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This study aims to explore how interpersonal communication plays a role in the process of constructing self-identity within the “Jemuah Keos” community in Surabaya. This community functions as an alternative social space inhabited by individuals with diverse creative backgrounds, such as musicians, motorcycle builders, visual artists, and subculture enthusiasts. The formation of identity in this community is not solely driven by individual expression but also shaped through social interactions that are reflective and rich in meaningful symbols. The study uses a qualitative approach with a descriptive case study method. Data were collected through participatory observation, semi-structured interviews with nine informants, and documentation of various visual artifacts representing the community’s activities. The data analysis process follows the interactive model by Miles and Huberman, which consists of three main stages: data reduction, data presentation, and drawing conclusions. The theoretical framework used in this study refers to Joseph A. DeVito's concept of interpersonal communication, which includes self-disclosure, empathy, emotional support, symbolic exchange, social values, as well as reflective interaction and role negotiation in social relationships. The findings indicate that interpersonal communication is a key element in shaping and negotiating personal identity. Cultural symbols such as clothing style, vehicle modifications, visual language, and daily interaction patterns become primary means of identity expression. The "Jemuah Keos" community demonstrates openness, equality, and a critical stance against the dominance of mainstream culture. Interpersonal communication within this community also plays a role in building collective solidarity and voicing critical views on existing cultural standards. The identity formed is not only personal but also part of a larger community identity.

This research was conducted in Curahmalang Village, Rambipuji District, with the aim of determining how the Family Hope Program (PKH) policy is implemented in improving the welfare of beneficiary families (KPM). PKH, as one of the conditional social assistance programs designed by the government, plays a strategic role in poverty alleviation efforts, so it is important to assess the extent to which this policy is effective at the village level. This research used a descriptive qualitative method with policy implementation indicators referring to the George C. Edward III model, which includes aspects of communication, resources, disposition, and bureaucratic structure. Research data were obtained through primary and secondary data using data collection techniques such as observation, in-depth interviews, and documentation, then analyzed qualitatively. The results showed that PKH implementation in Curahmalang Village was influenced by these four factors. From the communication aspect, information delivery, clarity, and consistency of communication were considered quite good due to the role of facilitators in bridging the government with beneficiaries. In terms of resources, the availability of facilitators and information was adequate, but the utilization of facilities, especially health facilities, was not fully optimal because some beneficiaries did not utilize them according to their needs. The disposition aspect shows that the implementer's attitude and compliance towards Beneficiary Families (KPM) are relatively good, although some participants are still less committed to fulfilling program obligations. Meanwhile, in the aspect of bureaucratic structure, weaknesses were found, particularly in terms of coordination and cooperation between PKH facilitators and the village government, which has not been running optimally, thus impacting the effectiveness of work patterns.

This study aims to analyze the role of digital communication between parents and schools in improving the effectiveness of student attendance administration and scholarship management at SMA XYZ, and to identify factors influencing its implementation within a sustainable educational ecosystem. The research employed a narrative literature review approach with a comprehensive literature analysis from major academic databases, including Google Scholar and ProQuest Education Database, covering publications from 2010 to 2024. Data were collected through systematic searches using keyword combinations of digital communication, parent-school communication, educational technology, student attendance, scholarship administration, and family engagement, followed by thematic analysis to identify patterns and research gaps. Digital communication demonstrated high intensity (4.2/5 score) with WhatsApp as the dominant platform (65%). While 70% of parents increased their academic involvement, only 45% provided appropriate emotional support. Significant barriers included digital divide (30% infrastructure constraints), digital literacy gaps (25%), and boundary management issues (40% of teachers contacted outside working hours). Digital communication improved administrative transparency and real-time monitoring, though communication patterns remained predominantly unidirectional, with only 35% of parents providing active feedback. The study contributes to Digital Education Communication Theory by identifying paradoxes in digital parental engagement and confirming Digital Divide Theory in educational contexts. Findings expand Family Engagement Theory by revealing how real-time information access can create surveillance parenting behaviors that may be counterproductive to student well-being. Results indicate an urgent need for comprehensive digital communication policies, parent digital literacy programs, and infrastructure support to create an equitable and sustainable digital educational ecosystem that balances accessibility with professional boundaries.

Stunting is a growth failure condition in toddlers caused by chronic malnutrition, particularly during the critical first 1,000 days of life. This condition is influenced by various factors, including maternal education and feeding practices. This study aims to analyze the relationship between maternal education level and feeding patterns with the incidence of stunting among toddlers in the working area of the Pekauman Community Health Center, Banjarmasin City. The research employed a quantitative design with a cross-sectional approach. The population consisted of mothers with toddlers, with 66 respondents selected through accidental sampling. Data collection was carried out using structured questionnaires and documentation studies related to children’s nutritional status. Data analysis was performed using univariate and bivariate methods, with the Spearman Rho test applied at a 0.05 significance level. The findings revealed a significant relationship between maternal education level and stunting incidence (p = 0.009), suggesting that lower levels of maternal education were associated with higher stunting rates. Conversely, feeding patterns did not show a statistically significant relationship with stunting (p = 0.081), although descriptive data indicated that inappropriate feeding practices were common among respondents. The majority of mothers in this study had basic education (elementary to junior high school), and a considerable number of toddlers were found to be stunted. Based on these results, it can be concluded that maternal education level plays an essential role in influencing stunting, while feeding patterns require further investigation with larger samples. The study recommends strengthening nutrition education and counseling programs for mothers, particularly those with low educational backgrounds, alongside regular monitoring of child growth and development by health professionals. Additionally, government efforts to expand access to health and nutrition information through easily accessible media are expected to contribute to stunting prevention and reduction strategies.

In the era of digital transformation, public bureaucracies face increasingly complex demands to become more adaptive, responsive, and efficient in meeting evolving public expectations. This change is increasingly crucial in newly autonomous regions such as Southwest Papua Province, which are building their governance systems from scratch. This research aims to examine the implementation of Agile Governance in accelerating public services, specifically by examining the extent to which agile principles such as flexibility, cross-actor collaboration, and continuous iteration have been applied within the regional bureaucracy. The research employed a descriptive qualitative approach with a desk study method based on secondary data sourced from policy documents, institutional reports, relevant regulations, and the latest scientific literature. Data analysis was conducted using content analysis techniques to identify themes, patterns, and gaps in policy implementation. The results indicate that the implementation of Agile Governance in Southwest Papua remains limited, partial, and has not been systematically integrated into the regional bureaucratic framework. Current efforts to digitize public services emphasize technical aspects, but are not supported by adequate regulations, robust digital infrastructure, or strengthened human resource capacity. This results in the implementation of agile principles such as transparency, adaptability, and collaboration not being fully reflected in bureaucratic practices. This study concludes that the successful implementation of Agile Governance requires comprehensive institutional transformation, increased adaptive capacity of the apparatus, and contextualized governance design tailored to the needs of the new autonomous region. The study's contribution is to provide an empirical and conceptual foundation for promoting bureaucratic reform in Southwest Papua while enriching academic literature in the field of adaptive public administration, particularly within the framework of digital and agile governance.

The hospitality industry is experiencing rapid digital transformation, particularly with the widespread adoption of mobile ordering platforms in food and beverage services. This study seeks to examine how the use of a mobile ordering application affects staff–guest interactions at Semawis All-Day Dining, X Hotel Semarang. Employing a qualitative case study approach, data were collected through in-depth interviews, participant observation, and documentation. The findings demonstrate that the integration of mobile ordering has significantly reshaped patterns of engagement between employees and guests, shifting from service approaches that emphasize relational warmth, friendliness, and emotional connection to those prioritizing efficiency, accuracy, and practicality. Although this system improves operational effectiveness, many employees feel that opportunities to establish deeper bonds with visitors are reduced, while senior staff frequently report experiencing technostress due to the pressure of adapting to new technologies. Consequently, the quality of personalized service and the traditional “human touch” in hospitality is gradually declining, even though efficiency levels have increased. To mitigate these challenges, hotels implement flexible strategies such as hybrid service models, combining technology-driven efficiency with face-to-face interaction to preserve the essence of hospitality. The research underscores the importance of considering relational, cultural, and psychosocial dimensions when implementing digital transformation in hotels. It concludes that successful integration of mobile ordering relies not only on operational convenience but also on strengthening technological literacy, providing continuous training, and adopting a human-centered service orientation. By balancing innovation with human values, hotels can maximize digital benefits while maintaining authentic hospitality experiences that remain memorable and meaningful for guests.

This study aims to analyze the Public Relations (PR) strategy of Gen FM in building and maintaining relationships with stakeholders through its official Instagram account, @gen987fm. The background of this research lies in the paradigm shift of PR communication patterns from conventional to digital platforms, alongside the growing importance of establishing long-term, strategic relationships in the era of media convergence. The study adopts Ledingham and Bruning’s Relationship Management (RM) theory as its analytical framework, which consists of five key dimensions: trust, commitment, openness, relationship satisfaction, and mutual interest. Employing a descriptive qualitative approach, data were collected through in-depth interviews with Gen FM’s PR team, the Head of Digital Content, selected audience members, and business partners. These interviews were further supported by observation and documentation of content published on Instagram. The findings reveal that Gen FM effectively applies the five dimensions of relationship management theory in its PR practices through digital media. Trust is fostered by presenting credible and relevant content; commitment is demonstrated by maintaining consistent interactions with audiences; openness is shown by accommodating feedback and criticism; satisfaction is achieved through personal and engaging approaches; and mutual interest is realized through promotional collaborations that benefit both the radio station and its partners. Nevertheless, stakeholders also expressed expectations for Gen FM to further enhance its Instagram presence by being more active, responsive, and innovative in order to strengthen engagement and adapt to the dynamic needs of digital audiences. In conclusion, this study emphasizes that Instagram functions as an effective medium for Gen FM to implement strategic and adaptive PR relationship management. The platform not only facilitates two-way communication but also strengthens brand positioning by fostering sustainable stakeholder relationships in a rapidly evolving digital landscape.

The increasing number of mental health disorders in various countries has created an urgent need for innovation in the diagnosis and treatment process. This problem not only impacts individuals' quality of life but also creates a significant social and economic burden. One solution that is beginning to be widely researched is the use of artificial intelligence (AI) in the field of mental health. This research used a literature review of various previous studies discussing the role, application, and impact of AI. The results of the review indicate that AI technology, particularly in the form of digital applications such as chatbots, has great potential to support the recovery process for patients with mental disorders. AI-based chatbots can provide responsive, two-way interactions, so users feel heard and receive initial emotional support. One technical approach used is Natural Language Processing (NLP), which enables the system to understand natural human language. Simultaneously, Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) algorithms are used to analyze language patterns and detect symptoms of depression more accurately. Various studies have reported that the application of NLP and LSTM can improve the reliability of diagnoses and provide responses tailored to user needs. Furthermore, AI can provide personalized recommendations, tailor interventions to the user's condition, and monitor mental health developments in real time. This has the potential to assist mental health practitioners in making faster and more informed decisions. However, the adoption of AI among practitioners remains relatively low. Influencing factors include limited technological understanding, limited infrastructure, and debates over ethical aspects and data privacy. Therefore, while AI has significant potential to improve the quality of mental health services, regulations, ethical guidelines, and synergy between technology and healthcare professionals are needed to ensure safe and effective implementation.

This study aims to analyze the influence of content marketing and live streaming on purchasing decisions for fashion products among Generation Z users of the TikTok platform. In the era of digitalization and social media dominance, TikTok has emerged as one of the most influential platforms shaping consumer behavior, particularly for the younger generation. The research adopts an associative quantitative approach using a questionnaire survey distributed to 102 respondents who actively use TikTok for fashion-related content. The collected data were analyzed through Structural Equation Modeling–Partial Least Squares (SEM-PLS) using SmartPLS 4 to test the hypothesized relationships between variables. The results indicate that both content marketing and live streaming significantly and positively affect purchasing decisions. The path coefficients of 0.361 for content marketing and 0.521 for live streaming demonstrate their substantial contribution. Furthermore, the research model yields an R-squared value of 0.640, suggesting that these two independent variables collectively explain 64% of the variance in purchasing decisions among Generation Z. In addition, the validity and reliability tests confirm that all constructs fulfill the eligibility criteria, reinforcing the robustness of the measurement model. These findings emphasize that content-based marketing strategies, when designed to be engaging, interactive, and visually appealing, are highly effective in fostering consumer interest and driving purchase intention. Live streaming, in particular, serves as a powerful marketing tool by offering real-time interaction, product demonstration, and a sense of authenticity that resonates strongly with Generation Z’s consumption patterns. The implications of this research highlight the strategic importance for fashion brands to optimize their digital marketing practices by integrating creative content marketing and live streaming features on TikTok.

This study uses the library research qualitative method to examine the effectiveness of economic incentives in encouraging the conservation of natural resources (SDA) as well as mitigating environmental damage in a sustainable manner. The background of this study is driven by the increasing environmental degradation due to uncontrolled exploitation of natural resources, which is often oriented towards short-term profits without regard for ecological sustainability and community welfare. In this context, economic incentives are seen as a strategic policy instrument that is able to influence the behavior of business actors and society towards a more environmentally friendly and socially responsible activity pattern. Various forms of economic incentives were discussed including green subsidies, environmental taxes, payment for environmental services (PES) schemes, and ecolabel certification. These instruments are considered to be able to internalize the external costs of environmental damage into economic calculations, thereby providing pressure and motivation for business actors to implement more sustainable and innovative practices. Based on a review of academic literature, scientific journals, as well as national and international policies, it was found that the implementation of economic incentives has proven to be effective in increasing environmental awareness and encouraging green innovation significantly. However, the effectiveness of its implementation is highly dependent on the quality of policy governance, the level of transparency, regulatory clarity, and the active involvement of local communities. Without adequate oversight, incentives have the potential to be abused or not achieve their intended goals. Therefore, the design of economic incentive policies must be fair, measurable, and prepared with a participatory approach and based on empirical data. This study concludes that economic incentives not only function as a financial mechanism, but also as an instrument of behavior change, economic culture, and environmental innovation towards sustainability.

The purpose of this Community Service activity is to assist teachers in developing reading teaching materials based on Micro Reading Skills, which serve as the foundation for improving reading skills and addressing challenges related to reading English texts. This initiative was carried out using a mentoring approach, which included presentations, hands-on practices, and demonstrations to engage teachers effectively. The methodology employed to assess the progress involved qualitative data analysis, which was based on direct observation of changes in teachers' abilities to apply the micro reading skills taught during the mentoring sessions. The activity focused on key components of micro reading skills, such as vocabulary acquisition, sentence comprehension, cohesive devices, theme-rheme relationships, and thematic progression patterns, which are essential to overcoming reading challenges. Teachers were equipped with strategies to decode complex texts and improve reading comprehension through the identification of these components. One of the significant outcomes of this program was the noticeable increase in teachers' understanding of how to implement these micro reading skills to address the difficulties students face while reading English texts. The participants' enthusiasm and active involvement during the mentoring sessions were inspiring, and the teachers expressed a strong desire to deepen their knowledge and continue developing specialized teaching materials focused on reading skills. This community service activity has not only provided immediate knowledge to the teachers but also sparked a lasting interest in refining their instructional approaches. Furthermore, the enhanced capabilities of the teachers will contribute to better student outcomes in reading comprehension, making this community service initiative an invaluable investment in both the professional development of teachers and the academic success of students.

In recent years, Micro, Small, and Medium Enterprises (MSMEs) have increasingly positioned themselves as one of the main pillars of the Indonesian economy, contributing significantly to employment opportunities, income distribution, and economic resilience. In the local context, Cifest Cikarang Selatan represents a dynamic marketplace where various MSMEs operate and directly interact with consumers. An interesting phenomenon emerges during holiday periods, when consumer behavior shows significant changes, especially in terms of purchasing methods and preferences between online and offline channels. This study aims to explore the transformation of consumer behavior, focusing on the comparative analysis of online and offline purchases, and to evaluate its broader implications for the sustainability and competitiveness of MSMEs operating at Cifest. The research adopts a descriptive and analytical approach, using both recent statistical data and supporting literature to provide a comprehensive understanding of the digital era’s influence on shopping patterns. The findings reveal that online purchases continue to grow rapidly due to convenience, wider product access, and promotional offers that attract customers. However, offline purchases remain relevant, particularly for consumers who value direct product inspection, immediate ownership, and social interaction within traditional marketplaces. For MSMEs, this shift presents both challenges and opportunities. Those that rely solely on conventional offline strategies risk losing competitiveness, while those able to integrate digital platforms with traditional sales methods demonstrate greater adaptability and potential for growth. Overall, this study concludes that the sustainability of MSMEs in Cifest Cikarang Selatan depends largely on their ability to embrace digital transformation without neglecting the strengths of offline interactions. By leveraging both channels strategically, MSMEs can not only survive but also thrive in the increasingly competitive market landscape shaped by evolving consumer behavior.

Understanding verb-noun collocations is essential for exploring how abstract personal qualities are represented in language. This study aims to find out the types of verbs that occur before the five self-related compound nouns (self-esteem, self-confidence, self-assurance, self-worth, and self-respect), and investigate their collocational patterns. The data in this study were obtained from the Corpus of Contemporary American English (COCA). The data were collected by applying the documentation method. The technique involved searching for five compound nouns within the corpus and recording instances of their use. These occurrences, along with their collocates, were then copied and organized in an Excel spreadsheet. In the spreadsheet, columns were adjusted to separate and classify key elements such as the compound noun, the collocating verb, frequency data, and context sentences. The collected data were analyzed qualitatively to provide insights into lexical patterns, the types and tokens of frequency. The results show that the verbs that collocate with five self-related compounds in COCA vary in number and frequency, with self-confidence showing the highest types (20) and self-assurance the lowest (9). The verb build appears most frequently with self-confidence and self-esteem (4 tokens each), suggesting both are viewed as qualities that can be constructed or improved. Self-respect predominantly collocates with have (4 tokens), implying it is seen as possessive, while self-worth reflects both positive and negative framing through increase and reduce (2 tokens each). In contrast, self-assurance is frequently associated with lack (4 tokens) and show (2 tokens), indicating its absence or visibility. These patterns reveal that verb collocates offer important insights into how language frames self-constructions.

Nutritional issues among toddlers continue to be a pressing public health challenge in Indonesia, including in Kelurahan Pekan Kuala, where although anthropometric data have been systematically collected through the e-PPGBM application, they have not been thoroughly explored in terms of clustering patterns that may provide deeper insights. This study seeks to classify toddler nutritional status by applying the K-Means Clustering method to anthropometric indicators such as age, weight, height, and weight-to-height index. A dataset consisting of 648 entries recorded between January and March 2025 was processed using MATLAB R2014b with cluster variations set at 5, 7, and 9. The analysis revealed that the majority of toddlers were categorized as having good nutritional status, while a portion of the sample was identified as undernourished and some at risk of overnutrition, indicating the diverse nutritional challenges faced by this community. Furthermore, testing the variance across cluster configurations demonstrated that the 9-cluster model yielded the lowest variance score of 0.20, thereby representing the most optimal solution since it produced more homogeneous, balanced, and stable clusters compared to other configurations. These outcomes highlight the importance of data-driven approaches in public health planning, as the clustering results not only provide a clearer picture of nutritional distribution among toddlers but also serve as a foundation for more evidence-based and targeted intervention strategies. By offering a more granular understanding of nutritional variations, this research is expected to support local health authorities in developing customized nutrition programs, allocating resources more effectively, and ultimately improving child health outcomes in Kelurahan Pekan Kuala and similar communities across Indonesia, where malnutrition and overnutrition risks continue to coexist.

Acinetobacter baumannii is a major pathogenic bacterium causing nosocomial infections, known to exhibit high levels of resistance to various antibiotic classes, including β-lactams and aminoglycosides. This widespread resistance poses a significant challenge in hospital patient management, particularly in cases of severe and difficult-to-treat infections. This study aimed to analyze the resistance patterns of A. baumannii to four types of antibiotics in patients with various blood types at Dr. Soeradji Tirtonegoro General Hospital, Klaten. The research method used was a qualitative approach with a case study design. Data were obtained through in-depth interviews with healthcare workers, analysis of patient medical records, and limited observation of clinical practice. The focus of the study was directed at the relationship between patient blood type and the level of antibiotic resistance of A. baumannii. The results showed variations in resistance patterns based on blood type. Patients with blood type AB showed the highest level of resistance to all tested antibiotics, with a prevalence of multidrug resistance (MDR) reaching 85%. In contrast, patients with blood type O showed the lowest resistance and the highest proportion of non-MDR isolates compared to other groups. These findings indicate the role of host factors, namely blood type, in influencing the level of resistance of A. baumannii. The suspected mechanisms involved include differences in surface antigens that influence bacterial adhesion, biofilm formation, and the host immune response. The practical implication of this study is the need to consider blood type as a factor in empirical antibiotic therapy, especially in cases of nosocomial infections caused by A. baumannii.

Drug abuse among adolescents is a serious problem that requires comprehensive and sustainable prevention efforts. Adolescence is a developmental phase characterized by the search for identity, emotional instability, and high levels of influence from the social environment, including peers. In this context, family education plays a central role as the first line of defense in protecting adolescents from the negative influence of drugs. Through open communication, wise supervision, and consistent love and emotional support, parents can create a safe and supportive environment for their children's mental development. Effective family education includes strengthening moral, religious, and social values, aiming to shape adolescents' character and resilience to environmental pressures. In certain situations, family education also needs to be supported by a scientific approach, one of which is Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT). CBT is a psychological approach that focuses on improving negative thought patterns and behaviors. In the context of discussing drugs, CBT can help adolescents identify the emotional and social triggers that lead them to try illicit substances and equip them with strategies to cope healthily. The integration of family education and CBT therapy creates a comprehensive approach—from the home to professional support—to strengthen adolescents' mental resilience. This collaboration not only reduces the risk of addiction but also encourages adolescents to become more self-aware, emotionally healthy, and productive individuals. Therefore, synergy between families, schools, and mental health professionals is crucial in creating a drug-free generation of young people ready to face the challenges of modern life. Therefore, the active involvement of all parties, including educational institutions and the community, is essential to creating an environment that supports early drug prevention.

This study aims to predict the potential bankruptcy of PT Argo Pantes Tbk for the period 2014–2024 using the Zmijewski X-Score model. The research adopts a quantitative method based on secondary data obtained from the company’s published annual financial statements. The Zmijewski model was selected because of its effectiveness in assessing companies with unstable financial conditions and its ability to provide a more accurate reflection of financial distress compared to other models. The analysis process involved calculating the X-Score for each year within the observation period and interpreting the results according to the criteria of the model. The findings indicate that for the entire study period, the calculated X value was consistently greater than or equal to zero. This outcome signifies that the company is in a condition classified as potentially bankrupt. Furthermore, the model demonstrated 100% accuracy in describing the company’s actual financial situation, since PT Argo Pantes Tbk consistently recorded net losses throughout the period of analysis. These losses were not incidental but reflected a long-term pattern of weak financial performance, limited profitability, and declining competitiveness in the textile industry. The results highlight that PT Argo Pantes Tbk has been operating under severe financial distress for a prolonged period, with no indication of recovery during the years observed. The persistent losses and negative financial indicators reinforce the conclusion that the company is in an unhealthy condition. The study confirms the applicability and reliability of the Zmijewski X-Score as a bankruptcy prediction tool in the Indonesian context, particularly for firms experiencing prolonged instability. Overall, the study provides valuable insights into financial distress analysis and underscores the importance of early bankruptcy prediction models in supporting stakeholders, investors, and regulators in making informed decisions.

This study examines the institutional discourse and administrative practices of the Secretariat of the Regional People’s Representative Council (DPRD) in the newly established province of Southwest Papua, Indonesia. Utilizing a qualitative content analysis approach, the research analyzes a corpus of official documents produced between 2022 and 2025, with particular attention to how the principles of good governance—transparency, accountability, participation, and effectiveness—are reflected and operationalized in a transitional bureaucratic setting. The findings reveal that while procedural transparency and organizational effectiveness are relatively well-articulated in formal documents, mechanisms for accountability and citizen participation remain underdeveloped and largely symbolic. This indicates that the new administrative structures are still in the process of consolidating practices that meaningfully incorporate civic engagement. The study further identifies significant patterns of institutional isomorphism, wherein bureaucratic templates, legal frameworks, and administrative routines from older provincial governments are mimicked and reproduced. Although such imitation provides a sense of stability and legitimacy, it may come at the expense of local relevance and the incorporation of context-specific innovations. In particular, reliance on inherited bureaucratic models risks marginalizing indigenous governance traditions and community-driven practices that could enhance inclusivity and responsiveness. The analysis underscores the performative and symbolic dimensions of governance during periods of institutional formation, highlighting the tension between adopting established administrative norms and fostering context-sensitive practices tailored to the realities of frontier provinces. Methodologically, the study demonstrates the value of document analysis in capturing governance dynamics where field access is limited, politically sensitive, or constrained by security issues. The study concludes by offering practical recommendations: strengthening participatory frameworks to ensure more substantive public involvement, integrating indigenous governance values to enhance legitimacy, and designing flexible policy models that can adapt to the unique sociopolitical challenges of Southwest Papua. In doing so, the research contributes both to the broader scholarship on governance in post-conflict and frontier regions and to the practical debates on institutional development in Indonesia’s newest province.

This study discusses the influence of parenting patterns on children's social development in Maukeli Village, Mauponggo District, Nagekeo Regency. Community service activities in the form of socialization carried out on May 14, 2025 aimed to increase the understanding of mothers and the community regarding the importance of healthy and positive parenting patterns in supporting the growth and formation of children's character. The methods used include lectures, discussions, simulations, evaluations, and feedback, involving mothers and children as participants. The results of the activity show that the parenting patterns applied in Maukeli Village are still diverse, so this socialization provides knowledge and practical skills in child care that can shape children's character and emotional development optimally. This activity emphasizes the importance of the active role of mothers as primary caregivers and collaboration between the village government, health workers, and the community in creating a conducive family environment for child development. With ongoing assistance, it is hoped that children in Maukeli Village can grow into independent, responsible, and highly competitive individuals.

The objectives of this Community Service Program are: (1) To introduce the concept of ethnomathematics to students and classroom teachers at UPT SDN 1 Rantepao as a contextual learning approach rooted in local culture, particularly the traditions of the Toraja ethnic group; (2) To enhance students’ understanding and interest in mathematics through the integration of mathematical elements found in Torajan cultural motifs, artifacts, and symbols, such as symmetry, geometric shapes, patterns, and measurement; and (3) To support teachers in developing innovative and meaningful mathematics instruction by connecting mathematical content to real-life contexts that are relevant to students' daily experiences. The program was implemented in five stages: preliminary observation and survey, preparation, implementation, group discussion and reflection, and the final stage—evaluation. Based on the results of the program, the introduction of ethnomathematics based on Torajan local culture successfully contributed to improving students’ mathematical understanding and reinforcing the relevance of mathematics instruction within the local cultural context. The three-day implementation of the program was met with highly positive responses from all school stakeholders, including strong student enthusiasm, active teacher participation, and noticeable changes in instructional practices. Evaluation outcomes demonstrated a significant improvement in student understanding, as reflected by an increase in the average quiz score from 55 to 83. Moreover, the program contributed to social transformation within the school environment, including the formation of culturally based student learning groups, positive shifts in student learning behaviors, the emergence of local student leadership, and increased awareness among both students and teachers of the importance of integrating local cultural values into the learning process.