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The formation of laws and updates to legal materials must be aimed at realizing social equilibrium , namely an orderly, just and prosperous life. The pattern of communication or dialogue and dialectics that occur in the process of forming legislation will affect the character of the law, the more transparent and participatory the more responsive the law will be. This research method uses normative juridical. The legal policy of legislation should include three things: (i) guarantee justice in society ; (ii) create a peaceful life (create alive placidity ) by maintaining legal certainty; and (iii) realize usefulness (realize use ) by handling real interests in common life in a concrete manner. The application of the principle of justice is based on "legal enforceability" and "equality before the law". The principle of legal certainty is achieved through: (i) clear and firm norming regarding obligations and prohibitions; (ii) legal transparency that prevents society from normative confusion; and (iii) continuity of legal order that provides a reference for future behavior. The principle of utility is based on the ability of law as a social instrument to integrate the aggregation of social interests so that they do not clash with each other, and instead order occurs.

Pancasila, as the basis of the Indonesian state, is a philosophical system that underlies national and state life with the principles of divinity, humanity, unity, democracy and social justice. The background to this research focuses on the urgency of Pancasila in globalization and also rapid social change, where new challenges require adaptation so that Pancasila remains relevant and effective. The aim of the research is to analyze the hierarchical and pyramidal structure of Pancasila, the formulation of the relationship between the precepts which complement and qualify each other, as well as the dynamics and challenges faced by Pancasila as a philosophical system. The research method uses library research to collect and analyze data from various relevant sources. The research results show that Pancasila, with its hierarchical structure that positions the precepts in a mutually supportive order, functions as a strong moral and ideological guide. The relationship between the Pancasila principles complement each other and also clarify each other's principles, forming a coherent and comprehensive system. However, challenges such as globalization, social inequality and political dynamics require adjustment and adaptation to maintain the relevance of Pancasila. This research emphasizes the importance of further study and development to ensure that Pancasila remains the basis of a strong and effective state in the modern era.

This research aims to explore and analyze the relationship between Pancasila, as the foundation of the Republic of Indonesia, and international principles of justice and equality. Pancasila, which consists of five precepts that reflect the basic values of the Indonesian nation, is expected to serve as a guideline in the application of the principles of social justice and equal rights in the international context. This study uses an analytical approach to evaluate how Pancasila aligns with various international conventions and standards related to human rights and social justice. It also discusses the challenges and opportunities in integrating Pancasila values with global norms, as well as its impact on Indonesia's public policy and international relations. The results show that while there is significant alignment between Pancasila and international principles on justice and equality, there are some challenges in its implementation that need to be addressed to ensure better harmonization between national and international norms.

The practice of nepotism in the employee selection process at Regional Owned Enterprises (BUMD) in North Sumatra, which has an impact on transparency, fairness and organizational effectiveness. BUMDs have an important role in regional economic development, but nepotism practices often damage the integrity of the recruitment process. Through a qualitative approach and case studies, this research reveals that nepotism creates inequality in employee selection, reduces the quality of human resources, and reduces public trust in BUMD. This article also identifies the factors that cause nepotism and offers solutions in the form of selection transparency, anti-nepotism policies, independent supervision, and outreach to build a culture of meritocracy in BUMD. By overcoming nepotism, BUMD is expected to be able to create a fair and professional recruitment system, thereby supporting the achievement of optimal performance.

Islamic accounting has developed as a financial method aimed at promoting social justice and people's well-being in addition to making profit. Islamic accounting has a strategic role in reducing poverty and creating social equality in Indonesia, which is the world's largest Muslim population. The study analyzed how the application of islamic accounting based on principles such as transparency, justice, and social responsibility could help reduce poverty rates in Indonesia. Through literature and secondary data analysis, the study found that islamic accounting, mainly by instruments such as zakat, wakaf, and qardhul hasan, could provide financial solutions that support poor people's economic empowerment. Islamic accounting not only serves as a accounting system, but also as a tool to help strengthen the redistribution of wealth and build an inclusive economy.

The study explores the impact of regional infrastructure investment on economic growth and regional inequality in East Kalimantan Province from 2012 to 2023. Motivated by the ongoing development disparities in Indonesia, especially outside Java and Sumatra, this research examines how infrastructure spending—particularly in public works, housing, and transportation—affects East Kalimantan’s economic growth and regional inequality. Using a quantitative methodology, the analysis leverages secondary data obtained from local government agencies. The research employs SPSS 23 for path analysis to evaluate relationships among variables, focusing on East Kalimantan’s fiscal allocations and their impacts on economic dynamics. The results indicate mixed impacts across sectors: while housing and transportation investments significantly promote economic growth, public works spending shows no significant effect.

Persons with disabilities represent a diverse segment of society, facing unique challenges in accessing public services such as education, healthcare, and employment. In response, Indonesia ratified the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities (CRPD) through Law No. 19 of 2011, which serves to promote, protect, and ensure equal rights and fundamental freedoms for individuals with disabilities. This commitment led to the enactment of Law No. 8 of 2016, replacing an earlier, more compassionate framework with one emphasizing equality and the protection of rights for persons with disabilities. The law defines individuals with disabilities as those facing long-term physical, intellectual, mental, or sensory limitations and emphasizes the necessity of special protections to uphold their rights and prevent discrimination. The method used in this study is a normative legal research method. This study evaluates the effectiveness of disability rights protection policies in Indonesia, revealing significant challenges despite the legal framework established by Law No. 19 of 2011. Access to education, healthcare, and employment remains limited due to inadequate facilities, discriminatory practices, and social stigma. Effective solutions require strengthening the legal framework, increasing awareness, and involving the disability community in policy planning. Furthermore, robust monitoring and enforcement mechanisms are essential for safeguarding rights. To enhance protections, improved coordination among ministries, ongoing training for service providers, inclusive education practices, and recognition of employers who hire individuals with disabilities are critical. These measures are vital for fostering a more equitable society and ensuring the rights of persons with disabilities are upheld sustainably.

Hajj and Umrah are forms of maḥḍah worship that hold an essential position in Islamic teachings and contain profound philosophical dimensions. Beyond their ritual obligations and recommendations, these acts of worship function as instruments for spiritual, moral, and social development among Muslims. This study aims to analyze the philosophical dimensions of Hajj and Umrah and their implications for enhancing religious devotion. The research employs a qualitative approach with a descriptive method through library research. Data were collected from scholarly books, academic journal articles, and relevant official documents, and analyzed using content analysis. The findings indicate that Hajj and Umrah embody core values such as monotheism, sincerity, patience, self-control, equality, and social solidarity. A deep understanding of these philosophical dimensions contributes significantly to the spiritual transformation of pilgrims, as reflected in improved quality of worship, religious discipline, and social awareness after the pilgrimage. This study emphasizes that philosophical comprehension of Hajj and Umrah is crucial for sustaining long-term religious devotion among Muslims.

This research aims to analyze the contribution of business ethics, sustainability, and corporate social responsibility (CSR) in international business. Using a descriptive qualitative method based on literature study, this research explores various literatures from scientific journals, academic books, and sustainability reports of global companies and organizations. The results show that business ethics play a role in building corporate reputation, maintaining stakeholder trust, and ensuring fair and transparent business practices. Sustainability is a key aspect of international business operations, especially in the face of global challenges such as climate change, resource exploitation, and social inequality. Meanwhile, the implementation of CSR in international business not only improves the company's image but also has a positive impact on society and the environment, in line with the Triple Bottom Line concept (people, planet, profit). In addition to the benefits, this study also identifies challenges in the implementation of business ethics, sustainability and CSR, such as regulatory differences between countries and the complexity of balancing economic and social interests. Therefore, companies are expected to integrate these principles into their business strategies to achieve long-term sustainability and meet the demands of a global market that increasingly emphasizes ethical and responsible business practices.

Efforts to reduce regional inequality are aimed at Accelerate equitable development . Implementing a healthy fiscal policy through government spending is a form of effort to reduce this inequality . Government spending can provide intervention in regional policies to boost the economy through regional government spending and revenue . This study examines the development of inter -regional inequality mapping through the Class typology method , measuring inequality with the Williamson index , and testing multiple linear regression to analyze regional government spending on inequality in the Western Region of Indonesia in 2019-2022. The results show that the average regional inequality index is at moderate inequality , namely 0.465. In addition , the regression results show that efforts to reduce regional inequality aimed at Accelerate equitable development through fiscal policy trend to be ineffective . The contribution of government spending has not been significant impact on reduce inequality . Therefore , evaluation and improvement in government spending policies are needed so that they can be more effective in achieving the goal of alleviating regional inequality in the western region of Indonesia.

This study aims to find out and analyze the protection of human rights in cases of gender discrimination. This research is a normative legal research using a statue approach, conceptual approach, historical approach and case approach. This research is a research using primary, secondary and tertiary legal materials obtained using literature study techniques. The results of the study show that (1) the form of handling gender discrimination in Indonesia can be carried out by state institutions related to gender discrimination such as the Ministry of Women's Empowerment and Child Protection and the National Commission on Anti-Violence against Women. (2) There are several factors driving gender discrimination in Indonesia, including economic factors, cultural and social factors, legal factors and educational factors.

The main motivation for people to move from their area (rural) to urban is an economic motive. This motive developed due to economic inequality between regions. The most recommended condition is a rational consideration, where individuals mobilize to the city is the expectation of getting a job and earning a higher income than what is obtained in the village (Mantra, 1992). The purpose of this study is to determine the Determinants of Family Welfare of Circular Mobility Actors of Labor from Nusa Penida in the Tourism Sector in Ubud. The research method used is associative because it aims to find the influence of independent variables on one or more dependent variables. The results of the study concluded that: Employment status directly has a positive and significant effect on circular migrant remittances in Ubud District. Then skills, employment status and education level directly have a positive and insignificant effect on circular migrant remittances in Ubud District. Remitan has no positive and insignificant effect on circular migrant remittances in Ubud District.

This study examines how PKBM Kedondong's Package C Equality Education Program empowers the community. Through the Package C equality education program at PKBM Kedondong, this study seeks to characterize the stages of awareness, knowledge transformation, and enrichment of community empowerment. This study is qualitative in nature. Package C students, package C teachers, and managers served as the research subjects. Observation, interviewing, and documentation research techniques were used to gather data. Data verification (conclusion), data display, and data reduction are the methods employed in data analysis. According to the research findings, there are three stages in the community empowerment process at PKBM Kedondong through the Package C Equality Education Program. The first stage is awareness, which has been well- socialized, as evidenced by the usage of word-of-mouth to disseminate knowledge. Second, the learning activity process that is part of the knowledge transformation stage consists of: Package C managers and tutors handle the planning stage, which includes creating a syllabus and a Learning Implementation Plan (RPP). During the in-person learning implementation stage, modules, e-books, YouTube, and the internet are used as media, and lectures, Q&A sessions, and discussions are the methods employed. At this point, the evaluation stage seeks to gauge the students' performance in the learning process of package C equivalency education. Thirdly, the effectiveness of the enrichment stage's implementation is demonstrated by the students' learning outcomes and the post-program coaching that is offered.

This study aims to find out and analyze the criminological review of the crime of trafficking in persons studied in Ende Regency The type of research used in the study is empirical juridical research. Empirical Juridical Research, where prospective researchers conduct research in the field. Data collection technique by conducting interviews with 3 resource persons. As well as the data analysis techniques used, namely descriptive-qualitative analysis. The results of this study show that: (1) The factors that cause the occurrence of trafficking in Ende Regency. Namely, (a) Financial emotional pressure, (b) Lack of legal and moral awareness, (c) Poverty and economic inequality, (d) Lack of education and employment opportunities, (e) social and cultural, (f) family. (2) Efforts to combat trafficking in Ende Regency. In an effort to overcome trafficking in Ende Regency through 3 efforts, Preemptive, Preventive, and Repressive.

This research aims to analyze the ability of Unimed FMIPA Mathematics students in solving absolute value inequalities with the help of the Python program. The problem faced is that students often have difficulty solving inequality problems manually. The purpose of this research is to see the effectiveness of using Python in helping to solve absolute value inequalities and how it affects understanding of mathematical concepts. The method used was qualitative research with a sample of 20 fifth semester students of the Mathematics Study Program, FMIPA, Medan State University. Students are given absolute value inequality problems to solve manually and with the help of Python. Data was collected through online tests and questionnaires using Google Form. The research results show that the majority of students feel that using Python is very helpful in solving absolute value inequalities. As many as 95% of students consider Python to be effective in making it easier to solve mathematical problems and increasing understanding of the concept of absolute value.

This article discusses community empowerment efforts in Segoropuro Village, Rejoso District, Pasuruan Regency, East Java Province, to overcome problems in education. Through a local wisdom-based Literasanctuary, this program integrates educational, economic and digitalization curricula. The theoretical framework includes increasing public awareness, the role of society in improving education, building economic independence, establishing literacy, empowering the creative economy, equality education programs. Implementation method for implementing the smart village program with 3 learning curricula, smart village mentoring program in Segoropuro literacy by the Pasuruan district education and culture office, monitoring program by the small and medium enterprise cooperative service. This article presents concrete steps towards a smart Segoropuro Village through literature based on local wisdom to build economic independence.

Low achievement of Indonesian students in literacy and numeracy in PISA 2022 (359 and 366 points, far below OECD average of 476-493 points) demands evaluation of factors affecting learning quality. This study analyzes the relationship between teacher welfare management and improvement of student literacy and numeracy through systematic literature review of 44 studies covering 76,990 teachers from 2019-2025. Analysis shows significant relationship between teacher welfare and student academic achievement through three mechanisms: increased teaching efficacy, positive classroom climate creation, and pedagogical innovation development. International comparison reveals significant gaps between Indonesia and developed countries like Japan (teacher salary Rp38 million vs Indonesia Rp800,000-Rp2,000,000). Implementation in Indonesia faces challenges of regional disparities, employment status inequality, and excessive workload. Comprehensive policy reform is needed including compensation standardization, holistic support programs, and longitudinal studies to understand deeper causal mechanisms.  

This study investigates the impact of social protection expenditure on income inequality and Human Development Index (HDI) across multiple countries from 2000 to 2020. Using panel data regression analysis, the study explores whether higher public social spending on healthcare, education, and social services significantly reduces income inequality, as measured by the Gini coefficient, and enhances HDI. The results indicate a strong positive correlation between social protection spending and both reduced inequality and improved HDI. Specifically, countries with higher social protection expenditure, especially those with social-democratic welfare models, exhibit lower income inequality and higher HDI scores. The analysis also highlights significant country-level differences, revealing that while high-income countries with comprehensive social protection systems tend to perform better in terms of human development, low- and middle-income countries with limited spending face persistent challenges in reducing inequality and improving HDI. Further, the study discusses the mechanisms through which social protection policies influence human development, particularly through improved access to education, healthcare, and social services. The findings suggest that integrating social protection with broader economic policies can lead to sustainable reductions in inequality and improvements in human development outcomes. The study contributes to the existing literature by providing empirical evidence on the role of social protection in fostering inclusive growth and human development, emphasizing the need for more comprehensive and efficient social protection systems, especially in developing countries.

This study examines the relationship between educational attainment, gender inequality in education, and their impact on unemployment rates and economic resilience across various regions. Gender inequality in education has long-term consequences on labor market outcomes and economic stability. In regions with higher gender inequality, the underutilization of female talent results in higher unemployment rates and weaker economic resilience. In contrast, regions with higher gender equality in education show improved labor market performance and a more resilient economy. The study utilizes cross-regional regression analysis, incorporating data on education levels, gender inequality indices, unemployment rates, and economic resilience metrics. The findings suggest that gender inequality in education plays a more significant role in shaping unemployment rates and economic resilience than traditional macroeconomic variables such as GDP and inflation. Furthermore, the results highlight the importance of improving access to education for underrepresented genders, particularly women, to foster more inclusive and sustainable economic growth. The study emphasizes the need for policies that promote gender equality in education as a means to enhance labor market outcomes and strengthen economic resilience. Limitations of the study include potential data constraints and regional variations in cultural, economic, and policy contexts, which may affect the generalizability of the findings. Future research could expand this study by exploring different regions and countries to gain a deeper understanding of the long-term effects of reducing gender inequality in education on economic outcomes.

Industrialization, while often driving economic growth, has led to significant environmental degradation, particularly in marginalized communities. These populations, already vulnerable due to socio-economic and geographic factors, bear the brunt of the environmental harm caused by industrial activities. This study explores the role of social-legal instruments in mitigating ecological inequality, focusing on their ability to reduce environmental burdens and empower marginalized communities in industrializing regions. A mixed-methods approach was employed, combining environmental data mapping and legal framework assessment. The study found that social-legal interventions, including rights-based advocacy, legal aid, and community participation, significantly reduced ecological disparities. By improving access to legal resources and fostering active community engagement in environmental governance, these interventions empowered vulnerable populations to advocate for their environmental rights. Positive correlations were found between the implementation of robust legal frameworks and reductions in pollution exposure, highlighting the effectiveness of integrating environmental and social protections. However, the study also identified several barriers to the effective implementation of these instruments, including political resistance, resource limitations, and unequal access to legal support. These challenges hinder the full realization of social-legal frameworks' potential. The study concludes with recommendations for policymakers to strengthen social-legal instruments by incorporating social equity into environmental regulations and improving the resources available to marginalized communities. Further research is needed to assess the long-term impacts of social-legal interventions and their scalability to other industrializing regions, with an emphasis on enhancing both ecological and social outcomes.