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Phlegmon is a serious infection affecting the maxillofacial area. Cases of phlegmon cause more than 50% mortality before the development of antibiotics, and 90% are due to acute infection of molar teeth. Examination of cervical vertebrae can help the diagnosis by using AP Axial, Lateral, right posterior oblique (RPO)/left posterior oblique (LPO) projections of 15º-20º cephalad, and right anterior oblique (RAO)/left anterior oblique (LAO) 15º-20º caudad while in the Radiology Installation of Yogyakarta City Hospital, using AP Axial projection 15º cephalad, Lateral and oblique (RPO and LPO) with perpendicular beam direction without other modalities such as MRI and CT Scan. This study aims to further examine radiographic examination procedures and projections of RPO and LPO with perpendicular ray directions. This type of research is qualitative with a case study approach at the Radiology Installation of Yogyakarta City Hospital from September 2024 to May 2025. Data were collected by observation, documentation and interviews with 3 radiographers and 1 radiology specialist. Data analysis was done by data reduction, data presentation and conclusion drawing. The results showed 3-position photographs to evaluate the overall condition of the cervical vertebrae and surrounding tissues. RPO and LPO projections are not angled according to the applicable SOP and have no significant effect, because the main focus of phlegmon is soft tissue evaluation and is not related to the evaluation of nerve abnormalities in the intervertebral foramen. However, for phlegmon cases with serious severity, other modalities such as MRI, CT scan or ultrasound should be added in order to detect soft tissue and the cause of phlegmon for further action.

Cerebral palsy (CP) is a permanent, non-progressive motor disorder that occurs due to brain damage experienced before, during, or after birth. This condition is generally characterized by activity limitations and can be accompanied by various other disorders, such as delayed cognitive development, visual impairment, speech disorders, and neuromuscular disorders. Management of cerebral palsy is usually multidisciplinary, including physiotherapy, behavioral therapy, speech therapy, nutritional management, pharmacotherapy, and surgical intervention, with the aim of improving the patient's quality of life. This case report discusses a male patient, An. AZ, aged 4 years and 6 months, who was brought by his parents to the Emergency Department of Cut Meutia General Hospital, North Aceh with the chief complaint of seizures that had occurred two days before admission and had worsened in the past day. The patient had been diagnosed with cerebral palsy since early childhood and regularly underwent physiotherapy. From the anamnesis, it was revealed that the patient experienced weakness on the left side of the body, which was more dominant than the right side. This condition is consistent with the manifestation of hemiplegia in cerebral palsy patients. Physical examination revealed delayed motor development, increased muscle tone on the left side, and enhanced pathological reflexes. Acute seizure management included administering anticonvulsant medication according to protocol, monitoring vital signs, and close observation in the inpatient ward. In addition to pharmacological therapy, the patient was advised to continue regular physiotherapy to maintain motor function, prevent contractures, and support the development of daily activities. This case emphasizes the importance of a comprehensive approach to the management of cerebral palsy, particularly when complicated by seizures. Integration of acute medical care, rehabilitative therapy, and family support plays a crucial role in improving the patient's quality of life.

The enforcement of fair and transparent justice requires a firm guarantee of the principles of fair trial and open justice within the judicial system. These two principles are fundamental to the protection of human rights and serve as essential mechanisms to ensure the accountability of judges as executors of judicial power. This study aims to analyze the implementation of fair trial and open justice principles in judicial oversight practices through the instruments of legal memorandum and public examination (eksaminasi). This research employs a normative method with a statutory and document-based approach. The findings indicate that although not formally regulated as part of Indonesia’s judicial oversight system, legal memoranda and examinations play a significant role in enabling public participation and control over judicial independence and integrity. Strengthening these instruments can serve as an effective strategy to realize an accountable, transparent judiciary that upholds procedural justice.

Continuity of care in midwifery is a series of continuous and comprehensive service activities ranging from pregnancy, childbirth, postpartum, newborn services and family planning services that connect women's health needs, especially and the personal circumstances of each individual. Comprehensive care is an examination that is carried out in complete with simple laboratory examinations and counseling. Comprehensive midwifery care includes places for continuous examination activities, including pregnancy midwifery care, childbirth midwifery care, postpartum midwifery care and newborn midwifery care and birth control acceptors. Pregnancy care prioritizes continuity of care is very important for women to get services from the same professional or from a small team of professionals, because that way the development of their condition will be monitored at all times and they will also become trusting and open because they feel that they already know the caregiver. The type of research used is descriptive, with a case study (Case Study), the sample used is Mrs. AS. After taking care of her, she has provided comprehensive obstetric care starting from pregnant women, childbirth, postpartum, babies and the results are normal pregnancy, normal childbirth, normal babies, and up to family planning. There is no gap between theory and case in the Comprehensive Midwifery Care for Mrs. AS and By.Mrs. AS in Kandangan Village.

Corruption and the rule of law are two things that are not foreign in the order of national, state and social life. Corruption seems to be a vocabulary that is experiencing inflation because it is most often used in almost all news reports. However, in corruption cases, judges are often less observant in paying attention to the facts presented in the trial so that often defendants in corruption cases are not punished commensurate with their actions, some even end in acquittals. The research method used by the author is normative legal research, by reviewing or examining laws and court decisions related to the legal problems faced. The sources of legal materials used are primary legal materials, secondary legal materials, and tertiary legal materials which are then analyzed descriptively qualitatively. The results of this study indicate that The basis for the Supreme Court's consideration in rejecting the public prosecutor's cassation application regarding the acquittal in corruption (Case Study of Supreme Court Decision Number: 2205 K/Pid.Sus/2022) is by considering the legal and non-legal aspects. Regarding the effectiveness of the decision in providing a deterrent effect for perpetrators of corruption in the future, judges in considering a decision should pay close attention to the facts in the trial so that the defendant's actions can be subject to sanctions and in the future can provide a deterrent effect on perpetrators of corruption in the future. The judge's consideration in imposing a sentence after the examination process in court must pay maximum attention to the sense of justice of the actions that have been committed by the defendant so that the verdict can provide a deterrent effect for perpetrators of corruption in the future.

Degenerative diseases such as hypertension and diabetes mellitus are increasingly prevalent among both productive-age and elderly populations, including industrial workers. This community service activity aimed to conduct early detection and provide health education related to hypertension and diabetes among workers at Pabrik Wajan Matahari, Cikoneng Subdistrict, Ciamis Regency. The methods included physical examinations (blood pressure and blood glucose) and personalized counseling based on the examination results. The activity involved 30 active worker participants. Results revealed that 66.7% had a history of hypertension and 96.7% had a history of diabetes mellitus. These findings indicate a high prevalence of degenerative diseases among workers and underscore the importance of continuous promotive-preventive interventions in the workplace. Follow-up efforts should include routine screenings, healthy lifestyle education, and cross-sector collaboration to reduce the risk of non-communicable diseases among industrial workers.

This study discusses the Responsibility of Livestock Owners for Damage to Agricultural Land Owned by Residents in Nobo Village, Ile Boleng District, East Flores Regency. This study aims to determine the mechanism for resolving the problem of agricultural land damage caused by livestock in Nobo Village, Ile Boleng District, East Flores Regency and the form of accountability of livestock owners for damage to agricultural land caused by livestock. This study uses a qualitative research approach with an empirical research type. The techniques used in collecting data for this study are Observation, Interviews, Literature Studies, and Documentation. The results of this study indicate that the mechanism for resolving the problem of agricultural land damage caused by livestock in Nobo Village, Ile Boleng District, East Flores Regency through the stages of Reporting, Examination, and Trial. The law that regulates this, Article 1368 of the Civil Code, clearly regulates the responsibilities of livestock owners, and the Prohibition on releasing animals is also regulated in the Regional Regulation of East Flores Regency Number 25 of 1988 concerning Livestock Maintenance, but the sense of awareness of the community's obligations alone does not seem to be running. Claims that can be handed over to the pet owner who caused the loss can be in the form of compensation in the form of money and compensation in the form of returning it to its original condition (natural compensation).

This study conducts an in-depth examination of 87 mixed-method studies that address war-related trauma in the Middle East over the past two decades (2000–2023), employing a systematic methodological meta-synthesis approach to formulate a more comprehensive understanding of the impact of armed conflict on affected populations. Quantitative findings indicate an exceedingly high prevalence of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), reaching 73.4% among war refugees (n = 12,456), accompanied by significant comorbidity rates in the form of depression (68.2%) and anxiety disorders (59.7%), both of which clinically exacerbate recovery prognosis. Meanwhile, the thematic qualitative analysis successfully identified five principal dimensions of recurrent traumatic experiences, namely direct exposure to violence (82.3%), the loss of family members (76.9%), forced displacement (71.4%), existential uncertainty regarding the future (68.9%), and the disintegration of social cohesion within affected communities (65.2%). A comprehensive integration of quantitative and qualitative data reveals a substantial correlation between the duration of conflict exposure and the severity of PTSD (r = 0.78, p < 0.001), indicating a linear association between the chronicity of war experiences and the intensity of psychological trauma. Through meta-regression, this study also identifies several statistically significant protective variables that reinforce both individual and collective resilience, including the presence of family support (β = 0.45, p < 0.001), the intensity of religiosity (β = 0.38, p < 0.01), and the strength of community resilience (β = 0.42, p < 0.001), all of which function as moderating factors of traumatic impact. In contrast to the narrow focus of Storozhuk et al. (2023) and Boeije et al. (2013), who emphasized individual trauma, this study advances a broadened paradigm by exploring the collective dimensions of war trauma made possible through an integrative methodological design. While Zerach and Solomon (2016) previously proposed three core categories of traumatic experience, the present study expands the conceptual spectrum by identifying two additional themes and unveiling the complex network of interrelations among trauma elements. The principal novelty of this study lies in the formulation of an integrative model of war trauma that not only theoretically unifies individual and collective dynamics but also constructs a new methodological framework that may serve as a reference point for trauma research in conflict-affected regions marked by the volatile and multidimensional sociopolitical context of the Middle East.

Herpes zoster and crusted scabies are dermatological conditions that pose a higher risk and clinical severity in immunocompromised patients, particularly those with chronic comorbidities such as diabetes mellitus and hypertension. This case report presents a 55-year-old woman with painful vesicular eruptions on the right neck and generalized thick, crusted, itchy plaques across the body. She had a longstanding history of type 2 diabetes mellitus and hypertension. Clinical diagnosis of herpes zoster and crusted scabies was confirmed through physical examination and KOH microscopic testing, which identified Sarcoptes scabiei. The patient was treated with oral acyclovir, topical permethrin, and supportive therapy to manage pain and prevent secondary infections. The coexistence of herpes zoster and crusted scabies in a diabetic patient highlights the role of impaired immunity in disease severity and presentation. Early recognition and integrated management are essential to improve prognosis and prevent complications.

A standard agreement is a form of standard contract that is drawn up unilaterally by business actors, without providing flexibility for consumers to negotiate the content of the clauses contained therein. This characteristic creates an imbalance in the legal position between business actors and consumers, which in practice is often used to include exculpation clauses or unilateral clauses that are substantively detrimental to consumers. In the context of Indonesian law, this form of contract has become a common practice in various sectors, ranging from financial services to electronic transactions, so the urgency of legal protection for consumers has become increasingly significant. This research aims to analyze and evaluate the form of legal protection for consumers in standard agreements, based on the provisions of Law Number 8 of 1999 concerning Consumer Protection and related legal instruments, including implementing regulations and relevant jurisprudence. The research approach used is normative juridistic, with data collection methods through literature studies, normative analysis of laws and regulations, and an examination of several concrete case studies that illustrate imbalances in the legal relationship between consumers and business actors. The results of the study revealed that although normative legal protection has been regulated quite firmly, especially in the provisions regarding the prohibition of the inclusion of clauses that are detrimental or misleading to consumers, various structural and cultural obstacles are still found in its implementation. These obstacles include weak supervision mechanisms for business actors, limited consumer access to legal understanding, and suboptimal role of consumer dispute resolution institutions. Thus, it is necessary to strengthen regulations through more operational legal instruments, increase the capacity of supervisory institutions, and mainstream consumer legal literacy as a long-term strategy in realizing a fair, effective, and sustainable consumer protection system.

A 55-year-old female patient came to the Non-Communicable Diseases Polyclinic of Banda Baro Health Center with complaints of headaches that had been felt since ± 7 days ago. The headache was felt as if it was throbbing all over the head. The headache was felt to be worse when the patient was active and stressed and reduced when the patient rested. This headache complaint had disrupted the patient's daily activities. The patient also complained of a stiff neck accompanied by weakness. The patient had been diagnosed with hypertension since 5 years ago but did not take medication regularly. The therapy received by the patient was Amlodipine 1 x 5 mg. From the results of the examination, BP was 145/90 mmHg, HR: 82 x / i, RR: 19 x / i, temperature: 36.5 ° C. Primary data was obtained through anamnesis and physical examination by conducting home visits, filling out family folders, and filling out patient files. The assessment is carried out based on the initial holistic diagnosis, process, and end of visit. Interventions carried out include education on the importance of a healthy lifestyle, taking medication regularly to control blood pressure and complications that can occur due to high blood pressure.

Mrs. Km visited the Integrated Health Post (Posbindu) in Alue Keureunyai Village with complaints of throbbing neck pain that had occurred intermittently over the past two weeks and worsened in the last day. The pain intensified after consuming fatty or coconut milk-based foods and improved with rest or cholesterol-lowering medication. She also experienced a persistent, heavy, throbbing headache for two weeks and ongoing fatigue for the past three weeks, despite minimal physical activity. These symptoms led to reduced motivation in daily activities. Physical examination showed: BP 160/100 mmHg, HR 88 bpm, RR 20 breaths/min, T 36.8°C. Laboratory results revealed a total cholesterol level of 250 mg/dL. Data were gathered through auto-anamnesis, physical and laboratory examinations, home visits, completion of the family folder, and patient documentation. Assessment was based on holistic diagnosis at the initial, ongoing, and final stages of the visit, using both qualitative and quantitative approaches. Interventions included education on the causes of hypercholesterolemia, the importance of taking medication regularly, and awareness of complications due to high cholesterol levels.

The patient came with complaints of frequent tingling in both legs for 2 months. These complaints were accompanied by a body that continuously felt weak even though the patient did not do heavy activities. The patient also complained of nausea but no vomiting, frequent urination especially at night, and often felt thirsty. Other complaints such as fever and bowel disorders were denied by the patient. The patient also did not routinely use insulin medication. Primary data were obtained through autoanamnesis and physical examination by conducting home visits, filling out family folders, and filling out patient files. The assessment was carried out based on the initial holistic diagnosis, process, and end of the visit quantitatively and qualitatively. The interventions carried out included education about the causes of diabetes mellitus to his family, education about lifestyle modification and management of the disease, and explaining complications that may arise from the patient's disease so that the patient takes regular treatment and makes preventive efforts.

This study aims to assess the implementation of specific nutrition interventions in an effort to accelerate stunting reduction in Naitae Village, West Fatuleu Sub-district, Kupang Regency in 2023, as well as identify barriers and opportunities for improvement. The research method used was a qualitative approach with a case study design. Data were collected through in-depth interviews with key informants such as the Head of Puskesmas, program managers, Village Head, Posyandu cadres, pregnant women, and mothers of stunted toddlers and those who have completed the intervention. Data were analyzed using thematic analysis techniques through a process of categorization and source triangulation. The results showed that specific nutrition interventions in Naitae Village include the provision of Blood Addition Tablets (TTD), antenatal examinations, complete basic immunization, deworming, macronutrient supplements (PMT). The implementation of these interventions is generally in accordance with national guidelines, but there are still various barriers, such as unreachability of adolescent girls who are not in school, low compliance of pregnant women in consuming TTD, and limited access to services due to distance and local culture. In conclusion, although the intervention was implemented according to procedures, the success of the program was still constrained by individual, geographical, and socio-cultural factors. Efforts to increase education and cross-sector collaboration are needed to accelerate stunting reduction in the region.  

The rapid development of information technology has significantly changed cybercrime, especially electronic document forgery. This re-search examines the utilization of digital forensics and information technology in proving the crime of electronic document forgery in In-donesia through a normative legal research approach. The research uses a statutory approach and a conceptual approach to analyze the ef-fectiveness of digital forensic methods in uncovering electronic crimes based on certain evaluation criteria including technical feasibility, legal acceptability, and procedural compliance with Indonesian law. The findings show that digital forensics has an important role in in-vestigating electronic document forgery, but faces complex implementation challenges. Key barriers include limited human resources, with only 147 certified digital forensics experts in Indonesia according to verified 2023 data from the Indonesian Digital Forensics Association (AFDI), and legal regulations that have not fully accommodated the evolving digital technology landscape. The research identifies signifi-cant technical barriers, such as the complexity of forensic technology, the volatility of digital evidence, and the rapid advancement of cyber-crime techniques. Through an examination of recent case studies including the Tokopedia data breach of 2023 and the Jakarta Administra-tive Court electronic document forgery case of 2022, this research demonstrates the practical application of digital forensics in Indonesian courts. The research proposes a balanced approach that fulfills both evidentiary and human rights protection requirements in digital inves-tigations. Strategic recommendations include strengthening the capacity of forensic laboratories, harmonizing legal regulations, and im-proving the competence of human resources in technology and law. This research contributes to the conceptual framework of cyber law enforcement by offering a comprehensive perspective on the evidentiary challenges of e-crime in the digital age.

Disputes over general election results (PHPU) at the Constitutional Court reflect the critical role of evidence in resolving electoral conflicts. However, in practice, there exists an imbalance in the evidentiary process between the disputing parties. This study aims to analyze such disparities using a normative juridical approach by examining laws and regulations, Constitutional Court decisions, and relevant legal literature. The findings indicate that evidentiary issues in PHPU are influenced not only by formal and material legal aspects but also by the political dynamics that accompany every electoral contest. Unequal access to evidence, disparities in evidentiary capacity among parties, and the Court’s limited ability to conduct active examinations exacerbate this imbalance. Additionally, political interests often influence perceptions of the independence of evidence and the objectivity of court decisions. Therefore, there is a pressing need to strengthen technical regulations on evidence, enhance the evidentiary capacity of disputing parties, and optimize the Constitutional Court’s role in maintaining balance in the evidentiary process. In conclusion, the imbalance of evidence in PHPU at the Constitutional Court stems not only from procedural weaknesses but also from the political interests surrounding the trial process. Reforming the evidentiary system is urgently needed to uphold the principles of electoral justice in Indonesia.

Objective: to evaluate the effectiveness of the Berg Balance Scale (BBS) examination in improving balance and preventing the risk of falls in the elderly. The elderly are an age group that is vulnerable to decreased body function, one of which is balance disorders that can increase the risk of falls. Falls in the elderly can have serious impacts such as injury, decreased quality of life, and even death. Balance examination and evaluation are very important to prevent the risk of falls. One of the effective and widely used measuring tools is the Berg Balance Scale (BBS), which assesses balance ability through 14 functional activity items. This study aims to evaluate the role of BBS in detecting balance disorders and as a basis for physiotherapy interventions to improve postural stability in the elderly. The results of the study indicate that periodic use of BBS can help identify elderly people with high risk of falls and monitor balance progress after intervention. Thus, BBS is an important tool in fall prevention strategies and improving the quality of life of the elderly. Conclusion: the use of the Berg Balance Scale is not only effective in assessing balance status, but also as a tool for monitoring the results of physiotherapy interventions in the elderly. Periodic use of BBS is recommended as part of a fall prevention program in health care facilities or elderly communities.

Elderly aged 60-70 years will experience changes in body condition, both physical and mental changes such as decreased physical fitness and cognitive disorders. This study aims to determine the level of fitness and cognitive disorders of elderly aged 60-70 years who participate in Tai Chi gymnastics. The method used is descriptive analytical with a Cross Sectional approach. The subjects of the study were 20 elderly aged 60-70 years, using a purposive sampling technique. The data collection technique for physical fitness levels was measured through the Six minutes walk test, while cognitive disorders used the mini-mental state examination (MMSE) questionnaire. The results of the study showed that the average level of male fitness was in the moderate fitness category (40.3%), the good category was (50%) and the very good category (6.3%), while female physical fitness was in the moderate fitness category (75%) and the very good category (25%). Research Results Cognitive disorders in elderly men who were in the normal category were 87.5% and probable cognitive disorders were 12.5%, while in elderly women cognitive disorders were in the normal category were 100%. In conclusion, the level of physical fitness of the elderly is in the good category, while cognitive disorders of the elderly are in the normal category

This study aims to determine and analyze the role and effectiveness of the forestry police in overcoming illegal logging crimes. The type of research used is empirical juridical, by collecting data based on facts in the field and analyzed qualitatively descriptive. The role of the forestry police includes non-penal and penal efforts. Non-penal efforts are in the form of prevention such as providing appeals for environmental conservation, reforestation, supervision of forest utilization permits, mapping of vulnerable areas, and improving the quality and quantity of personnel. Penal efforts include arresting perpetrators, confiscating evidence, making minutes of examination, and coordinating with other law enforcement officials. Factors affecting the effectiveness of the forestry police include legal substance, legal structure, community culture, facilities and infrastructure, area compared to the number of personnel, population growth, and increasing modus operandi due to high demand for timber. Synchronization of regulations between sectors is needed to avoid overlapping rules. The government also needs to strengthen forestry police infrastructure and encourage active community involvement in preserving forests in North Gorontalo District.

Kwashiorkor is a form of protein energy malnutrition (MEP). Malnourished toddlers have short and long term effects, in the form of impaired growth and development, including impaired cognitive function, morbidity, risk of degenerative diseases in later life and death. The male patient aged 1 year and 2 months was brought by his parents to the emergency room of Cut Meutia Hospital on Tuesday, June 4, 2024 at 20:07 WIB with complaints of swelling on both backs of legs and hands and face. On the antopometric examination on the first day of treatment, the patient's nutritional status was found to be poor. Patients are given malnutrition management which is divided into 3 phases, namely stabilization, transition and rehabilitation.   Kata kunci: Antropometri, Kwashiorkor, Malnutrisi Energi Protein