is to examine the philosophical foundations of wasiat wajibah, its relevance to the Islamic principle of justice, and its integration into Indonesia's positive legal system. This research adopts a qualitative approach with a normative-philosophical method. Data were collected through literature review of both primary and secondary sources, including classical Islamic jurisprudence texts, Indonesian legal regulations (such as the Compilation of Islamic Law), and philosophical writings on Islamic legal thought. The data were analyzed interpretively and reflectively through textual and conceptual analysis. The findings indicate that wasiat wajibah is grounded in strong philosophical principles of justice, compassion, and protection of vulnerable groups. In the Indonesian context, this concept has been incorporated into the Compilation of Islamic Law, particularly in Article 209, as a form of legal adaptation to the complex and plural realities of modern society. However, its implementation still faces challenges due to differing scholarly opinions among Islamic schools of thought and limited awareness among legal practitioners. In conclusion, wasiat wajibah serves as a bridge between Islamic moral values and a responsive positive legal system. A philosophical approach to wasiat wajibah reinforces the urgency of reconstructing the Islamic inheritance system in Indonesia to be more just, adaptive, and contextually relevant.

The current criminal law system is still oriented towards the perpetrator, with minimal protection for victims. Ideally, the law should prioritize justice for victims through a criminological and victimological approach. Therefore, legal reform, officer training, and integrated services are needed so that crime prevention is more effective and just. This study aims to explore the transformation of criminological and victimological perspectives that can be the basis for developing a crime prevention strategy based on victim protection.method uses a descriptive qualitative approach to explore the transformation of criminology and victimology perspectives in crime prevention strategies based on victim protection. Data were collected through literature studies and analyzed thematically. The results are expected to provide conceptual and practical recommendations to strengthen the legal system and social policies that are responsive to victims.The results of this study show that the transformation of criminological and victimological perspectives reflects a shift from a perpetrator-centric legal approach to a more holistic and victim-centric one. This integration strengthens the legal system and social policies to better protect, restore and empower victims, and to develop effective crime prevention strategies. With a more humane and restorative justice approach, this transformation becomes an important foundation for reducing crime rates and forming responsive and sustainable public policies.

The life insurance industry plays a strategic role in the national financial system, not only as a provider of protection against life risks such as premature death or critical illness, but also as an instrument of long-term fund accumulation. Increased public awareness of the importance of risk protection has driven significant growth in the number of active policies. This condition has a direct impact on the risk exposure of claims that must be carefully managed by insurance companies. One of the main challenges in risk management is to accurately estimate the number of claims in a certain period, to support premium setting, technical reserve planning, and maintain the company's financial stability. This study aims to examine the use of Poisson regression model in estimating the frequency of life insurance claims based on the number of active policies in life insurance company. The data used is simulative and represents an exponential relationship between the number of policies and claims. The model is analyzed using the Maximum Likelihood Estimation (MLE) approach and evaluated through goodness-of-fit indicators such as deviance, Pearson chi-square, log-likelihood, and Mean Squared Error (MSE). The results of the analysis show that the Poisson regression model can capture the significant relationship pattern between the number of active policies and claims, and provide accurate prediction results. Thus, Poisson regression is proven to be a relevant and applicable statistical method in supporting strategic decision-making in insurance companies, especially in the context of data-driven risk management.