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Language variation in the form of mixed code is a linguistic symptom that is often found in bilingual and multilingual communities, especially in popular media such as movies. This study aims to identify and describe the mixed forms of code that appear in the second season of the Imperfect: The Series series, specifically in episodes 1 to 5. This study uses a qualitative descriptive approach with data collection techniques in the form of recording and analysis of dialogues between figures that contain mixed elements of code. The research instrument is in the form of dialogue transcripts that are analyzed with a sociolinguistic approach, mainly based on the theory of mixed code according to Suwito (1985) and the theory of relevance of the social context according to Holmes (2013). The results of the study revealed two main categories of forms of code mixing, namely inner code mixing involving elements of regional languages, and outer code mixing which includes the insertion of words or phrases from foreign languages, such as English. Based on data analysis, it was found that there were 12 data mixed in code and 18 data mixed in code out. This phenomenon shows that the use of mixed codes in character dialogue not only serves as a marker of social and cultural identity, but also as a reflection of the dynamics of communication in a pluralistic and modern urban society. In addition, the use of mixed codes in audiovisual media also has pragmatic and aesthetic implications, which can strengthen character characterization, create humorous effects, adjust the context of social situations, and increase narrative appeal to young audiences who are familiar with multilingualism.

Forgery of diplomas constitutes a criminal act that undermines the integrity of the national education system and negatively impacts public trust in educational institutions as well as law enforcement in Indonesia. This study aims to thoroughly examine the criminal law regulations governing diploma forgery, particularly under Article 263 of the Indonesian Criminal Code (KUHP), along with the essential elements required for an act to be classified as diploma forgery. Furthermore, the study explores the implementation of criminal law in handling diploma forgery cases in Indonesia, including the challenges and obstacles faced by law enforcement officers and the structural and cultural factors affecting the effectiveness of law enforcement. This research employs a normative legal approach, utilizing statutory, conceptual, and case study methods to obtain comprehensive theoretical and empirical insights. The findings reveal that despite the existence of clear and stringent legal provisions, law enforcement practices still encounter barriers such as inadequate diploma verification systems, the absence of an integrated national diploma database, and low public legal awareness regarding the consequences of diploma forgery. Cases involving professional individuals committing diploma forgery underscore the need for more consistent and systematic law enforcement. Consequently, this study recommends the development of an integrated national diploma database, enhancement of law enforcement capacity and coordination, intensified public legal education and outreach, and the strict application of legal sanctions to effectively prevent and prosecute perpetrators of diploma forgery

The role of experts in the Alternative Dispute Resolution (APS) forum in Indonesia has a strategic position in bridging the technical and legal aspects that are often at the core of the problem in a dispute. The presence of experts serves to provide objective and professional opinions that can strengthen the arguments of the parties, as well as speed up the dispute resolution process efficiently. Juridically, the role of experts has been recognized in Law Number 30 of 1999 concerning Arbitration and Alternative Dispute Resolution, and strengthened by the principle of freedom of contract in Article 1338 of the Civil Code. Although expert opinions are not always binding, their contributions are often used as the basis for important consideration by mediators or arbitrators in decision-making. In addition to being a provider of expert opinions, this role is also able to bridge the gap of understanding between technical and legal aspects that are often difficult to understand by the parties or even by the mediator himself. In practice, expert involvement can provide insight into complex issues, such as in construction, medical, information technology, or environmental cases, that require specialized expertise. Therefore, the presence of experts not only strengthens the legal argument, but also provides crucial scientific validity. However, the challenge faced is the lack of detailed technical arrangements related to qualifications, codes of conduct, and mechanisms for expert involvement in the APS. This can pose a risk of subjectivity and potential conflicts of interest. For this reason, a more comprehensive regulatory development is needed to ensure that the role of experts in APS can be carried out optimally, professionally, and fairly, so as to increase public trust in the dispute resolution mechanism outside the court.

This study aims to examine the legal gaps and regulatory challenges in enforcing criminal liability against perpetrators of crimes within Indonesia’s crypto ecosystem, particularly in the context of Decentralized Finance (DeFi), smart contracts, and decentralized digital asset trading platforms. The research employs a normative juridical approach using statutory and conceptual methods. The findings indicate that current criminal law instruments, such as Article 378 of the Criminal Code, Article 28 paragraph (1) of the Electronic Information and Transactions (ITE) Law, Law No. 8 of 2010 on the Prevention and Eradication of Money Laundering (TPPU), and Law No. 10 of 1998 on Banking, are inadequate to address the unique and complex characteristics of crypto-related crimes. These crimes are anonymous, cross-jurisdictional, and difficult to trace due to the absence of centralized authority. As a result, the existing legal framework fails to provide sufficient victim protection and leads to weak law enforcement effectiveness. This legal vacuum also hampers the state's ability to respond to the growing digital threats and creates legal uncertainty in the expanding crypto space. Therefore, this study recommends the formulation of specific criminal regulations that comprehensively define digital assets, legal subjects within decentralized systems, and new criminal offenses relevant to crypto-related conduct. It also calls for the establishment of specialized institutions dedicated to investigating and prosecuting such crimes. These proposed regulations are expected to strengthen the national criminal justice system, making it more adaptive, fair, and effective in addressing the challenges posed by digital transformation.

This study examines criminal liability for the crime of exhibitionism in Indonesia and the forms of protection provided to its victims. Exhibitionism is a deviant behavior in the form of exposing genitals to others without consent, which is classified as a form of sexual harassment. Although often considered a minor act or even just "fun", exhibitionism has serious psychological impacts on victims, such as trauma, fear, anxiety, and long-term mental disorders, especially if it occurs repeatedly or is experienced by minors. From a legal aspect, the crime of exhibitionism can be prosecuted through several articles in the Criminal Code (KUHP), including Article 281 which regulates indecent acts in public, and Article 289 if the exhibitionism is carried out with violence or threats of violence. In addition, Law Number 44 of 2008 concerning Pornography can also be used as a legal basis, especially if the exhibitionism is carried out through digital media. If the victim is a child, Law Number 35 of 2014 concerning Child Protection will increase the perpetrator's punishment. The criminal liability of exhibitionists depends heavily on their mental state. Under Indonesian criminal law, a person can only be held criminally responsible if they are legally capable of being held accountable. If a perpetrator is proven to have a serious mental disorder based on a psychiatric expert's testimony, they may be subject to special measures instead of criminal punishment, such as rehabilitation in a mental hospital. Protection for victims of exhibitionism must be comprehensive. This includes facilitating the reporting process to authorities, prompt handling by law enforcement, providing counseling or psychological support, protecting the victim's identity, and educating the public to prevent exhibitionism. Integrating legal aspects, mental health, and public education is crucial in breaking the chain of this crime.

Classification codes are an important instrument in the management and storage of archives, serving as a guide to facilitate the retrieval of archives quickly, precisely, and accurately. Classification codes can be letters, numbers, or a combination of both. At the Surabaya Industrial Training Center (BDI), a classification code system has been applied in the filing process. However, as the volume of archives increases every year, there has never been a thorough evaluation to ensure their suitability with the development of existing types of archives and the demands of modern administration. This study aims to evaluate the effectiveness of the classification codes used in BDI Surabaya, especially in supporting the process of rediscovery of archives. The research method used is a descriptive method with data collection techniques through observation, interviews, and field documentation conducted for three months. The results of the study show that the classification code structure at BDI Surabaya is adequate to the tertiary level and facilitates the process of rediscovering old archives. However, the existing system has not accommodated some new types of archives, such as student internship archives and business incubator archives. This classification gap results in delays and inaccuracies in the grouping of archives. In addition, the increase in the average archive volume of 34.7% per year further emphasizes the urgency of updating the classification system to be in line with the development of organizational needs. In conclusion, it is necessary to improve the classification code by adding the PP.03.19 subcode for student internship archives and DL.16 code for business incubator archives. It is also necessary to prepare new SOPs, update the archive list format, and train archivists to improve the effectiveness of archive management.

This study aims to determine whether the Penal and Non-Penal Integral Policy can be implemented to increase the effectiveness of eradicating online gambling crimes and to determine the obstacles faced by the local government in implementing the Integral Policy on Online Gambling Crimes in Surakarta. This type of research uses empirical legal research, with a descriptive research nature. The research location is at the Surakarta Police, Surakarta City. The types and sources of data in the study consist of two types, primary data and secondary data. Data collection techniques are by observation, interview, and decision study techniques. The results of this study show that the causes of the rampant online gambling in the Surakarta Police area are economic problems, community disobedience to the law, morality factors, low Human Resources (HR), and tradition. The eradication of online gambling in the Surakarta Police area can be said to be effective, although in reality online gambling continues to grow, but during the last five years (2020-2025) there has only been one case file handled regarding online gambling, However, the role of the Police in handling online gambling cases is still limited, so that the perpetrators of gambling are only subject to Article 303 of the Criminal Code concerning gambling. and in handling online gambling cases, there are various obstacles found in the field, both in terms of time, costs and processes that are not easy to imagine.

In everyday life, the practice of making agreements often occurs informally and without written documentation, particularly in casual social interactions and economic activities. This raises important legal questions regarding whether verbal agreements hold valid legal force. The purpose of this study is to examine the legal status of verbal agreements under Indonesian civil law, particularly in relation to the requirements for the validity of an agreement as outlined in Article 1320 of the Civil Code (KUHPerdata). The study employs a normative juridical approach, focusing on legal provisions and legal doctrines to explore the issue. According to the findings, while verbal agreements are legally binding, they must still meet the requirements stipulated in Article 1320 of the Civil Code. These requirements include mutual consent, the capability of the parties involved, a lawful object, and a legal cause. Despite the lack of a written record, verbal agreements can still be considered valid as long as these criteria are met. However, a significant challenge arises when disputes occur, as proving the existence and terms of a verbal agreement can be difficult without written evidence. This is where the importance of written agreements comes into play, as they provide stronger legal protection in case of legal conflicts. The study also highlights that although Indonesian civil law recognizes verbal agreements, it strongly encourages parties to formalize agreements in writing to avoid ambiguity and ensure legal certainty. In conclusion, while verbal agreements are valid under the law, the need for written documentation is crucial for protecting the interests of the parties involved and providing clear evidence in the event of a legal dispute.  

This study examines the regulation of adultery and cohabitation (living together without marriage) from the perspective of Islamic law and Indonesian positive law, especially after the enactment of Law Number 1 of 2023 concerning the Criminal Code (KUHP). In Islamic law, adultery is a hudud crime that has strict and permanent sanctions (qat'i). Islamic law considers adultery as an act that damages morality, honor, and lineage, and provides severe punishment for the perpetrators. The purpose of implementing this punishment is to maintain social integrity and protect the family as the smallest unit in society. Cohabitation, which is considered an illegitimate relationship according to Islamic law, is seen as a form of adultery that is not tolerated both socially and legally. Therefore, this act is not only considered a violation of religious norms, but also a threat to the desired social order in Islam. Meanwhile, in the context of Indonesian positive law, the 2023 Criminal Code expands the formulation of the crime of adultery and explicitly regulates cohabitation as a criminal offense. Based on this provision, adultery and cohabitation can be prosecuted, although they are still classified as absolute complaint offenses, meaning that these acts can only be prosecuted if there is a report from an interested party. This shows that although there are differences in law enforcement between Islamic law and positive law, both share a common goal: to protect morality and public order. The approach used in this study is normative juridical with a qualitative analysis method of Islamic legal norms and national statutory provisions. This study aims to compare the perspectives of the two legal systems on adultery and cohabitation, and to find common ground between the two.

The code of ethics is an essential instrument in maintaining professionalism, integrity, and accountability within an institution, including the Indonesian National Police (Polri). As part of the effort to enforce ethical standards within the police force, the Police Code of Ethics Commission (KKEP) plays a role in ensuring that each police officer performs their duties in accordance with applicable legal and moral norms. The role of the KKEP becomes highly relevant in the context of good governance, where the principles of transparency, accountability, and the supremacy of law must be the primary foundations of government administration, including within the police system. This study conducts a normative juridical analysis of the role of the Police Code of Ethics Commission in realizing good governance within Polri. A normative juridical approach is used to examine the legal aspects regulating the authority and working mechanisms of the KKEP, by reviewing various regulations, such as the Chief of Police Regulation on the Police Profession Code of Ethics, as well as other legal documents. Additionally, this research also refers to the concept of good governance developed in the study of administrative law and public policy. Through this research method, the study will discuss how the structure and authority of the KKEP are designed to uphold police ethics, as well as how the implementation of the code of ethics can contribute to increasing public trust in the police institution. Therefore, this study is expected to provide a deeper understanding of the position and strategic role of the KKEP in ensuring the professionalism and integrity of Polri members in supporting the principles of good governance in Indonesia.

This study aims to design and develop a web-based Library Information System at the Sepuluh Nopember University of Papua to support the digitalization of library services in a more efficient and integrated manner. The development method used is the Waterfall model, with a UML-based modeling approach that includes Use Case, Activity, and Class Diagrams. The system is equipped with various features such as book and member management, QR Code-based borrowing and returning, statistical dashboards, automatic report printing, and password encryption using bcrypt to ensure data security. Testing was conducted using the Black-box Testing method to validate that all core functionalities operate as required, and performance testing was performed using Apache JMeter to measure system response time. The results indicate that the system runs stably, with response times within the normal range. However, there are still some limitations, including the absence of an implemented audit log for user activity tracking and the lack of full-scale testing in a production environment. Therefore, this system is expected to serve as an adaptive digital solution in supporting modern library services, especially in Eastern Indonesia.

The advancement of digital technology has driven significant transformation in the field of education, particularly in the innovation of learning media that is interactive and easily accessible to students. The subject of Pancasila and Civic Education (PPKn), as a crucial component of character education, must adapt to these developments to ensure that the material remains relevant and engaging for today’s digital generation. This community service activity aimed to enhance students' learning motivation by conducting a training program on creating educational applications using the no-code platform Thunkable. The focus of the training was on the topic of national political figures, which is part of the core competencies in the PPKn curriculum. The activity was held at SMA Ampera in Sorong City, involving 11th-grade students as active participants. A participatory and project-based learning (PjBL) approach was employed, in which students were guided to design, create, and test their own educational applications based on their ideas and creativity. The program was carried out in three stages: preparation (developing modules, training materials, and technical setup), training and practice (introduction to the Thunkable platform, interface design, and basic programming), and testing and evaluation (application trials by other students and effectiveness assessment). The results of the activity showed a significant increase in students' learning motivation, basic digital skills, and active engagement in the learning process. The participants successfully created educational application prototypes featuring visual content, brief narratives, and interactive quizzes about national political figures. Moreover, students demonstrated collaborative attitudes, innovation, and confidence when presenting their work. This activity demonstrates that a project-based learning approach supported by Thunkable technology can be an effective alternative for creating meaningful, contextual, and empowering learning experiences. It is especially beneficial for schools with limited access to digital technology. By integrating creativity and digital tools into civic education, students are encouraged to become not only technologically literate but also more engaged in understanding national identity and political history in a modern, accessible way.

The Printed Circuit Board (PCB) industry increasingly relies on automation and digitalization to improve efficiency and accuracy in production and distribution processes. One common practice is the use of labels containing product information in the form of barcodes or QR codes, which allow automatic data input and reduce the risk of human error compared to manual writing. However, in current practices, these labels are only attached to PCBs after they have been placed inside casings. This creates a significant limitation, as access to the label information requires disassembling the casing whenever product verification, tracking, or troubleshooting is needed. Such a process not only consumes additional time and resources but also increases the risk of damaging the product. To overcome this challenge, this study proposes the development of a traceability system designed to accurately monitor the location, identity, and status of PCBs throughout the distribution process. The system was implemented as a web-based application capable of generating and printing product information labels in the form of barcodes and QR codes. Each label functions as a unique identifier, ensuring that every PCB can be distinctly tracked from production to final product assembly. All data associated with the labels is automatically stored in a centralized database, providing real-time accessibility, simplifying information management, and enabling faster decision-making in the event of quality control issues. System evaluation was carried out through rigorous testing, which showed a 100% success rate in generating, storing, and retrieving product information without errors. The findings indicate that the proposed traceability system is both effective and efficient, and it offers a practical solution for industries seeking to enhance supply chain visibility, improve product accountability, and reduce operational inefficiencies in PCB distribution and lifecycle management.

Like a professional accountant, in carrying out the audit function, he is obliged to comply with the work code of ethics and audit financial statements through ethical norms or applicable auditing standards. In carrying out work, an accountant must ensure that every action taken is in line with established moral standards. This code of ethics is based on the goal of maintaining public confidence in high quality services, regardless of who is performing those services. including their expert practice, fraud auditors are also obliged to implement the rules and ethics that are of interest to them, as a manifestation of the public's confidence in the integrity of the accounting profession. While performing all phases of a fraud audit, fraud auditors must still adhere to the applicable ethical rules. Basically, they must demonstrate an attitude of diligence and honesty in carrying out audit tasks to ensure objective and accountable results.

In a criminal justice system that upholds the principle of justice, the protection of suspects' rights is a crucial and fundamental component. Investigators play a crucial role in ensuring suspects' rights are protected during the investigation process, including the right to legal counsel, the right to access information, and the right to be free from arbitrary prosecution. The aim of this study is to explore the role of investigators in guaranteeing these rights and highlight challenges in their implementation. The study revealed that many suspects did not receive legal assistance from the beginning of the examination, lacked understanding of their rights, and faced investigations that often violated due process of law. This problem is exacerbated by limited human resources, inadequate internal oversight, and lack of ongoing training for investigators. These factors contribute to the failure to enforce the rights of suspects as a whole, which impacts the fairness and integrity of the legal process. In an effort to realize a fast, simple, and inexpensive judicial process, as promised in Law Number 48 of 2009, this study emphasizes the need for reforms to strengthen the investigation process. The reforms include improvements in the aspects of supervision and more in-depth training of investigators on human rights, so that they can better understand and implement the protection of the rights of suspects. In addition, the use of technology in investigations, such as digital-based information systems to manage evidence and legal processes, can increase transparency and accuracy in every stage of investigation. Strengthening internal supervision mechanisms is also very important to minimize abuse of authority by investigators. On the other hand, it is important to periodically evaluate the application of standard operating procedures (SOPs) in investigations, in order to ensure compliance with applicable laws and provide justice for suspects.

Increasing police accountability and professionalism is critical in addressing abuses of authority within law enforcement institutions. These issues have become a major concern, especially when abuses undermine public trust and the integrity of law enforcement agencies. To overcome these challenges, a comprehensive approach that includes both preventive and repressive measures is necessary. Preventive efforts such as ethics education, professional training, and mental development programs are essential in cultivating a culture of integrity and professionalism within the police force. These initiatives help officers to better understand their responsibilities, adhere to ethical standards, and manage the psychological demands of their roles. On the other hand, repressive efforts, including law enforcement and the imposition of strict sanctions for violations, act as deterrents to unethical behavior. The effective enforcement of laws and policies is critical in holding officers accountable and ensuring that those who abuse their power are appropriately disciplined. Analyzing the implementation of ethics in police duties and the factors that either support or hinder both internal and external supervision is also necessary. By identifying weaknesses in the existing system, law enforcement agencies can better target areas that need reform. Furthermore, strengthening transparency within the police force and reforming the supervision system are crucial steps toward building public trust. Public participation in external supervision mechanisms is also a key factor. When citizens are actively involved in oversight, it fosters a sense of accountability and encourages police officers to act with more responsibility. In conclusion, by adopting an evaluation-based approach and pursuing reforms aimed at enhancing accountability and professionalism, police institutions can improve their effectiveness. These reforms will promote fairer, more transparent, and responsible law enforcement, ultimately leading to greater public confidence in the police and their ability to perform their duties justly.

This service activity aims to improve the digital literacy of students and teachers through training in making interactive teaching materials based on the Thunkable application. The activity was carried out in Malibela Complex, Klawalu Village, Sorong City, Southwest Papua Province, with a participatory and hands-on approach. The training was carried out in three stages, namely introduction to the concept of mobile learning and Thunkable application, assistance in the practice of making digital teaching materials, as well as presentation of results and evaluation. The results showed that all participants, both students and teachers, were able to understand and implement the main features of Thunkable, and successfully create prototypes of interactive teaching materials, such as local history applications, junior high school quizzes, and Indonesian teaching materials. In addition to improving technology skills, this activity also encouraged creativity, collaboration and confidence in utilizing digital media for learning. Technical challenges such as limited devices and internet networks were successfully overcome through cooperation between participants. This program proves that no-code-based technology training such as Thunkable can be an effective strategy to encourage digital education transformation, especially in areas with limited access to technology. This program is recommended to be replicated in similar contexts to expand the impact and shape a more adaptive and inclusive learning ecosystem.

This community service program is designed to improve the competitiveness and marketing effectiveness of YAIKI's Shoe Business Partners, located in Karangdieng Village, Mojokerto Regency. This improvement effort is carried out through the creation of a digital product catalog integrated with QR codes as a modern promotional medium. The digital product catalog is systematically structured, interactive, and easily accessible, containing comprehensive information on the types, designs, sizes, prices, and advantages of the shoes produced. The catalog's attractive appearance is designed using design software and online platforms, thus conveying a professional impression and increasing consumer appeal. Furthermore, QR codes are created and placed on each product and promotional materials such as brochures, packaging, and posters. By scanning the QR code with a smartphone, consumers can directly connect to the digital catalog without having to manually search for information, thus making the marketing process more efficient and responsive to market needs. The program implementation method includes training in digital catalog creation using free or low-cost graphic design software and online platforms, the creation of QR codes that directly link to the catalog, and technical assistance for partners in implementing this technology into their marketing strategies. The program evaluation demonstrated increased partner understanding of digital technology, ease of product information delivery, and the potential for increased sales and broader market reach. Through this innovation, local shoe businesses in Karangdieng Village have a greater opportunity to compete in the modern market. The implementation of digital catalogs and QR codes is expected to be a practical and sustainable solution to support business growth, strengthen brand image, and encourage economic independence for the local community.

In everyday life, agreements are frequently made without written documentation, especially in informal social interactions and economic activities. This raises important legal questions regarding the validity of verbal agreements. In Indonesia, the legal status of such agreements is governed by the Civil Code (KUHPerdata), particularly Article 1320, which outlines the requirements for the validity of an agreement. This article stipulates that an agreement must fulfill four conditions: consent, the capability of the parties, a certain subject matter, and a lawful cause. Despite the absence of written documentation, verbal agreements are considered legally valid in Indonesia as long as they meet these four requirements. The primary challenge, however, lies in the difficulty of proving the existence and terms of verbal agreements, particularly in cases of dispute. Since oral contracts lack physical evidence, parties involved may face difficulties in substantiating their claims in court. This makes verbal agreements vulnerable to legal challenges, as the burden of proof falls on the party asserting the agreement. In light of these challenges, it is advisable for parties involved in significant transactions or agreements to document their commitments in writing. A written agreement provides clear evidence of the terms and conditions agreed upon by the parties and serves as a safeguard in case of legal disputes. Although verbal agreements can hold legal weight, having written records is considered a better practice for ensuring legal protection and preventing potential conflicts. This study concludes that while verbal agreements are legally valid under Indonesian civil law, their enforceability can be compromised by the lack of written documentation, making written agreements a more secure option for all parties involved.

Indonesia has two frameworks of a criminal law system that runs in parallel, namely Western criminal law which comes from the Dutch colonial heritage through the Criminal Code (KUHP) and customary criminal law that develops in society based on traditional norms. Both have important positions in the national legal system despite their different characters and sources of legitimacy. The Criminal Code is present as a general written law with a strong codification and legal certainty, while customary criminal law is more flexible, dynamic, and emphasizes the value of social justice that lives in society. In practice, the application of customary criminal law is often oriented towards restoring harmony, deliberation, and family settlement. This is different from the Criminal Code which emphasizes formal sanctions in the form of imprisonment, fines, or other punishments that are retributive. This difference in orientation is what makes customary criminal law still relevant and accepted in various regions, even though it does not always receive full recognition in Indonesia's positive legal system. Along with the times, the government has drafted a Draft Criminal Code Bill (RUU KUHP) which is expected to be a form of national criminal law unification. The Criminal Code Bill from 2005 to the latest one in 2020 tried to incorporate elements of customary criminal law into the national legal framework. This aims to accommodate the legal pluralism that exists in Indonesia, as well as answer the needs of the community for a legal system that not only provides legal certainty, but also reflects a sense of social justice. Thus, the comparison between the Criminal Code and customary criminal law shows that there is tension as well as the potential for integration.