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Reform of the military justice system (criminal law enforcement) is essentially part of the idea of law reform. Legal reform includes not only "legal substance reform" and "legal structure reform", but also "legal culture reform". Therefore, the reform of the military criminal law system must also be accompanied by the renewal of the military legal culture, which includes, among other things, the renewal of the cultural aspects of legal behavior and legal awareness related to "military culture" and the renewal of the aspect of military legal education/science. So, "legal behaviour, legal, science and legal education reform" is also needed. This research will discuss Military Justice Reform in Indonesia, by conducting a comparative study with the existing military justice systems in various countries. This article concludes that the prospect of the position of the military court in Indonesia after the administrative, organizational, and financial fields are in the Supreme Court will make the military court better and more independent. The administration and organization will be more well organized in accordance with other courts.

BLDC motor applications used in various forms in instrumentation, robotics, household, and transportation. One application of transportation equipment used as a propeller of electric bicycle vehicles. The value of the bicycle vehicle adjusted to the speed set, the amount that has determined. The purpose used in this study is to improve the efficiency of the regulation of BLDC motors on electric bicycles. Indicators of increasing performance are increasingly steady-state errors, and transient response required. The method used in this research is to do mathematical modeling in the form of transfer and optimization function equations. The model used is the model with the structure of the transfer function, while the optimization method used in this study is the Ziegler-Nichols method and firefly algorithm. The firefly algorithm is used in this study to obtain optimal Kp, Ki, and Kd values. The results showed that the firefly algorithm achieved better performance compared to the Ziegler-Nichols method.

Measurement of firm performance becomes very important for management to evaluate and planning for future goals. Several factors can affect firm performance, including profitability, ownership structure, and company size. For that this study aims to examine the effect of profitability, ownership structure, company size on firm performance with capital structure as an intervening variable. Data obtained during the period 2016-2018 from manufacturing companies listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange. The results in this study indicate profitability, ownership structure and firm size simultaneously (together) affect the capital structure. Profitability, ownership structure, firm size, and capital structure simultaneously (together) affect the firm's performance.

This study aims to examine the effect of profitability, liquidity and growth opportunities on firm value with capital structure as an intervening variable in the consumer goods industry sector companies listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange (IDX) from 2015 to 2019. The sample was selected using purposive sampling technique. The number of samples is 13 companies or 65 data for 5 years. This study uses multiple linear regression analysis and path analysis. The results of hypothesis testing on capital structure show that profitability has no effect on capital structure, while liquidity and growth opportunities have an effect on capital structure. The results of hypothesis testing on firm value show that profitability and capital structure affect firm value, while liquidity and growth opportunities have no effect on firm value. The results of the analysis using path analysis show that profitability and growth opportunities affect firm value not through capital structure as an intervening variable, while liquidity affects firm value through capital structure as an intervening variable.

Teenage pregnancy and parenthood among teenagers are still a matter of international concern because of the potential adverse consequences for society, families and individuals. Teen pregnancies are more than 80% unplanned. The transition to parenting experienced by teens creates a period of instability that demands new parenting roles. Parenting by adolescent mothers will be more effective when adolescent mothers receive strong social and emotional support from their families and partners. The purpose of this study was to explore social support for adolescent mothers in the care of infant children. Qualitative research methods with an Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis (IPA) approach. Respondents in this study there were 5 respondents who met the inclusion criteria were taken using purposive sampling technique. The data was obtained using a semi-structured interview method. The research credibility was achieved by using triangulation of sources through interviews with the mothers of the main participants. The results showed that the five participants expressed various experiences of being a mother that varied when caring for infant age children depending on the situation experienced by each mother. Social support for adolescent mothers in child care includes 4 themes, namely 1). Instrumental Support, 2). Information Support, 3). Financial Support, 4). Emotional Support Based on the results of this study, it is hoped that there will be a special program for adolescent mothers, in which the role of health workers is able to support mothers' efforts to obtain optimal education and skills in parenting.

All members of the Kelapa-Mas community work as palm-sugar-maker in Kliwonan, Banjarharjo, Kalibawang District, Kulon Progo, Yogyakarta. The community has been producing palm sugar for generations and selling it to traditional markets around the village. There is a possibility that the community product could be developed to get a wider market and would give a better economic impact on the community. Through the UKDW Service Learning program in 2019, the community has been assisted to increase the value of their palm-sugar product. This assistance is carried out in 4 stages, First: counseling of good and hygienic production processes according to P-IRT standards, Second: assistance to product branding and packaging, Third: counseling and initiation of product marketing through online/digital and offline media, in collaboration with retail stores, and Fourth:  assistance and initiation of an organization, in order to continuing the palm-sugar-maker community to operating and growth independently. The results obtained during the full one-month intensive mentoring period were: the better sugar products with clear & catchy branding, a wider offline marketing network through modern retail and online media, a business license for P-IRT, and a well-structured-organization for management of the Kelapa-Mas palm-sugar household industry community organization

This study examines company size, liquidity and asset structure on capital structure in the food and beverage manufacturing companies listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange in the period 2011-2015. Analysis was carried out using multiple linear regression. The test results show that for liquidity variables affect the capital structure, this shows that companies that have high liquidity, will choose to use funding from internal sources first, namely using their current assets rather than having to use funding through debt. These findings support the Pecking Order Theory which states that companies will prefer to use internal funding, namely by using their current assets to meet their funding needs. Test results for company size and asset structure show no effect on capital structure.

This study aimed to find an alternative solution, to “return to the right path” with the wages of employees of PT Asia Pacific Fibers, Inc. which is outside the structure and pay scales (overpaid and underpaid). For employees whose wages are above the wage structure, certainly can not necessarily reduce the underpaid wages and vice versa can not be added just like that. The argument must be given a reasonable and acceptable to all parties. This argument not only for the 32 people who are outside the wage structure of wages. But it also applies to other employees. For those whose wages are above the wage structure, attempted to hold / pressed  so that the gap is too wide. As for who is under the wage structure should be encouraged to enter the structure and pay scales range.The argument in question is to provide wage adjustment mechanism that is acceptable to all parties. Managing underpaid and overpaid very closely with wage adjustments each year conducted by the company. Population as well as Sample is an employee of PT Asia Pacific Fiber, Inc Kaliwungu some 32 people. The data was collected by interviews, gathering documents and questionnaires to dissect the background of the respondents. With this study, the expected structure and pay scales can be maintained so that the overpaid and underpaid does not existancy more. 

This research aims to examine the effect of firm size, profitability,financial leverage, boox-tax differences and public ownership structureto income smoothing at manufacturing companies listed on the Indonesian Stock Exchange (Bursa Efek Indonesia) in 2014-2017.The population in this research are Manufacturing Companies listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange (Bursa Efek Indonesia). Sampling method using purposive sampling in the technique of data analysis is multiple linear regression analysis.The results of this research indicate that firm size, profitability, financial leveragehave a positif significant influence on Income Smoothing. Public ownership structurehave a negativesignificant effect on Income Smoothin whileboox-tax differences have no effect on Income Smoothing.  Keywords: Firm Size, Profitability, Financial Leverage, Boox-Tax Differences, Public Ownership Structure, and Income Smoothing.

This study examines the effect of capital structure, independent commissioners, managerial ownership, institutional ownership and firm size on earnings quality. The sample in this study used 104 data from 26 manufacturing companies listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange for the period 2014-2017 by using purposive sampling method. The analysis tools used are normality test, classical assumption test, multiple linear regression test, model test and hypothesis test. Based on the research that has been done, the results of this study showed that frim size have a significant positive effect on earnings quality, capital structure and independent commissioners have a significant negative effect on earnings quality. While managerial ownership and institutional ownership have no significant effect on earnings quality.  Keywords: capital structure, independent commisiones, managerial ownership, institutionalownership firm size and earnings quality

This research aims to investigate the impact of ownership structure (foreign ownership, promoter ownership, managerial ownership, and public ownership) on firm value mediated by idiosyncratic risk. The population used is the whole companies listed in Indonesian Stock Exchange (BEI) on the period of 2013-2017. The number of samples is 182 companies each year, which was selected by purposive sampling method. This research uses documentary data, i.e. the annual report and financial statements. Path analysis used to analyze data and hypothesis mediation analysed by using Sobel test. The results show that foreign ownership, managerial ownership, and public ownership have a negative and significant impact on the idiosyncratic risk, while the promoter ownership has a positive and significant impact on the idiosyncratic risk. Idiosyncratic risk and promoter have a negative and significant impact on firm value, foreign ownership  has a positive but  insignificant impact on firm value, while managerial ownership and public ownership have a positive and significant impact on firm value. In addition, idiosyncraticn risk can madiate the impact of ownership structure (foreign ownership, promoter ownership, managerial ownership, and public ownership) on firm value. The implication of this research is that companies and investors can consider the importance of idiosyncratic risk through diversification of ownership structure as a mechanism for achieving firm value. The idiosyncratic risk is expected to assist the investor in making business decisions as they reflect the company’s specific information and fluctuate accordingly and the movement is independent of market movements.  Keywords : ownership structure, foreign ownership, promoter ownership, managerial ownership, public ownership, idiosyncratic risk, and firm value

This study examines the effects of institutional ownership structures, managerial ownership structures, public ownership structures, growth opportunities,debt convenant (leverage), tax and political costs, litigation risk to accounting conservatism. The research was conducted at the Indonesian Stock Exchange by using a go public manufacturing company as the unit of analysis. The sampling method used purposive sampling with the observation period from 2014-2016. Relationship and between variable is described by using multiple regression analysis. The results showes that the institutional ownership structures had no significant effect on accounting conservatism,managerial ownership structures had no significant effect on accounting conservatism, public ownership structures had no significant effect on accounting conservatism, growth opportunities has negative no significant effect on accounting conservatism, Debt Convenant (leverage) has negative effect on accounting conservatism, tax and political costs has positive effect on accounting Conservatism, litigation risk has negative effect on accounting conservatism  Keyword: institutional ownership structures, managerial ownership structures, public ownership structures, growth opportunities,debt convenant (leverage), tax and political costs, litigation risk and accounting conservatism.

The aim of the research is to find an empirical evidence concerning the implementation of customer perspective of Balanced Scorecard (BSC) in Assalaam Islamic Modern Boarding School Surakarta (AIMBS Surakarta). It is a case study research. Qualitative research design is conducted using semi-structured interviews with 27 members from different stakeholders. Research findings showed that customer perspective of BSC and attributes in strategy map of BSC have been implemented well in AIMBS Surakarta. Besides, the research found supporting factor of implementation of customer perspective of BSC in AIMBS Surakarta, namely: strong commitment from management to adjust the change. The limitation of the research is that the research findings can not be generalized. For future research, it is suggested that the researcher will add the numbers of research object so that the generalization of the research findings can be achieved. Thus, it will give clearer description about implementation of customers perpective of BSC in Islamic boarding schools

The purpose of this study is to analyze and provide empirical evidence about the influence of budgeting participation and budget goal characteristics on managerial performance with a non-physical work environment as moderation. Population variables in this study are all leaders and financial officers in private vocational schools in the city of Semarang listed in the structure of the division of school work in 2016 which amounted to 14 vocational high schools and each was taken by 3 people so that there were 42 respondents, while the sampling technique used the census method. Data analysis method used is Regression Moderation Analysis (MRA) Hypothesis 1 test results note that the value of t arithmetic = 3.012> t table = 1.694 with a number of significance = 0.003 <α = 0.05 (significant), so the hypothesis (H1) that participation budgeting has a positive effect. on proven managerial job performance. Regression coefficient β1 = 0.567 (positive sign), it can be interpreted that the higher the participation in budgeting, the higher the managerial performance. Hypothesis 2 testing is known that the value of t = 2.723> t table = 1.694 with a significance value = 0.010 <α = 0.05 (significant), so the hypothesis (H2) that the characteristics of the budgetary objectives have a positive effect on managerial performance of the work proved. Stepwise coefficient = 0.279 (benchmark), can be interpreted more clearly the characteristics of the managerial level budget objectives. Testing hypothesis 3 is known that the value of t 2.484> t table = 1.694 with a significance value = 0.026 <α = 0.05 (significant), so the hypothesis (H3) that the work environment is not moderate, moderate moderate positive positive effect on budget participation on managerial work performance proven. Testing hypothesis 4 is known that the value of t arithmetic 2.333> t table = 1.694 with the number of significance = 0.032 <α = 0.05 (significance nt). Thus the hypothesis (H4) that the non-physical work environment positively influences the characteristics of budgetary goals on proven managerial work performance. Interaction test results show β4 = 0.163 (positive sign), it can be interpreted that the existence of a non-physical work environment that is conducive will strengthen the influence of the characteristics of the budget objectives on managerial work performance. Keywords: Budget participation, characteristics of budget objectives, non-physical work environment, managerial work performance

This research is about the value of manufacture company in Indonesian stock exchange from 2012 until 2016. The purpose of this research is to analyze profitability, and good corporate governance in mediating the influence of company growth and capital structure to firm value. The sample is selected through purposive sampling as many as 46 manufacturing companies in Indonesian stock exchange. The data obtained by analyzing the company's financial statements of the year 2012 to 2016. Data analysis is using multiple linear regression with SEM-PLS 4.0 program. The result showed that company growth has a significant positive effect to profitability, capital structure has positive effect not significant to profitability. The company growth has a negative effect not significant to good corporate governance, capital structure has positive effect not significant to good corporate governance. The company growth has positive effect not significant to firm value, capital structure has negative effect not significant to firm value. Profitability, and good corporate governance have a significant positive effect on firm value. Profitability mediates the influence of company growth, and the capital structure to firm value. Good corporate governance does not mediate the effect of company growth, and the capital structure to firm value, good corporate governance mediates the influence of capital structure to firm value.

The existence of governance structure such as board ofcommissioners and audit committee implies a better monitoring functionon the financial reporting process that represent manager actions.Nevertheless, the quality of the monitoring function depends on howeffective the board and the audit committee perform their duties. Thisstudy examines how the effectiveness of the board of commissioners andaudit committee in a two tierboard structure influences the taxaggressiveness.This study develops a score for board and audit committeeeffectiveness by using a checklist which captures how the independence,activity, size, and competence characteristics are reflected in the board ofcommissioners and audit committe.Hypothesis testing is carried out byusing a multiple regression model of 105 observations (firm-year) withthe sample taken from manufacture companies listed on the IndonesianStock Exchange during t.Results of this study provide robust evidencethat a more effective board of commissioners and audit committee willdecrease tax aggressiveness.

This study aims to examines the effect of ownership structure on corporateperformance of manufacturing companies listed in BEI or Indonesia StockExchange for the period 2010-2013. Ownership structure consisted offoreign ownership, government ownership, managerial ownership,institutional ownership and family ownership. Corporate performance ismeasured by ROE (Return on Equity). This study is used 216 samples ofmanufacturing companies listed in BEI or Indonesia Stock Exchange forthe period 2010-2013. This study is used a multiple regression. The resultsshow that foreign ownership, government ownership, institusionalownership and family ownership have a positive and significant effect toCorporate performance. Managerial ownershiphas no influenceonCorporate performance.

This study aimed to analyze the influence of the company's growth, profitability, asset structure, business risk, tax and liquidity to funding decisions on manufacturing companies listed in Indonesia Stock Exchange.The population in this research is manufacturing companies listed in Indonesia Stock Exchange in 2013-2015. Sample selection is done by purposive sampling method. Data were processed as many as 242 companies. Mechanical testing data is by using multiple linear regression analysis.The results of analysis show that the variable asset structure and tax significant positive effect on funding decision, the variable  liquidity (current ratio) significant negative effect on funding decision, while the variable  business risk does not affect to the funding decision on Manufacturing companies listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange.Keywords: asset structure, business risk, tax, liquidity and funding decision

This study examines financial difficulties can occur if the auditcommittee does not perform its roles and responsibilities effectively. Theperformance of an audit committee can be measured by its characteristics,including the size, independence, activity of the audit committee, and thecompetencies of audit committee members. Based on the discussion of researchresults described above, then there are some implications found and can addinformation for the company, investors and other parties associated with thecompany's activities. The results conclude that the size of the auditcommittee, the independence of the audit committee and the financialknowledge of audit committee members can not prove a significant influenceon financial difficulties. This research proves that the existence of women ingender audit committee is able to avoid the company from financialdifficulties. The frequency of meetings of audit committee members can proveto have a significant negative effect on the financial difficulty. This isbecause the frequency of meetings of members of the audit committee has arole in changing the pattern of management behavior and communicationamong members more structured so that the company's condition will notexperience financial difficulties.

Small pelagic fisheries play an important role in food security, coastal livelihoods, and local fishery economies in Indonesia. Sardinella fimbriata is one of the economically important small pelagic fish species widely utilized in coastal communities. However, increasing fishing pressure may alter population size structure and reduce reproductive sustainability. This study aimed to analyze the size structure, gonad maturity stage, and exploitation status of Sardinella fimbriata in Kwandang Waters, Tomini Bay, Indonesia. The research was conducted from August to November 2025 using a descriptive quantitative approach. A total of 1,560 fish samples collected from commercial landings were measured for total length and examined macroscopically for gonad maturity. Data were analyzed using length-frequency distribution, maturity proportion, and logistic regression to estimate length at first maturity (L₅₀). The results showed that fish length ranged from 8.0 to 19.9 cm and was dominated by the 12.0–15.9 cm size group, accounting for 75.45% of total samples. Immature gonads dominated the catch, representing 91.35% of individuals, while mature fish accounted for only 8.65%. Logistic regression estimated L₅₀ at 16.72 cm, whereas the average catch length was 13.56 cm with an Lc/L₅₀ ratio of 0.81. These findings indicate that most fish were captured before reaching reproductive maturity, suggesting growth overfishing conditions. The study highlights the importance of minimum catch size regulation, selective fishing gear, and routine biological monitoring to support sustainable management of small pelagic fisheries in Tomini Bay.