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The prohibition of committing injustice (zulm) is a fundamental principle in Islamic teachings that emphasizes justice as the foundation of social life. In various hadiths of the Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him), injustice is strongly condemned as a violation of both divine rights and human rights. This article aims to discuss in depth the prohibition of zulm and explore its deeper implications in both criminal and civil law. Injustice is not only seen as an individual sin, but also as a breach of social justice and public order. Therefore, the command to avoid zulm, as conveyed in hadiths, goes beyond theological and moral dimensions, extending into concrete and applicable legal principles. Through a normative and juridical approach, this study seeks to demonstrate that the prohibition of injustice can serve as a foundation for developing a fair legal system that upholds individual rights. In the context of criminal law, acts of injustice often manifest as crimes requiring firm punishment to maintain social order. Meanwhile, in civil law, injustice appears in forms such as unlawful acts, breaches of contract, or violations of property rights, which demand compensation or restitution. This reflects the importance of integrating Islamic values in building a civilized and justice-oriented legal system.

The increasing prevalence of occult practices within Indonesian society, including among church congregations, from a biblical theological perspective. The study employs a qualitative method, analyzing both Old and New Testament scriptures and conducting interviews with church members and leaders. Findings reveal that occultism-defined as beliefs and practices related to supernatural powers-has existed since ancient times and continues to evolve in modern society. The Bible strictly prohibits all forms of occultism, considering them abominations before God and detrimental to spiritual life. Involvement in occult practices leads to spiritual decline, disrupted relationships with God, and various spiritual and social problems. This article highlights the crucial role of the church in providing sound theological understanding and practical solutions to protect congregations from the influence of occultism.

Christian education has played a significant role in shaping individual character, thought, and morality across the globe. One of the most influential figures in this field is Ignatius Loyola (1491-1556), founder of the Society of Jesus (Jesuits). Loyola’s educational philosophy, rooted in Catholic spirituality, emphasizes discipline, character formation, and the integration of faith and intellect. The purpose of this study is to explore the theological foundations of Christian education according to Ignatius Loyola, outline the core principles of his educational thought, and examine its relevance to contemporary Christian education. Data were collected through a literature review of books and scholarly articles. Loyola’s approach, known as Ignatian education, focuses on holistic development-spiritual, intellectual, and social-embodied in the principle of "cura personalis" or care for the whole person. His model has profoundly influenced Catholic educational institutions worldwide. The findings highlight that Ignatian pedagogy not only nurtures academic excellence but also fosters a spirit of service and commitment to God. This research provides insights for educators and institutions aiming to implement Christian values in modern educational settings.

Environmental education plays a crucial role in modern curricula, emphasizing sustainability and ecological responsibility to address global challenges. This study compares faith-based and secular environmental education strategies, focusing on how theological reflection and ecological consciousness are integrated into teaching frameworks. Faith-based schools, particularly those rooted in Christianity and Islam, incorporate ecological ethics within religious teachings, framing environmental stewardship as a moral and spiritual duty. In contrast, secular models prioritize scientific literacy and environmental problem-solving. The study reveals that faith-based models promote both scientific understanding and moral engagement with environmental issues through religious values like Imago Dei (in Christian schools) and khalifah (in Islamic schools). These values instill a sense of moral accountability, motivating students to act sustainably. The research also highlights how curriculum design, teacher involvement, and experiential learning contribute to the effectiveness of both models in fostering ecological responsibility. By comparing these approaches, the study proposes an integrative eco-theological pedagogical framework that combines the strengths of both methods to promote long-term commitment to sustainability. The findings have implications for educational policy, curriculum development, and teacher training, especially in pluralistic school settings where diverse perspectives must be considered. Integrating ecological ethics into education can cultivate a generation committed to sustainability and ethical responsibility.

This community service program aimed to enhance the theological competence of novice catechists and community guides at Santo Krisologus BSB Parish Semarang, focusing on understanding and articulating Catholic Fundamental Beliefs, particularly the Credo. Based on observations from January-August 2024, a gap was identified between high enthusiasm for service and the competency readiness of novice faith proclaimers. The program employed an integrative methodological approach combining interactive lectures, question-and-answer sessions, and participatory observation, accompanied by multi-stage evaluation. Results showed significant improvements in participants' doctrinal understanding and pedagogical abilities, reflected in the quality of theological discussions and the formation of sustainable learning communities. The main challenge identified was the complexity of articulating Trinitarian dogma in contemporary pastoral contexts. This program produced a replicable catechist formation model while affirming the importance of an integrative approach in faith proclaimer development.

This article examines the concept of wisdom in Proverbs 1:7 as an ethical guideline for the growth of Christian faith. In the midst of modern challenges such as moral relativism, secularization, and the crisis of spiritual authority, a re-understanding of Biblical wisdom becomes a significant theological urgency. Through a hermeneutical-theological approach, this study integrates exegesis of the text of Proverbs 1:7 with contextual analysis and ethical reflection to show that the “fear of the LORD” is the epistemological and moral foundation of the believer's life. Wisdom, in the biblical sense, functions not only as a rational faculty, but also as a divine gift that shapes character, deepens relationship with God, and enables believers to live ethically in society. The results show that the growth of true Christian faith is reflected in an active spirituality and ethical actions that are rooted in a God-fearing relationship. Thus, Proverbs 1:7 is not only a theological basis, but also relevant as a practical principle in shaping an authentic and transformative Christian life in the contemporary era.

This research was conducted to examine global developments in an increasingly complex and dynamic multicultural society, so that Christian Religious Education (PAK) is important to adapt to the challenges and developments that exist. Things that are currently present in society are plurality, multiculturalism, ethical challenges, technological developments, social change, conflicts between communities, and consumerism. Based on these emerging issues, the importance of integrating PAK values into character development in forming leaders that are relevant to the global context is highlighted. In terms of leadership in biblical teachings, Christian leaders must uphold the rules contained in the teachings of Christianity and be able to keep up with global developments in a multicultural society. This becomes a challenge for a leader who upholds the teachings of the Bible to be able to respect the diversity of views and opinions to be able to produce decisions that are universal for the whole community. The research method in this paper uses descriptive qualitative with a systematic literature review and is supported by the literacy of international journals, theological articles, and theological teaching books. Based on the results of the research study that has been carried out, leadership in the teachings of the Bible in a society that has diversity, there are teaching values contained in the PAK that can generally be applied to all people without discrimination because these values are in accordance with universal values. The conclusion that can be drawn in this study is that leaders have an important role in building unity in a diverse society by appreciating diversity and being able to overcome conflict, namely by practicing the principles of Christian leadership values to form good and effective leaders.

Pastoral ministry is a divine calling that demands faithfulness, vigilance, and wholehearted love in caring for God’s flock. However, in the reality of ministry, many church shepherds face complex and burdensome challenges in fulfilling this responsibility. A failure to understand and implement authority based on the character of Christ often becomes the root problem in pastoral ministry. This study aims to explore the dynamics of pastoral ministry in the context of today’s church, particularly in light of 1 Peter 5:1–4. The approach used is qualitative descriptive, based on a literature review, with a focus on relevant theological and pastoral works. The findings reveal that many pastors experience spiritual and emotional exhaustion, especially when their ministry lacks support from an adequate organizational structure, or when the congregation’s expectations are misaligned with the church’s mission. In this context, true shepherding—as explained by figures such as Bill Lawrence and Phil Pringle—must be rooted in Christ as the Head of the Church. A pastor is called to serve with humility, not to dominate or pursue personal interests. Furthermore, a deep understanding of the biblical metaphor concerning the relationship between shepherd and sheep is essential to avoid distortions in meaning and deviant ministry practices. An emphasis on love, responsibility, and exemplary conduct becomes the foundational framework for building an integrous pastoral ministry. This study concludes that pastoral ministry will be more effective when supported by clear church organizational policies, a deep theological foundation, and pure ministry motivations. Thus, pastoral ministry is not merely an administrative task, but a manifestation of God's love expressed through the lives of His servants.

This article examines Christian inclusivism through the theological tension between the centrality of Christ and the breadth of God’s grace in the context of the contemporary Indonesian church. Using a qualitative library-based and constructive-theological approach, the study analyzes the concepts of wider hope, general revelation, fulfillment model, Karl Rahner’s anonymous Christianity, and evangelical inclusivism. The article argues that Christian inclusivism is not a weak compromise between exclusivism and pluralism, but a constructive framework that preserves Christ as the center of salvation while acknowledging the possibility of divine work beyond the formal boundaries of the church. In Indonesia’s multireligious society, this model helps the church develop a faithful yet dialogical public presence. It supports witness without coercion, interfaith dialogue without the loss of Christian identity, and social cooperation without relativizing Christ. Furthermore, inclusivism encourages the church to articulate its faith with humility, openness, and responsibility. Thus, inclusivism offers a relevant theology of religions for ecclesial life, mission, and public engagement in contemporary Indonesia.

Effective church service is rooted in spiritual education from an early age, especially through Sunday School. II Timothy 3:15–17 emphasises the role of Scripture in shaping character and readiness for every good deed. This study aims to examine the effect of the Sunday School curriculum based on this verse on the interest of the congregation in serving the Jakarta Baptist Citra Indah City Jonggol Church. A theologically strong and pedagogically planned curriculum is believed to be able to transform the faith of children and teenagers into concrete actions in ministry. In Christian education, teaching is not only informative but also transformative, integrating faith and action. A Bible-based Sunday school curriculum can serve as a means of shaping character, faith, and awareness of a call to ministry from an early age. The interest in service itself is an internal drive that encourages a person's active involvement in service activities in response to God's calling. This study is expected to provide practical contributions to local churches in designing relevant and applicable spiritual curricula, as well as being able to foster a generation of ministers who are militant, loving, and ready to carry out their roles in the church and society.

The existence of various views on the Incarnation of Christ often causes confusion. Each view provides different arguments. Therefore, a biblical study is needed to provide answers based on biblical principles. The methodology applied is exegesis. Exegesis is a way to interpret the Bible by emphasizing different approaches in the analysis of the original languages of the Bible as the main foundation. In this way, a biblical truth is obtained that can answer the various views that exist. The term incarnation comes from the Latin incarnatio which is composed of in and carnis (in the flesh). This term comes from the Greek translation “σὰρξ sarx sarcosis. Literally, σὰρξ sarcosis means to become flesh. Flesh is literally the muscular part that covers the bones of the human body. Synecdically (a figure of speech that uses a part of something to represent the whole or vice versa, to create a rhetorical or creative effect), it means the physical body as a whole flesh, which is related to the scope of the human worldly situation or mortal nature, earthly descent, blood ties, ethnic groups, and races. In general, this term gives the impression of weakness, fragility, mortality, and participation in human nature. The term σὰρξ – sarx sarcosis is closely related to the opening of the Gospel of John which reveals the word that became flesh (John 1:14). The term flesh (Greek: σὰρξ sarx) in biblical terminology refers to humans with all their anthropological dimensions. In theological terminology, The incarnation is a historical fact that explains that the invisible God, who spoke His word to humans, now clearly appeared as a human being. Jesus Christ is the Word of God who became flesh (John 1:14)

In the historical and theological context, the Kingdom of God is understood not as a political or geographical kingdom, but as a spiritual reality present in human life and history. Through an analysis of Mark 1:15, this journal explains that the coming of Jesus signifies the fulfillment of God's plan of salvation and calls people to repent and believe in the gospel. This study also highlights Jesus' use of parables, such as the parable of the mustard seed and the growing seed, which illustrate the growth and characteristics of the Kingdom of God. By emphasizing the importance of repentance and faith, the results of the teachings indicate that the Kingdom of God is cultivating spiritual change in individuals. The conclusions obtained imply that although the Kingdom of God is already present, its full realization still awaits fulfillment in the future. Therefore, this paper recommends that Christians dig deeper into the concept of the Kingdom of God, improving their understanding and application of Kingdom values in daily life as a response to Jesus' teachings.

This study examines the strategic role of collaborative learning in strengthening students’ faith and character within the context of Christian Religious Education (CRE). In the face of globalization and the rapid development of digital technology, CRE is increasingly expected to go beyond the transmission of theological knowledge and actively nurture the application of Christian values in daily life. Employing a qualitative case study approach, the research includes classroom observations, semi-structured interviews, and document analysis involving both teachers and students engaged in collaborative learning. The results show that collaborative learning fosters active student engagement, character formation, improved social interaction, and a deeper understanding of spiritual values. Teachers are shown to play a critical role as facilitators, cultivating an inclusive and dialogical classroom environment. The study finds that this learning model effectively integrates faith development with critical thinking and interpersonal skills. The findings also underscore the importance of pedagogical innovation in CRE to better respond to the educational needs of a younger generation living in a diverse and digitally connected society. Therefore, collaborative learning can be viewed as a relevant and impactful strategy for renewing Christian education in today’s complex educational landscape.

This study aims to explore strategies for preventing pornography and indecency based on Islamic character education among adolescents in the digital era, through the interpretation of Ath-Thabari on Surah An-Nur verses 30–31. These verses provide a strong theological foundation for lowering the gaze (ghaddhul bashar), guarding chastity (hifzhul furuj), and covering the private parts as forms of self-protection from the negative influences of the digital environment. This research uses a qualitative approach with a library research method, with primary sources including the Qur’an and Tafsir Ath-Thabari, as well as secondary data from various relevant literature and journals. The results show that prevention strategies can be implemented through four main approaches: (1) Islamic character education in schools through strengthening strategies, persuasion, and normative re-education; (2) Education in the family environment using methods such as role modeling, habituation, storytelling, advice, and reward and punishment; (3) The role of society in forming Islamic social groups that actively address the influence of pornography; and (4) Strengthening individual Islamic character through faith, self-control, internet ethics, and repentance behavior. This study affirms that the interpretation of Ath-Thabari can provide applicable contributions in building a strong Islamic character education system as a moral safeguard for adolescents amid the overwhelming flow of digital information.

The da'wah strategy carried out by Ust. Hanan Attaki on Instagram includes several important aspects, such as content form, communication style, and audience engagement. The da'wah content delivered is not only normative and rigid, but rather more on the storytelling approach that inspires many people. The communication style used is straightforward, relaxed, and close to the everyday language of urban teenagers. Consistency and frequency in delivering da'wah messages are very important in maintaining audience engagement. Ust. Hanan Attaki actively uploads content at least 3-5 times a week, which has built an important presence in maintaining audience engagement. Interactivity is also the main advantage of social media compared to conventional media. Ust. Hanan Attaki utilizes the comments, live, and Q&A features on his Instagram to interact directly with his followers. Overall, Ust. Hanan Attaki's da'wah strategy has shown an effort to harmonize Islamic religious values ​​and the growing digital culture. The content delivered is not only theological, but also touches on the psychological and social aspects of teenagers.

The Gospel of Luke places special emphasis on the concept of the Kingdom of God as the core of the preaching of Jesus Christ. In Luke's understanding, the Kingdom of God is not merely an eschatological reality that will come in the future, but also a spiritual reality that has been present through the work, teachings, and ministry of Jesus. This study aims to explore in depth the meaning, characteristics, and implications of the Kingdom of God as presented in the Gospel of Luke. The research method used is a qualitative approach with a literature study of biblical texts and relevant theological references. The results of the study show that the Kingdom of God in the Gospel of Luke has several important aspects, namely being theocentric, dynamic, messianic, and closely related to salvation. The Kingdom of God is present in the ministry of Jesus and is marked by real actions such as forgiveness of sins, healing, and preaching to marginalized groups. The implications of this study emphasize that a correct understanding of the Kingdom of God will bring about radical changes in life and require repentance, faith, and active involvement in the preaching of the Gospel. Thus, the concept of the Kingdom of God in the Gospel of Luke has strong relevance to the lives of believers today.

This study examines the concept of the Kingdom of God in Peter's teachings within the early church, influenced by the Pentecost event. The aim of the research is to understand how Peter's teachings on the Kingdom of God evolved and were applied, as well as his role in the spread of the Gospel to both Jews and Gentiles. The method employed is a qualitative approach with literature study, analyzing biblical texts and related theological sources. Findings indicate that Peter's teachings emphasize the inclusivity of the Kingdom of God and the importance of living in holiness. Additionally, the research reveals that the persecution faced by the early church actually accelerated the growth of the Kingdom of God. The implications of this study provide a deeper understanding of the relevance of Peter's teachings for the development of contemporary church theology and practice.

This study aims to analyze the effectiveness of Bible study worship in shaping Christian character among Naposo Bulung (church youth) at HKI Resort Khusus Sidikalang Kota. Field observations revealed that many youth were not fully engaged in worship activities, often distracted by mobile phones, chatting during services, and showing a lack of appreciation for spiritual advice. The research employed a qualitative descriptive method using observation and interviews with active participants of Bible study worship. The results show that Bible study worship significantly contributes to enhancing worship discipline, deepening theological understanding, and developing Christian values such as love, forgiveness, humility, and spiritual responsibility. Despite challenges such as busy schedules and digital distractions, a contextual approach to Bible study effectively addresses both the spiritual and social needs of Naposo Bulung. Therefore, Bible study worship proves to be an effective means of holistic character formation for the church's younger generation—spiritually, morally, and socially. This activity should continue to be developed and adapted to contemporary contexts so that the church can shape resilient young people in faith and Christian character.

Jesus Christ as a role model for PAK teachers so that the role and competence of Christian Religious Education (PAK) teachers. Jesus, as the Great Teacher, provides a learning model centered on love, patience, wisdom, and real-life examples. By understanding and applying the principles of Jesus' leadership and teaching, PAK teachers can be more effective in guiding students, both in spiritual and moral aspects. This research uses a qualitative method with a descriptive-analytical approach. Data were collected through literature study of theological literature, Christian education, and analysis of Jesus' teachings and actions in the Bible. The results showed that the example of Jesus has a significant impact in shaping the character of PAK teachers, especially in the aspects of integrity, servant leadership, and the ability to educate with love and wisdom. The conclusion of this study confirms that PAK teachers who imitate Jesus can be agents of transformation in the world of education, forming a generation that is not only intellectually intelligent, but also has a strong Christian character.

This article aims to explore the diversity of Christological reflections that emerge in various contexts, namely cultural, social, and interfaith dialog. Christology, the central study in Christian theology regarding Jesus Christ, has undergone significant evolution and adaptation along with its interaction with various historical, social, and cultural backgrounds. This research uses a literature study approach, by collecting and analyzing data from various journals and relevant academic sources to identify and understand how the concept of Christology is reflected and interpreted in different contexts. The results of the analysis show that the reflection of Christology in the cultural context involves the incarnation of positive values of local culture while maintaining a critical perspective on elements that are contrary to Christian teachings. In the social context, Christology becomes a theological foundation to fight for justice and inclusiveness. Meanwhile, in interfaith dialog, Christology acts as a bridge to build understanding and cooperation with adherents of other religions through recognition of uniqueness and potential common ground. This article concludes that a contextual and diverse understanding of Christology not only enriches the treasures of Christian theology, but also strengthens the relevance of Christian faith in the face of the complexity and plurality of the modern world. Thus, continuous and contextualized Christological reflection is essential for Christians to live their faith deeply and make a significant contribution to the global community.