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Research on stock splits has been widely conducted in Indonesia and internationally, as stock splits are considered an important corporate action that can influence investor perception and stock performance. However, the motivations and consequences of stock splits remain diverse, ranging from efforts to increase stock liquidity, adjust market price ranges, attract new investors, or signal positive corporate prospects. This study aims to empirically reanalyze the effect of stock splits on trading volume and stock prices of companies listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange (IDX) during the 2022–2024 period. Specifically, the research investigates whether significant differences exist between trading activities and stock price levels before and after the stock split event. The data used in this study are historical in nature, consisting of stock split announcements, daily trading volume, and stock price movements surrounding the event period. To test the hypotheses, this research employs both the paired-sample t-test and the Wilcoxon signed-rank test as statistical tools. These tests are appropriate because they allow for the comparison of two related samples, namely the stock performance indicators before and after the split. The selection between the two methods depends on the distribution of the data, where the paired t-test is used if the data is normally distributed, while the Wilcoxon test is applied if the normality assumption is not met. This study is categorized as moderate TKT (Technology Readiness Level 4–6) because it uses secondary historical data and focuses on empirical statistical analysis rather than experimental or simulation-based approaches. By examining stock split events within the specified period, this research contributes to the understanding of whether stock splits in Indonesia are primarily cosmetic in nature or if they generate real economic impacts on liquidity and stock valuation. The findings are expected to provide useful insights for investors, market analysts, and policymakers in assessing the relevance and effectiveness of stock splits as a corporate strategy.

This study discusses God’s prohibition of adultery as stated in Malachi 2:14–16 and its relevance to contemporary Christian families. Adultery is regarded as a betrayal that not only damages the marital relationship but also violates the sacred covenant with God. The study highlights that an ideal Christian family is one founded on God’s Word, upholding love, faithfulness, and a life of reverence to God. However, in reality, many families face challenges such as individualistic lifestyles, the negative impact of social media, poor communication, and declining spiritual values. Real-life cases, including infidelity leading to violence, reveal the urgency of applying biblical principles to build strong families. Thus, Malachi 2:14–16 serves as a theological foundation affirming the importance of faithfulness and love in preserving the integrity of Christian marriage. Furthermore, poor communication, a lack of mutual understanding, and declining spiritual engagement can strain relationships, making it more difficult to maintain a strong, healthy marriage. These challenges highlight the critical need for Christian families to return to the foundational principles outlined in God’s Word, including the importance of sacrificial love, trust, and mutual respect. The study draws attention to the practical implications of these teachings, urging families to actively engage in spiritual practices, open communication, and mutual support to overcome the pressures of modern life. By doing so, they can create environments where love and faithfulness flourish, ensuring that their relationships remain strong and rooted in the divine covenant established by God. Thus, Malachi 2:14-16 remains highly relevant today as a timeless reminder of the sacred nature of marriage and the importance of nurturing healthy, God-centered relationships in Christian families.

This study aims to determine the effect of peer pressure on smoking behavior among adolescents at SMP Negeri 16 Kupang. The background of this study is based on the phenomenon of increasing smoking behavior among adolescents, which is greatly influenced by the dynamics of social relationships, especially peer groups. Adolescents are at a developmental stage where social acceptance and the need to be part of a group are very important, so they are vulnerable to the influence of the social environment, including peer pressure to try smoking behavior. This study uses a quantitative approach with the product moment correlation analysis method. The study sample consisted of 223 adolescent respondents aged 11–17 years who were selected proportionally from various classes at SMP Negeri 16 Kupang. The research instrument was a questionnaire that had been tested for validity and reliability. The results showed a significant relationship between peer pressure and smoking behavior, with a significance value of p = 0.000 (p < 0.05), which means the hypothesis is accepted. The correlation value (R) of 0.317 indicates a positive relationship between the two variables, although in the moderate category. The coefficient of determination (R Square) of 0.100 indicates that peer pressure influences smoking behavior by 10%, while the remaining 90% is influenced by other factors such as family environment, media influence, self-esteem, and adolescent psychological conditions. The correlation between peer pressure and smoking behavior was mostly moderate. Interestingly, the results also showed that female adolescents in this study were more likely to exhibit high smoking behavior than male adolescents, indicating a shift in social behavior patterns in female adolescents. These findings have important implications for educators, parents, and policymakers in designing more effective smoking prevention programs that take into account social pressure factors and gender differences.

This research explores the role of missional entrepreneurship in increasing the effectiveness and sustainability of Yayasan Pintu Sinar Abadi's (YPSA) ministry in Bandung. Based on the principle of ministry described by the Apostle Paul in 1 Thessalonians 2:7-9, this article discusses how missionary entrepreneurship can optimise YPSA's financial independence and strengthen its social impact. Descriptive qualitative methods were used in this research, including in-depth interviews and field observations. The results show that a missional entrepreneurship approach improves the efficiency and effectiveness of social services in YPSA, as well as opening up more sustainable economic opportunities for the communities served.  

This study aims to explore the challenges and strategies for the regeneration of Christian youth leaders in the Society 5.0 era, focusing on an adaptive leadership mentoring approach to digital dynamics. Through a qualitative literature study method, the study identified three main challenges: intergenerational gaps in mentoring practices, the impact of digitalization on youth spirituality, and the lack of structured mentoring programs. The theological principles of 1 Timothy 4:12 and 2 Timothy 2:2 serve as the foundation for formulating a holistic mentoring model, including exemplary integrity, legitimacy of leadership beyond age, holiness in the digital space, and multiplicative discipleship. The findings of the study indicate that the hybrid mentoring model (a combination of online and offline), the integration of Christian values with digital literacy, and a project-based approach are effective in forming relevant young leaders. The theoretical and practical implications of this study contribute to the development of digital leadership theology and contextual church curriculum, while encouraging intergenerational collaboration in youth development.

Marriage is a sacred relationship established by the Lord God. Marriage in Christianity reflects an eternal covenant through promises to God that humans should maintain so that both parties understand that marriage is part of God's plan for human life. The aim of this research is to identify the nature of marriage in Christianity, describe the concept of marriage in Christian teachings, explain the relationship between Christian ethics and marriage. Data collection techniques through literature study from various sources in the form of books and journals. Christian ethics emphasizes the importance of maintaining purity in marriage according to God's commandments stated in Malachi 2: 15-16. In this context, marriage is seen as a sacred bond that cannot be broken by humans, and Christians are obliged to avoid adultery and divorce.

Ruth's life is a depiction of a devout and faithful person. Her simple and obedient life has transformed all aspects of her life. The form of love that Ruth showed to Naomi has opened a great opportunity for Ruth to experience an encounter with Boaz. The bitterness of her life did not make her spirit run aground and disappear. Ruth experienced redemption carried out by Boaz. The expression go'el, which means redemption, is an expression that signifies an act that provides relief and comfort. The marriage of Ruth and Boaz is known as a levirate marriage, and this tradition has been passed down through generations until the New Testament era. Ruth was a woman from Moab. She was not a member of the nation of Israel, but Ruth received the gift of the opportunity to experience redemption. In this scientific paper, the researcher aims to explore the meaning of redemption contained in the Book of Ruth. The entire story of Ruth and Boaz's journey until its culmination, namely Ruth's redemption by Boaz, is a shadow image of God's plan and God's act of execution through the Person of Jesus Christ, namely the redemption of sinful humans that Jesus accomplished on the cross. This research uses a qualitative literature method. The qualitative literature study method used by this researcher is based entirely on literature review. Literature-based research is part of a research proposal, collecting data from sources such as books, articles, journals, online media, and other documents. In the New Testament, there are numerous verses explaining that the atonement for sins was performed only by Jesus Christ. Jesus' atonement is offered to all people, regardless of their nationality, just as Ruth received the gift of redemption from Boaz.

This study aims to examine the impact of the implementation of the Merdeka Curriculum on improving the competence and performance of Christian Religious Education teachers based on Mark 1:21–28 in South Tangerang City. The Merdeka Curriculum, launched in 2022, was designed as a solution for student-centered and differentiated learning. The research focuses on analyzing teachers’ lack of understanding in preparing differentiated learning, the suboptimal imple-mentation of project-based learning, and the relationship between the implementation of the Merdeka Curriculum and the improvement of teachers’ competence and performance. The study was conducted within the Ministry of Religious Affairs, South Tangerang City, Banten Province, with a population of 61 Christian Religious Education teachers. Data were collected through questionnaires and analyzed using Microsoft Excel 2010 and SPSS 25 for Windows with a quantita-tive approach, regression analysis, and linearity testing. The results show that the implementation of the Merdeka Curric-ulum has a positive impact on teacher competence (87.2%) and performance (86.3%). These findings align with Jesus’ teaching principles in Mark 1:21–28, namely authoritative teaching that produces tangible impact, serving as a theological foundation for improving teaching quality. In conclusion, the better the implementation of the Merdeka Curriculum, the higher the competence and performance of Christian Religious Education teachers in South Tangerang City.

Christian Religious Education (PAK) plays a crucial role in building religious tolerance in a diverse society. PAK does not only focus on Christian teachings, but also seeks to shape students' morals, attitudes, and spirituality through an approach that is relevant to various age levels. Thus, this education provides a solid foundation for understanding universal human values. PAK emphasizes the importance of tolerance in a pluralistic society, respects religious diversity, and accepts differences as part of a complex social structure. In this context, PAK teaches students to see differences as a source of strength and cultural richness, not as a barrier. This education also encourages the development of empathy and concern for others, which are very important in building intergroup relationships.Furthermore, PAK actively seeks to expand understanding of the values ​​of commonality between religions through dialogue and seminars. These activities involve not only students but also parents and local communities and create constructive discussion forums. Using social media as a means to spread messages of taboos and respond quickly to religious issues is also an effective strategy given its broad impact. PAK also contributes to poverty alleviation and community empowerment, regardless of religion, with programs that focus on improving basic needs and quality of life.A commitment to justice and human rights is the foundation of all initiatives, and all stakeholders are asked to play an active role in creating positive change. Therefore, PAK aims to build a peaceful, harmonious, and inclusive society that values ​​differences and avoids conflict. Through continuing education and open dialogue, our goal is to equip future generations with an attitude of mutual respect and harmonious coexistence with diversity.

This article explores the issue of homosexuality from a Christian theological perspective by examining biblical teachings, traditions of the church, and contemporary theological discourse. Homosexuality has long been a controversial topic in Christianity because it is often associated with moral and doctrinal debates. This study aims to analyze how Christian theology interprets homosexual orientation and behavior, as well as how the church responds pastorally to individuals who identify as homosexual. Using a qualitative descriptive method with a literature review approach, this study reviews interpretations of biblical passages such as Genesis 19:1–29, Leviticus 18:22, Romans 1:26–27, and 1 Corinthians 6:9–10, which are frequently cited in discussions about homosexuality. The findings reveal that there are at least three dominant perspectives within Christianity: the conservative view, which rejects homosexual practice as sin; the moderate view, which distinguishes between homosexual orientation and action; and the liberal or progressive view, which accepts homosexuality as part of human diversity. The article concludes that the Christian view of homosexuality cannot be generalized and is influenced by historical, cultural, and denominational contexts. Therefore, a compassionate and dialogical pastoral approach is needed to uphold truth while welcoming all individuals with dignity.

This article examines the role of Christian religious education in influencing mass media freedom and its impact on Christian religious education itself. In the context of globalization and digitalization, mass media has become the main means of disseminating information and religious values. Christian religious education functions to equip students with a critical understanding of media content, so that they are able to sort and understand religious teachings in dealing with various emerging perspectives. This research highlights the relationship between Christian religious education and the influence of mass media on the formation of the religious identity of the younger generation. The findings show that good Christian religious education can strengthen students' freedom of thought, help them to integrate Christian values ​​in everyday life, and create a deeper awareness of the influence of the media. Thus, synergy between religious education and mass media is very important to promote a holistic understanding of Christian teachings in modern society.

The purpose of writing this article is to identify and know the life story of the character of Job. The character of Job is a person who has a righteous personality, is honest, fears God, and shuns evil. The story begins with a portrayal of a man who is very pious, blessed and wealthy, then continues with a severe test that changes his life.  

In an increasingly complex world full of diverse beliefs, the search for meaning and truth has never been more important. Since the early days of Christianity, theologians and thinkers have sought to understand and explain the nature of Christ. By understanding Christology, we not only gain insight into who Jesus is, but also how His teachings can provide guidance in facing the challenges of everyday life.  Christology is a branch of theology that focuses on the study of Jesus Christ, specifically who He is, what His nature and office are and how redemption is accomplished by Christ, in His nature and His role in saving humanity. Christology is not just a religious study, but also a way of strengthening faith, strengthening hope, and living a spiritual life that is connected to Christ. Therefore, a deep understanding of Christ is essential for Christians to understand their faith.

This study analyzes the symbolic meaning of the 2025 Easter Parade in Kupang City using a symbolic interactionist approach, with a central focus on the cross as a primary symbol. The cross is not only understood as a sacred religious emblem but also as a medium of social communication whose meaning is dynamically constructed through interactions between parade participants, spectators, and particularly the actors portraying the figure of Jesus. These social interactions allow for the reinterpretation of the symbol’s meaning based on cultural contexts and participants' experiences.The findings reveal that deviant behavior exhibited by some actors portraying Jesus created a dissonance between the ideal meaning of Christ’s suffering and the actual performance displayed during the parade. This mismatch caused cognitive dissonance among viewers and had the potential to distort the intended spiritual message of the symbol. The incident underscores the importance of actors' awareness of the sacred nature of the symbol and the necessity for responsible and contextually appropriate representations in public rituals.The study also emphasizes that religious symbols are fluid and do not possess fixed or absolute meanings. Instead, they are subject to redefinition based on individual and collective experiences, cultural backgrounds, and public perceptions. Within the context of the Easter Parade, the cross becomes a performative medium that reflects the values, beliefs, and social dynamics of the diverse society in Kupang. This research employs a mixed-methods approach by integrating both quantitative and qualitative data to provide a more comprehensive understanding. Quantitative data offers general insights into audience perceptions of the symbolic performance, while qualitative data explores deeper layers of symbolic meaning and the sociocultural implications that arise. Overall, this study contributes to the discourse on religion, symbolism, and public ritual by highlighting the importance of intentionality, appropriate representation, and cultural sensitivity in maintaining the sacredness of religious symbols in dynamic and pluralistic public spaces

The thesis entitled, "Analysis of the Impact of Worship Based on John 4:23 on the Spiritual Growth of the GBI Patuha Bandung Congregation."John 4:23 can provide the teachings of the Lord Jesus about worship and the extent of its impact on the spiritual growth of the congregation. The research aims to explore how worship in the context of church services affects spiritual growth, including heart transformation, spiritual renewal, and character development in Christ. This study uses a qualitative descriptive approach to analyze the impact of worship based on John 4:23 on the spiritual growth of the congregation at Gereja Bethel Indonesia (GBI) Patuha, Bandung. Data were collected through interviews with leaders, activists, and church workers, as well as direct observations in the field. The results show that worship, as described in John 4:24, is a vital aspect of the spiritual life of the GBI Patuha congregation. The church has undergone significant transformation by shifting its focus from teaching to worship, with the aim of deepening a personal relationship with God. Worship is not only an emotional activity but also a means to strengthen faith, renew the spirit, and shape Christ-like character in the lives of the congregation. Worship grounded in the Word of God and the guidance of the Holy Spirit positively impacts the church community, encouraging active service and devotion to God and others. The congregation experiences heart transformation and spiritual renewal, which strengthens their relationship with God. Furthermore, worship focused on God encourages the congregation to live in humility, love, and obedience, as well as increasing their enthusiasm for serving. Innovations such as providing digital worship platforms also extend the church’s reach and enhance congregational involvement. This study also recommends the development of more structured worship training to deepen theological understanding and correct worship practices according to biblical principles.

The covenant between God and Abraham serves as proof that God is a faithful God who never abandons His people, whether in times of joy or sorrow. This covenant is also one of the fundamental covenants in the Old Testament, with significant theological and historical implications. This article, we’re discusses and analyzes God’s covenant with Abraham and its implications for Christian faith today, based on Genesis 12:1-9. Through this covenant, God promises three main things to Abraham: numerous descendants, the promised land, and blessings for all nations. Futhermore, this covenant serves as the foundation of Israel’s identity and finds its fulfillment in Jesus Christ, as foretold in Genesis 3:15, namely the offspring that will be born a woman. This study serves as evidence and a model for Christians regarding Abraham’s obedience and steadfast faith, emphasizing that salvation in Jesus Christ is one of God’s fulfilled promises to Abraham. Thus, understanding this covenant strengthens the conviction that God remains faithful to His promises and that faith in Him is the foundation of true spiritual life for believers.

This article explores the theme of faithfulness amid suffering through a narrative and theological analysis of Job 1:1–22, while also examining its relevance for the Christian faith today. Job is chosen as the central figure due to his portrayal in the Bible as a man who endured extreme suffering yet maintained his spiritual integrity. This research uses a qualitative approach with a library research method, analyzing biblical texts and relevant theological literature. The study focuses on understanding suffering as a test of faith allowed by God, rather than as punishment for sin. The analysis reveals that Job is portrayed as a righteous, upright, God-fearing man who shunned evil. In Job 1:1–22, he loses all his wealth and children in a very short time, yet continues to submit to God’s will. His well-known declaration, “The Lord gave, and the Lord has taken away; blessed be the name of the Lord,” affirms the depth of his faith and obedience. Job’s faithfulness is not transactional, but emerges from a pure spiritual relationship with God. Job’s story remains highly relevant for contemporary Christians. In today’s world filled with adversity, Job teaches that suffering is not necessarily a sign of wrongdoing or lack of faith, but can be a means for spiritual growth and character formation. This article affirms that true faith will remain steadfast even when tested by suffering. Thus, Job stands as an enduring example of unwavering faithfulness to God in the face of deep crisis.

 This research is motivated by the challenges faced by today's local church in formulating its missionary goals and work amidst rapid social, cultural, and global changes. These changes often make the church's missionary function appear unclear and lack clear direction, putting the church at risk of carrying out its ministry detached from its biblical identity. Therefore, this research aims to reinterpret the local church's missionary goals and work based on the Apostle Paul's example as a missionary, while also proposing its relevance for church ministry in the current context. The research uses a qualitative approach with a literature review method, specifically contemporary missionary theology literature and writings on the Apostle Paul's life and ministry. The results show that, according to Paul, the primary purpose of the church's mission is to educate the congregation through teaching rooted in the truth of the Word, and to bring the congregation into an encounter with Christ through lively worship, expressed in the singing of psalms, praises, spiritual songs, and the celebration of the Lord's Supper. The missionary work exemplified by Paul also includes the proclamation of the Gospel, tangible loving service, empowering the congregation to grow as witnesses of Christ, and social transformation as a manifestation of the church's presence in society. These findings confirm that the local church's mission should not only focus on spiritual aspects, but also be holistic, contextual, and relevant to the needs of the times. Thus, the church is called to develop a mission strategy that is both faithful to the Bible and able to meet the challenges of the modern world, thereby providing a complete witness of God's love for the world.

In the modern industrialization era, industrial relations disputes are increasing in both quantity and complexity. This condition demands a fast, precise, fair, and efficient dispute resolution mechanism. In accordance with the provisions of laws and regulations, mandatory settlement efforts must first be pursued through bipartite or tripartite negotiations through deliberation to reach a consensus, known as Alternative Dispute Resolution (ADR). ADR is a dispute resolution mechanism outside the court that is oriented towards a win-win solution, namely an agreement that accommodates the interests of all parties. However, in practice, the implementation of mediation in Industrial Relations Disputes (PHI) still faces various obstacles, particularly related to the lack of the principle of impartiality of the mediator. This study uses a normative juridical method with a statutory approach and a conceptual approach. The results of the study indicate that the PHI Mediator is an administrative position attached to the state civil apparatus, not an independent profession. The absence of strict sanctions for violations of the code of ethics, limited mediation time, and the absence of conflict of interest regulations in the Minister of Manpower Regulation No. Law No. 17 of 2014 makes the mediator vulnerable to intervention by certain parties. This situation has implications for the emergence of recommendations that are potentially non-objective and detrimental to one of the parties. Therefore, the principle of impartiality is a fundamental element in Industrial Relations (PHI) mediation to ensure a fair, balanced, and substantively just dispute resolution.

 Peran Pendidikan Agama Kristen dalam pembentukan karakter siswa di era digital yang membawa perubahan yang signifikan dalam kehidupan masyarakat. Kemajuan teknologi yang memberikan akses yang mudah bagi setiap siswa membawa tantangan dalam pembentuk karakternya. Pendidikan Agama Kristen memiliki peran yang penting dalam membentuk karakter siswa di era digital. Setiap nilai-nilai karakter yang diajarkan memiliki pemahaman yang baik bagi setiap siswa di era digital ini. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengidentifikasi tantangan yang dihadapi guru Pendidikan Agama Kristen dalam membentuk karakter siswa di tengah era digital. Metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah penelitian kualitatif deskriptif dengan membuat deskripsi secara sistematis, faktual, dan akurat mengenai fakta dan hubungan antara fenomena yang diteliti. Data yang dikumpulkan melalui observasi selama proses pembelajaran, interaksi siswa dan wawancara, kemudian dianalisis secara deskriptif kualitatif. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa siswa cenderung lebih tertarik pada dunia digital dan mengalami penurunan dalam hal disiplin, empati dan tanggung jawab. Pendidikan Agama Kristen tetap memiliki peran penting sebagai pembelajaran nilai-nilai Kristen yang relevan dan aplikatif, seperti kasih, penguasaan diri dan integritas. Penelitian ini menekankan perlunya strategi pembelajaran yang kontekstual agar nilai-nilai karakter Kristen dapat diterapkan secara nyata di tengah era digital.