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This study aims to analyze the differences between various extraction techniques and their relationship to the yield and biological activity of phytochemical compounds derived from natural materials. A systematic literature review was conducted by analyzing relevant and reliable scientific publications published within the last five years. The findings indicate that extraction methods such as maceration, soxhletation, microwave-assisted extraction (MAE), and ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) demonstrate varying levels of effectiveness depending on the type of material, solvent polarity, extraction temperature, and duration of the process. Modern extraction methods, particularly sonication, MAE, and UAE, have been shown to produce higher yields with enhanced biological activity while offering greater efficiency in terms of reduced time and solvent consumption. On the other hand, conventional techniques such as maceration and soxhletation remain relevant, particularly for thermolabile compounds that are sensitive to high temperatures. The selection of an appropriate extraction method plays a crucial role in obtaining high-quality extracts that can serve as potential raw materials for phytopharmaceuticals, functional foods, dietary supplements, and other natural products. This review not only highlights the advantages and limitations of each technique but also emphasizes the importance of aligning method selection with specific research objectives and compound characteristics. Overall, this study provides a theoretical foundation for future experimental research and serves as an initial guideline for determining extraction strategies based on efficiency, effectiveness, and sustainability.

The agricultural sector plays a strategic role in ensuring national food security, particularly in rural areas where the majority of the population depends on agricultural production. Sememu Village, an agricultural-based community with rice and tobacco as its primary commodities, has faced recurring pest attacks in recent years. Conventional pest control methods in the area have primarily relied on chemical pesticides. However, excessive and prolonged use of these chemicals has resulted in serious problems, including pest resistance, environmental contamination, and potential health risks to farmers and consumers. This study aims to improve farmers’ knowledge and practical skills by introducing an alternative, eco-friendly approach through a training program on the production of botanical pesticides derived from papaya leaves (Carica papaya L.). Papaya leaves are known to contain bioactive compounds such as papain, chymopapain, alkaloids, terpenoids, and flavonoids, which exhibit natural insecticidal properties. The training activities consisted of initial observation, presentation of scientific and practical materials, hands-on practice in the preparation of botanical pesticides, and field testing on rice and tobacco plants. The findings demonstrated that the use of papaya leaf-based pesticides effectively reduced pest feeding activity and increased pest mortality rates, thereby minimizing crop damage. Importantly, this approach did not cause harmful effects on the surrounding ecosystem. The program highlights the potential of botanical pesticides as a sustainable solution for integrated pest management in agricultural villages, contributing both to environmental conservation and farmers’ welfare.

Extraction is a crucial process for obtaining active compounds from natural materials, such as medicinal plants, spices, and other biomass. The success of the extraction process is greatly influenced by the method used, as each method has its own mechanism, efficiency, and yield. This study compared seven commonly used extraction methods: maceration, percolation, infusion, soxhletation, reflux, Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction (UAE), and Microwave-Assisted Extraction (MAE). Based on data collected from various scientific journals, it was found that modern methods such as UAE and MAE are capable of producing higher yields than conventional methods. Furthermore, both methods are more efficient in terms of extraction time and solvent usage, making them more environmentally friendly and suitable for industrial-scale applications. However, conventional methods such as maceration and percolation still play an important role, especially in initial research or in laboratories with limited equipment. For example, maceration is easy to perform, does not require high energy, and is suitable for heat-sensitive materials. Other factors that influence extraction results include the type of solvent, temperature, time, and the characteristics of the natural material itself. Therefore, the choice of extraction method must be tailored to the research objectives, the type of compound to be extracted, and the availability of resources and equipment. Combining several methods can also be considered to improve the efficiency and quality of the extraction results. It should be emphasized that extraction yield is influenced not only by the method, but also by the type of material, solvent, temperature, time, and particle size. Therefore, the choice of extraction method must be tailored to the nature of the material, the type of target compound, as well as the objectives and availability of resources. In some cases, a combination of extraction methods can also be used to increase efficiency and obtain optimal results.

Attendance is an essential activity in both educational institutions and companies, serving as an indicator of discipline, presence, and individual responsibility. Conventional attendance systems that still rely on manual journals often face several problems, such as vulnerability to manipulation, data loss, and physical damage. Meanwhile, modern methods such as fingerprint, QR code, RFID, and GPS are not entirely ideal since each has its own limitations in terms of cost, accuracy, user convenience, and potential misuse. For instance, fingerprint systems raise hygiene concerns due to shared use, while QR code and GPS methods are prone to fraud and location spoofing. To address these challenges, this study proposes a face-based attendance simulation system by integrating the YOLOv8 algorithm for face detection and Local Binary Pattern Histogram (LBPH) for face recognition. YOLOv8 was chosen for its ability to detect faces in real time with high speed and accuracy, while LBPH is employed for face recognition due to its robustness in handling variations in facial features and its relatively low computational requirements. This makes the system efficient even when implemented on medium-specification devices. The system was tested on 25 participants with a total of 250 attendance attempts. Based on the confusion matrix analysis, the system achieved outstanding performance with 98.4% accuracy, 98.4% precision, 100% recall, and a 99.2% F1-score. Furthermore, the system automatically recorded attendance dates and times with an average latency of 69.185 ms, proving its capability to operate quickly and reliably in real-world scenarios. Nevertheless, several limitations were observed, such as decreased accuracy when the face moved too quickly during image capture, as well as potential performance degradation under extreme lighting conditions. Despite these challenges, the proposed system demonstrates excellent performance and offers a promising solution for efficient, hygienic, and fraud-resistant attendance management applicable to both educational and professional environments.

Young generations in the digital era face serious challenges in maintaining their Islamic identity due to the rapid flow of globalization, the penetration of popular culture, and the influence of social media, which often contradict Islamic values. This condition has led some adolescents and youth to experience moral degradation, a decline in interest toward religious studies, and a tendency to be more attracted to instant entertainment content. Conventional religious studies that are monotonous are often less appealing to Millennials and Gen Z, thus requiring innovative models of religious education that are relevant, engaging, and suitable for the characteristics of the digital generation. This Community Service Program (KKN) carried the theme “Strengthening Islamic Character of Young Generations through Interactive Multimedia-Based Studies at the Youth, Sports, and Tourism Office of Central Lampung Regency.” The main objective was to improve the understanding, internalization, and practice of Islamic values through creative, participatory, and enjoyable approaches. The program was implemented over one month with eight face-to-face sessions. The methods included interactive lectures, motivational video screenings, Islamic animation, group discussions, digital quizzes, and the establishment of an online discussion group via WhatsApp to maintain continuity of learning. Evaluation was carried out through field observation, pre-test and post-test, as well as in-depth interviews with participants and partners. The results showed an increase in religious understanding from an average of 58% to 82%, with active participation reaching 87%. Moreover, a youth community named Forum Pemuda Islami Lampung Tengah (FOPILTENG) was established, which is committed to continuing monthly studies independently. Technical obstacles such as limited multimedia facilities were successfully overcome by facilitators’ creativity, including utilizing simple devices and free digital platforms. Overall, the interactive multimedia-based approach proved to be effective in enhancing learning motivation, strengthening Islamic character, and fostering togetherness among youth. This model has the potential to be replicated in other regions as a strategic effort to nurture a religious, well-characterized, and competitive young generation in facing global challenges.

Water heating systems on ships play a crucial role in supporting crew comfort and operations. However, conventional systems generally operate continuously without automatic control, resulting in energy waste and high operational costs. This situation drives the need for innovation in more efficient and environmentally friendly water heater designs. This research aims to design and implement an automated water heater temperature control system based on an ESP32 microcontroller with on/off control and the use of paraffin wax as a latent heat storage medium. This design is expected to improve energy efficiency while reducing the operational costs of water heaters on ships. The research methodology includes system design, hardware assembly, and performance testing, both static and dynamic. Testing was conducted to evaluate temperature stability and energy efficiency in system conditions with and without the use of paraffin wax. The results showed that paraffin wax improved water temperature stability while reducing the frequency of heater activation. In a 24-hour test, the system without paraffin wax recorded a heater operating time of 15 hours, consuming 8.85 kWh of electricity and costing Rp11,965.20. In contrast, the Paraffin Wax system only requires 10 hours of heater operation, consumes 5.90 kWh, and costs Rp7,976.80. This demonstrates energy savings of 2.95 kWh and a cost efficiency of up to 58%. Therefore, the ESP32-based water heater automation system and heat storage using Paraffin Wax are proven to be more energy-efficient, cost-effective, and have the potential to be an innovative and environmentally friendly solution for ship operational needs.

Distribution is an important aspect that affects the operational efficiency of a company, especially in terms of goods delivery. This study aims to develop an optimization model for LPG gas distribution routes using Excel Solver based on geographic coordinate conversion. In this study, the method used includes converting geographic coordinates from decimal to Degree-Minute-Second (DMS) format, followed by conversion to kilometers to form a more accurate distance matrix. The optimization model was built using the Capacitated Vehicle Routing Problem (CVRP) approach, which takes into account vehicle capacity constraints (a maximum of 560 cylinders per truck) and the limited number of available fleets, which is only one truck. The results show that coordinate conversion produces high accuracy in calculating distances between distribution locations. By using Excel Solver, the optimization solution successfully minimizes the total distance traveled compared to the conventional route, where distribution is carried out more evenly to 57 scattered LPG base locations. The addition of Solver Parameters Evolutionary and All Different constraints proved effective in avoiding duplication of visits and producing optimal distribution routes. This solution not only improves distribution time and cost efficiency, but also improves service to customers by reducing delivery delays. The success of this optimization model is expected to be implemented by other distribution companies to improve their operational performance. This study also highlights the importance of selecting the right software to aid the distribution optimization process. Excel Solver, despite its simplicity, proved highly effective in solving complex distribution routing problems, especially when combined with coordinate conversion techniques that yield more accurate distances. Furthermore, the application of the CVRP method enabled more efficient decision-making in determining distribution routes, taking into account vehicle capacity and fleet limitations.

This study analyzes the potential use of cockle shell waste and coal fly ash as alternative raw materials in the production of composite brake pads. The high volume of industrial and fisheries waste, which has not been optimally utilized, encourages the exploration of environmentally friendly materials with adequate mechanical performance. The main focus of this research is the compressive strength of the produced brake pads, as this parameter is crucial for ensuring effective and safe braking performance. The method used includes the mixing and molding of composite materials with varying compositions of cockle shell and fly ash, followed by compressive strength testing according to standards. This study also takes into account the environmental impact of using waste as filler material, which is expected to reduce reliance on conventional materials and decrease waste that contaminates the environment. The results of the study are expected to provide empirical data on the potential of these two wastes as fillers in brake pad matrices and to identify the optimal formulation that provides the highest compressive strength. This study contributes to the development of sustainable braking materials and efforts to mitigate the environmental impact of waste, while also opening opportunities for the reuse of waste that has previously been poorly managed.

Mail management in higher education institutions, particularly at the Nurul Fikri Integrated Technology College (STT), is still carried out manually or conventionally. This process involves physically recording and distributing letters, which in practice often creates various obstacles. Some common obstacles include the long time required to manage letters, the risk of document loss or damage, and the high possibility of errors in letter numbering. Furthermore, the document validation process is also less effective due to the lack of a system that supports electronic signatures or digital verification of document authenticity. Based on these conditions, this study aims to design and develop a digital system that can help manage letters more efficiently and securely. This system is designed not only to speed up the administrative flow of correspondence but also to simplify the document validation process through the application of digital technology. Thus, this system is expected to reduce administrative errors, increase work efficiency, and ensure the security and validity of official documents. The method used in this study is Design Thinking, which consists of five main stages: empathize, define, ideate, prototype, and test. This approach enabled researchers to deeply understand user needs, explore various alternative solutions, and create an intuitive and user-friendly interface design for all parties involved in the administrative process. The research results showed that the designed system can accelerate the administration process for official letters and documents. The embedded superior features include digital validation and electronic signatures integrated with QR Code technology, thus providing a higher level of transparency and security in document management within the university environment.

This study aims to analyze consumer preferences for purchasing organic products in Bandar Lampung City. With increasing awareness of the importance of a healthy lifestyle and environmental sustainability, organic products are increasingly popular among consumers. This study uses a quantitative approach with a survey method to collect data from consumers who purchase organic products in various markets and shops in Bandar Lampung City from November to December 2024. The variables analyzed include factors that influence purchasing decisions, namely age, education level, gender, frequency and location of purchase, and sources of information about organic products. The results show that consumers of organic products are aged between 18-56 years, with the majority being female and from those with higher education (bachelor and postgraduate). Consumers prefer organic products because of health considerations and better quality compared to conventional products. However, higher prices and product availability are inhibiting factors in purchasing organic products. This study provides important insights for organic product producers and marketers in designing more effective marketing strategies, as well as contributing to the development of the organic product market in Bandar Lampung City.

This study investigates the effectiveness of virtual debate platforms in enhancing English as a Second Language (ESL) learners’ critical thinking, speaking fluency, and argumentation skills. The research was conducted using a quasi-experimental design with intermediate-level ESL students as participants. Data were collected through critical thinking tests, speaking fluency rubrics, and argumentation rubrics, complemented by qualitative analysis of recorded debates. The results indicate significant improvements in students’ critical thinking abilities, fluency in spoken English, and the quality of their arguments, including structure, relevance of evidence, and coherence. Furthermore, virtual debates fostered higher levels of student engagement compared to traditional classroom discussions. These findings underscore the pedagogical potential of integrating technology-based debate activities into ESL instruction, providing interactive and collaborative learning opportunities that address the limitations of conventional teaching methods. The study concludes with recommendations for incorporating virtual debates into ESL curricula and suggests future research on the use of emerging technologies such as artificial intelligence (AI) and virtual reality (VR) to further enhance language learning experiences.

This study investigates the effectiveness of Augmented Reality (AR) based activities in supporting vocabulary retention, motivation, and engagement in foreign language learning. A quasi-experimental design with a pre-test–post-test control group was employed, involving university students enrolled in English as a Foreign Language (EFL) courses. The experimental group engaged in AR-supported vocabulary learning, while the control group used conventional methods such as flashcards and text-based materials. Data were collected through vocabulary tests, motivation and engagement questionnaires, and classroom observations. The findings indicate that AR significantly enhanced vocabulary retention, with students in the experimental group outperforming those in the control group. AR also increased learners’ motivation by providing immersive and enjoyable learning experiences, and it fostered greater engagement as students actively interacted with digital media. These results support the integration of AR into language learning as an effective instructional approach that combines contextualization, interactivity, and gamification. The study contributes to the growing body of research on technology-enhanced learning and highlights the pedagogical potential of AR in modern language education.

This study addresses common problems in start-up businesses: lack of financial management and low presentation of financial statements due to limited human resources. With a conceptual qualitative research (CQR) approach, the research integrates accounting theory and business life cycle theory to design a process for presenting relevant financial statements for business actors who run individual operations. The main findings point to two things: first, the need for resources that understand finance is an inevitability that can be met through education, training, and induction observation; Second, the synthesis of accounting theory and business life cycle maps the conceptual area for the report presentation model that is tailored to the conditions of the beginner business. The proposed model covers the scope of management ranging from recording transactions on the cash mutation book, journaling to reveal the double impact of transactions, to grouping account balances on the ledger to produce relevant information. This process differs from the conventional accounting cycle in that it starts from the cashier function combined with the accounting function, thus reducing the need for separate specialists. The combination of cashier and accountant functions in one practical and relevant accounting flow for individual businesses, allows business owners to supervise their financial performance and position through simple but informative reports.

The agricultural sector plays a crucial role in the Indonesian economy, contributing significantly to Gross Domestic Product (GDP), employment, and national food security. Conventional financing is often poorly suited to the unique characteristics of the agricultural sector, prompting the exploration of more adaptive alternatives. Islamic banking, with its principles of fairness and risk-sharing, offers innovative financing solutions. One such contract with significant potential but underutilized is the Salam contract, a purchase-and-sell contract where payment is made upfront and goods are delivered at a later date. This study aims to analyze the characteristics of the Salam contract in depth, identify challenges and opportunities in its implementation in the Islamic agricultural sector, and formulate strategies for optimizing its application. Using a qualitative descriptive research method based on literature review and comparative analysis, this article finds that the Salam contract offers an effective financing solution for farmers' working capital needs, price risk mitigation for farmers, and supply security for buyers. Key challenges include the risk of crop failure, quality risk, moral hazard risk, and limited supporting infrastructure and market understanding. Optimizing the Salam contract can be achieved through the development of innovative contract models, strengthening risk management through takaful instrumentation, utilizing digital technology, improving Islamic financial literacy, and collaboration between stakeholders. The implications of this research are expected to provide practical guidance for Islamic financial institutions, farmers, and policymakers to create a more inclusive and sustainable Islamic agricultural financing ecosystem. With the right approach, the Salam contract has the potential to become a key instrument in Islamic agricultural financing. Its widespread implementation can drive the transformation of the agricultural sector toward a more productive and equitable direction. Sustainable efforts are needed to ensure its effective implementation in the field.

This Community Service Program (PKM) aims to improve the competitiveness of Micro, Small, and Medium Enterprises (MSMEs) of poor crackers in Setu Kulon Village, Weru District, Cirebon Regency, through Instagram-based digital promotion strategies. The problems faced by partners include minimal digital literacy, limited promotion, and still relying on conventional marketing. Through training activities, mentoring, and promotional content creation, students play an active role as digital transformation facilitators for business actors. The results of the activities show an increase in the ability of partners to manage social media accounts and the opening of new markets outside the region. This activity proves that the use of social media can be an effective, cheap, and applicable solution in the development of local-based traditional MSMEs

Ineffective management of household waste in rural areas, such as Aek Korsik Village, Aek Ledong District, Asahan Regency, causes air pollution due to traditional waste burning practices. This research aims to design and implement an environmentally friendly low-smoke waste incinerator as an alternative solution based on simple technology and local resources. The research methods used are technological engineering approaches and field studies, including tool design, trials, and environmental and social impact evaluation. The furnace is designed using heat-resistant local materials and mild steel, features a dual ventilation system and a smoke exhaust system with a simple filter, and has a combustion capacity of 5 kilograms per cycle. Preliminary studies show that the composition of waste is dominated by organic matter (60%), plastic and paper (30%), as well as the rest are inorganic. Testing over several weeks showed that an average burn time of 1.5 hours was able to reduce smoke emissions by up to 60% compared to conventional methods. The air quality around the test site has improved significantly, and the community has responded positively to the ease of use and environmental benefits of the furnace. This study concludes that low-smoke combustion furnaces are effective as environmentally friendly waste management solutions in villages, with recommendations for increasing combustion capacity and integrating other waste management methods to support sustainability and environmental preservation.

Dysmenorrhea, or menstrual pain, is a common gynecological problem among adolescent girls and often interferes with their daily activities, school performance, and overall quality of life. Conventional pharmacological treatments such as nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are widely used but may cause side effects with long-term consumption. Therefore, safe and natural alternatives are needed to manage menstrual pain effectively. Carrot juice, which is rich in beta-carotene, vitamin E, and other antioxidants, has been reported to possess anti-inflammatory and analgesic properties that could potentially reduce the severity of dysmenorrhea. This study aimed to determine the effect of carrot juice on reducing menstrual pain in female students at SMAN 1 Trimurjo. A pre-experimental study with a one-group pretest–posttest design was conducted involving 27 students who experienced dysmenorrhea. Pain intensity was assessed before and after the intervention using the Numeric Rating Scale (NRS). Data were analyzed using the Wilcoxon signed-rank test. The results showed that before the intervention, the majority of respondents (85.2%) reported moderate pain, while after consuming carrot juice, 92.6% reported mild pain and 7.4% reported no pain. Statistical analysis revealed a significant difference in pain levels before and after the intervention (p = 0.000, p < 0.05). These findings indicate that carrot juice is effective in reducing dysmenorrhea intensity among adolescent girls. As a safe, affordable, and easy-to-implement non-pharmacological therapy, carrot juice has the potential to be recommended as a complementary approach to menstrual pain management, especially for adolescents who seek natural remedies. Further research with larger samples and control groups is recommended to strengthen the evidence and explore the long-term benefits of carrot juice in menstrual health.

Micro, Small, and Medium Enterprises (MSMEs) are an essential pillar of the Indonesian economy, contributing significantly to employment creation, poverty reduction, and income distribution. However, despite their substantial role, MSMEs continue to face a number of persistent challenges, including limited access to capital, low levels of financial literacy, and inadequate utilization of technology. These barriers hinder their ability to grow, compete, and adapt to rapid economic changes. This study aims to explore and analyze the role of Islamic Financial Institutions (IFIs) in empowering MSMEs within the framework of Sharia principles. Employing a descriptive qualitative approach, this research is based on a comprehensive literature review of scholarly articles, official reports, and other relevant academic sources. The findings reveal that IFIs provide both financial and social contributions to MSMEs. Financially, IFIs channel funds through Sharia-compliant contracts such as mudharabah and murabahah, which allow entrepreneurs to access financing without relying on conventional interest-based systems. Socially, IFIs carry out a redistributive role by managing and disbursing zakat, infaq, sadaqah, and waqf (ZISWAF), while also offering entrepreneurship training, mentoring, and technical assistance. These functions collectively enhance MSMEs’ access to capital, strengthen their managerial and operational capacities, and increase competitiveness in both domestic and global markets. Nevertheless, several challenges remain, including the uneven geographical distribution of IFI services, slow adoption of digital technology, and the need for more supportive regulatory frameworks. Strengthening IFIs’ role through policy integration, technological innovation, and collaboration with government and private sectors is essential for maximizing their impact on MSME empowerment. Thus, IFIs not only act as financial intermediaries but also as socio-economic catalysts that support sustainable and inclusive economic development in Indonesia.

This study aims to determine the effect of the Course Review Horay learning model on students' comprehension ability in response text material at SMP Negeri 4 Gunungsitoli Idanoi. This learning model is an active and fun strategy that combines game elements with learning activities, so it is expected to increase student engagement and understanding of the material. The study used a quasi-experimental approach with a Non-Equivalent Control Group Design. The research procedure included three stages, namely (1) implementing a pre-test to measure students' initial abilities, (2) providing treatment by applying the Course Review Horay model in the experimental class and conventional learning in the control class, and (3) implementing a post-test to determine the increase in students' comprehension abilities. The study population was all seventh grade students consisting of two classes, namely VII-A and VII-B, each consisting of 20 students, so that the total number of participants was 40 people. Sampling used a saturated sampling technique because the entire population was sampled. The independent variable in the study was the application of the Course Review Horay learning model, while the dependent variable was student learning outcomes in the response text material. The results of data analysis showed a significant difference between student learning outcomes in the experimental class and the control class. Based on the hypothesis test, the t-value was 12.006, with a significance (2-tailed) <0.001, which is smaller than 0.05. 

Ensuring the delivery of high-quality public services within educational institutions is a critical factor for sustaining student satisfaction, institutional reputation, and overall organizational credibility. Service quality in higher education is often multidimensional and subjective, making its evaluation a challenging process. To address this complexity, the present study integrates the traditional Servqual model with fuzzy logic in order to handle the uncertainty and vagueness associated with human perceptions. The Servqual framework emphasizes five core dimensions of service quality, namely tangibles, reliability, responsiveness, assurance, and empathy, which together provide a comprehensive understanding of institutional service performance. The research was conducted at ITESA Muhammadiyah Semarang, where data collection was carried out through structured questionnaires designed to measure both student expectations and actual perceptions regarding institutional services. In order to capture the imprecise nature of these responses, three types of fuzzy numbers—triangular, trapezoidal, and shoulder fuzzy numbers—were applied to convert the linguistic assessments into measurable values. Subsequently, fuzzy gap analysis was performed to evaluate the discrepancy between expectations and perceptions across the five Servqual dimensions. The results of this analysis highlight that the integration of fuzzy logic into the Servqual model provides a more nuanced and flexible framework for assessing service quality compared to the conventional approach. It reduces the ambiguity in interpreting survey responses, thereby yielding more reliable insights into areas where service performance falls short of expectations. Furthermore, the study demonstrates that each dimension contributes differently to overall satisfaction, with responsiveness and assurance emerging as critical aspects requiring attention. In conclusion, the fuzzy-based Servqual model offers a robust methodological advancement in evaluating service quality within educational settings. The findings not only inform institutional leaders about current performance gaps but also provide actionable insights for continuous quality enhancement, policy formulation, and strategic decision-making to strengthen institutional competitiveness and credibility.