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Diarrhea remains a significant public health problem in Indonesia. Data show a high prevalence among vulnerable groups, including adolescents who have busy daily activities, frequently consume food outside the home, and have low personal hygiene practices. This activity aimed to improve students’ knowledge of Clean and Healthy Living Behavior (PHBS) as an effective strategy for preventing diarrhea. The education was delivered through interactive lectures supported by leaflet media, and its effectiveness was measured using pre-test and post-test assessments. The health promotion titled “Clean and Healthy Living Behavior (PHBS) Among Adolescents: Simple Steps Against Diarrhea” at Subulussalam Integrated Islamic Junior High School showed an increase in participants’ knowledge from 79.6% to 88.2%.

Childhood obesity has become an increasingly significant health and education problem in various countries, including Indonesia, influenced by unhealthy eating patterns, lifestyle changes, and low nutritional literacy within families. This article aims to examine the lack of balanced nutrition in obese early childhood from the perspective of family education as part of non-formal education. The research method used is a literature review by reviewing national and international literature related to nutrition, child growth and development, and the increasing trend of obesity. The results show that obesity has physical, cognitive, psychological, and social impacts that can hinder a child's holistic development. Parents play a crucial role in establishing healthy eating habits, monitoring food consumption, and fostering an active lifestyle. Improving nutritional literacy within families, synergizing with early childhood education institutions, and supporting public health policies are considered crucial to preventing the long-term risk of obesity. Therefore, family education about balanced nutrition is a crucial strategy in supporting optimal growth and development and creating a healthy and competitive generation of early childhood children.

The use of electronic cigarettes (vapes) among adolescents continues to increase and has emerged as a significant public health concern influenced by the interaction of individual, social, and environmental factors. This study aims to comprehensively riview the factors influencing adolescent e-cigarette use from the perspective of Social Cognitive Theory. A descriptive-narrative literature review was conducted using empirical national and international studies published between 2015 and 2025 and retrieved from Google Scholar, PubMed, and ScienceDirect databases. The synthesis of the literature indicates that adolescent vaping behavior is influenced by social environmental factors, including peer influence and exposure to social media, as well as personal cognitive factors such as knowledge, risk perception, outcome expectations, and self-efficacy. These factors operate thorugh observational learning and reciprocal interactions between individuals, environment, and behavior. This review concludes that Social Cognitive Theory provides a relevant and comprehensive framework for understanding adolescent vaping behavior and offers a foundations for the development of effective health promotion interventions and preventive policies.

Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) infection leading to Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS) remains a global public health issue, with 39 million people living with HIV worldwide in 2022. Although X Hospital in Malang City provides a comprehensive care program, internal data shows a significant level of non-adherence to antiretroviral (ARV) therapy, often in the form of irregular consumption or discontinuation of medication without medical recommendation. This observational study with a cross-sectional approach aims to identify the determinants of ARV non-adherence, involving 81 non-adherent AIDS patients at Hospital X through total sampling techniques. The characteristics of the respondents were dominated by males, highly educated, and working in the non-government sector, with the majority using the ARV regimen TLD, COTRIMOXAZOLE. The results of statistical analysis indicate that all eight determining variables tested show a highly significant positive correlation (p < 0.001) with non-compliance, meaning that the more severe the problems with these factors, the lower the patient compliance. Furthermore, the top five factors showed a very strong positive correlation (r > 0.80) with non-adherence, namely motivation/depression, social support, communication with service providers, treatment costs, and age or routine. These findings underscore that these five key determinants must be a crucial focus in designing and implementing targeted intervention strategies to effectively improve patient adherence to ARV therapy.

The phenomenon of cockfighting still persists in various communities in Indonesia as a cultural practice, entertainment, and symbol of certain social identities. However, this practice raises serious issues when analyzed from the perspectives of modern bioethics, animal welfare, public health, and normative religious values, particularly maqāṣid al-sharī‘ah. This study aims to examine the ethical conflicts that arise from cockfighting by analyzing the biological and physiological impacts on animals, violations of animal welfare principles, and tensions between local cultural legitimacy and universal ethical standards. This research uses a descriptive-qualitative approach based on a review of relevant scientific literature, including national and international publications in the fields of bioethics, animal welfare, animal health, and law. The results of the study show that cockfighting systematically causes severe physical injury, extreme biological stress, behavioral disorders, and an increased risk of zoonotic disease transmission, so it can be categorized as a form of organized animal cruelty. From a bioethical and maqāṣid al-sharī‘ah perspective, this practice contradicts the principles of respect for life, non-maleficence, and protection of life and public welfare. The lack of legal protection focused on animal welfare reinforces the urgency of a transformative approach through regulatory reformulation, public education, and the development of non-violent cultural alternatives. This study is expected to serve as a scientific and ethical basis for policy formulation and contextual and sustainable animal protection efforts.  

Chronic kidney disease is an increasingly prevalent health issue that requires more precise clinical data-based early detection methods to enable timely and appropriate treatment. This study focuses on developing a predictive model for chronic kidney disease using the Light Gradient Boosting Machine (LightGBM) algorithm and enhancing its performance through hyperparameter optimization with the Grey Wolf Optimizer (GWO). The dataset used originates from public sources and undergoes several preprocessing steps, including missing value imputation, categorical feature encoding, outlier handling, initial feature selection, and stratified data splitting to maintain model quality. Three modeling approaches were evaluated: LightGBM with default parameters, LightGBM enhanced using Random Search, and LightGBM optimized with GWO. The experimental results indicate that the baseline model already performs well, Random Search improves accuracy and F1-score, and GWO achieves the highest AUC-ROC value despite requiring longer computation time. Significance testing through cross-validation shows that the performance differences among the three models are not statistically significant, suggesting that the observed improvements are not strong enough to determine a definitively superior optimization method. The feature importance analysis highlights that clinical indicators such as creatinine levels, glomerular filtration rate, blood pressure, and urine protein contribute most prominently to the prediction. Overall, the study demonstrates that LightGBM is a reliable model for early detection of chronic kidney disease, and hyperparameter optimization still offers added value that can support the development of AI-based clinical decision-support systems

Anemia in pregnancy remains a common public health problem and may lead to adverse outcomes for both the mother and the fetus, highlighting the need for effective and practical interventions. This study aimed to analyze the effect of cassava leaf (Manihot esculenta) consumption on hemoglobin levels among second-trimester pregnant women at UPT Puskesmas Rum Balibunga. A quasi-experimental study with a pretest–posttest design without a control group was conducted. The sample consisted of 30 second-trimester pregnant women with mild anemia, selected using purposive sampling. The intervention involved daily consumption of cassava leaves for 14 consecutive days. Hemoglobin levels were measured before and after the intervention using standardized examination tools. The results demonstrated a significant increase in hemoglobin levels following cassava leaf consumption, with a mean increase of 1.2 g/dL. These findings suggest that cassava leaves, which are rich in iron, vitamin C, and protein, can enhance hemoglobin synthesis and serve as a local food-based nutritional intervention. Therefore, cassava leaf consumption can be recommended as an alternative or complementary strategy for preventing and managing anemia among second-trimester pregnant women in primary healthcare settings. 

Human behavior and psychological conflict often become central elements in literary works, especially in drama, where characters are shaped through tension, pride, emotion, and social expectation. Shakespeare’s Coriolanus presents a character whose sense of pride, identity, and honor creates ongoing conflict with the society around him. This study aims to analyze the forms of narcissism expressed by Coriolanus using Otto Kernberg’s fourfold theory: healthy, grandiose, vulnerable, and malignant. A qualitative descriptive method was applied through textual analysis and library research, focusing on key scenes that reveal his psychological development. The results show that grandiose narcissism is the most dominant type (36%), as seen in scenes where Coriolanus belittles the plebeians and rejects their approval, reflecting his rigid superiority as a Roman patrician. Healthy narcissism appears least (10%), found only in early moments such as his genuine pride after the battle at Corioles before political pressure intensifies his arrogance. Meanwhile, vulnerable and malignant narcissism each appear at 27%, shown when he collapses into shame after public rejection and later seeks revenge by joining Aufidius. These findings illustrate that Coriolanus’s downfall is shaped by the progression of his narcissism from pride to contempt, fragility, and destruction.

Doctors play a crucial role in determining the quality of healthcare services and in upholding the right to health as guaranteed by the constitution and international human rights frameworks. Despite this essential role, medical practice continues to encounter significant challenges, including disparities in medical education quality, inadequate competency assessment mechanisms, and limited integration of professional ethics, discipline, and scientific standards within the health legal system. These issues create risks to patient safety and undermine public trust in medical services. This research analyzes the urgency of health law reform to ensure physician competence and proposes an integration model that unites ethics, discipline, and scientific foundations as the core pillars for equitable and welfare-oriented medical professional governance. Using a normative legal research method, this study adopts legislative, conceptual, and comparative approaches. Primary and secondary legal materials are examined qualitatively through doctrinal studies, normative analysis, and comparisons with governance practices of the medical profession in other countries. The study finds that health law reform should prioritize strengthening regulations on competency standards, transparent certification and periodic recertification systems, as well as integrated professional oversight that aligns ethics, discipline, and legal accountability. The proposed integration model serves as a framework to ensure that every physician maintains measurable competence, adheres to professional ethics, and upholds clear legal responsibilities in clinical practice. Reforming health law through such integration is a strategic step to enhance medical service quality, reinforce patient protection, and advance global justice and welfare.

Measles remains a significant public health problem, particularly among school-aged children. Outbreak Response Immunization (ORI) is a key strategy to prevent measles outbreaks; however, its effectiveness depends greatly on community participation and cross-sectoral support. Data from Tanah Garam Primary Health Center in 2025 showed that measles-rubella ORI coverage among primary school children was still low, reaching only 44.15% of the 5,060 targeted children. This community service activity aimed to support the optimization of measles ORI implementation through an educational and community-based assistance approach. The methods included health education for parents and teachers, assistance during school-based ORI implementation, and monitoring and evaluation of immunization coverage. The results indicated improved community understanding of the importance of measles immunization, increased support from schools, and strengthened coordination between the primary health center and schools. This community service activity contributes to promotive and preventive health efforts and supports the prevention of measles outbreaks in the working area of Tanah Garam Primary Health Center.

The background of this study is the practice of open defecation (OD), which is a public health problem. OD refers to the act of disposing of feces in open areas such as rice fields, fields, bushes, rivers, and beaches, which can pollute the environment, soil, air, and water. This study aims to determine the knowledge, attitudes, and practices of the community in RT 05 Haya Village, Tehoru District, Central Maluku Regency regarding stopping ODD. This study used a descriptive method, with a sample of 40 families selected through a random sampling technique. Data were collected using a questionnaire. The results showed that most people had quite good knowledge about ODD, with 50% of respondents in the quite good category. Community attitudes were also quite good, with 70% of respondents showing a positive attitude towards stopping ODD. However, community actions were still less good, with 42.5% of respondents showing less good actions regarding ODD. The conclusion of this study is that although the knowledge and attitudes of the community in Haya Village were quite good, their actions were still lacking. Therefore, cooperation is needed between the village government, Tehoru Health Center, and community leaders to regularly hold outreach regarding BABS.

Posyandu, as a form of community-based health efforts, plays a crucial role in improving maternal and child health. However, its implementation in the Mutiara Community Health Center (Puskesmas Mutiara) in Asahan Regency still faces various challenges, such as low cadre capacity, suboptimal service quality, and limited community participation. This community service activity aims to strengthen cadre capacity through Posyandu revitalization as an effort to improve the quality of basic health services. A total of 63 Posyandu cadres participated in the activities, which were implemented through counseling, education, and coaching using revised service standard guidelines. This program was implemented through four stages: preparation, implementation, analysis of results, and evaluation. Improvement in cadre knowledge was measured using pretests and posttests. The results of the activity showed a significant increase in the level of knowledge of cadres, as seen in the change in assessment categories from the majority being in the "poor" category during the pretest to "sufficient" and "good" in the posttest. This indicates that the education and coaching provided were effective in improving cadres' understanding and skills. Increasing cadre capacity is expected to improve the quality of Posyandu services, increase public trust, and support efforts to reduce morbidity and mortality in the Mutiara Community Health Center's work area. Cross-sector collaboration and ongoing mentoring are needed to maintain the sustainability of Posyandu revitalization.

The Community Service Program (Kuliah Kerja Nyata/KKN) implemented in Jorong Padang Rantang, Nagari Koto Tuo, Lima Puluh Kota Regency, represents a tangible contribution of university students in supporting the acceleration of stunting reduction at the local level. This community service activity focused on stunting prevention socialization targeting mothers of toddlers as the primary target group. An educational and participatory approach was employed to encourage active engagement of participants throughout all stages of the activity. The socialization materials covered the definition of stunting, its causes and impacts on child growth and development, the importance of adequate and balanced nutrition, appropriate parenting practices, and the strategic role of families during the First 1,000 Days of Life (1,000 HPK).The implementation of the activity involved cadres from the Amanah Bunda Integrated Health Post (Posyandu), village midwives, and KKN students from Universitas Negeri Padang as facilitators. The methods applied included interactive lectures, group discussions, and simple simulations related to nutritional practices and healthy parenting. The results indicated an increase in participants’ knowledge, awareness, and active community participation in early stunting prevention efforts. Furthermore, the activity strengthened the role of the Posyandu as a primary center for basic health services and community education. This community service initiative is expected to serve as a sustainable community-based intervention model that can be replicated in other areas facing similar challenges.

Adolescent drug abuse remains a major public health concern with adverse consequences for health, social functioning, and educational attainment. Limited knowledge and poor refusal skills in the face of environmental pressure are key risk factors. This study assessed the outcomes of a school-based Participatory Action Research (PAR) intervention aimed at improving students’ knowledge and preventive attitudes toward drug abuse. The program was implemented at Madrasah Aliyah Manaratul Islam, Jakarta (August 2025), involving 57 students. The educational intervention combined interactive counseling, small-group discussions, and role-play simulations, followed by pre–post evaluation using the same questionnaire and quantitative analysis with the Wilcoxon signed-rank test. Results demonstrated a statistically significant improvement in post-test scores compared with pre-test scores (Z = −3.506; p < 0.001; r = 0.46), with a mean paired difference (pre–post) of −0.877 indicating a positive shift after the intervention. Descriptively, the proportion of students classified with high awareness increased to 87.7% after the program, while mean knowledge scores rose from 63.2% to 85.5%. Qualitative feedback further suggested better understanding of physical and psychological harms, increased confidence to refuse illicit substances, and more active communication with peers and teachers. Overall, the PAR-based school intervention effectively strengthened students’ drug-abuse prevention literacy and readiness and may be scalable to similar school settings.

Premarital sexual behavior among adolescents remains a public health concern influenced by social change, technological development, and social environment. This study aims to analyze factors associated with adolescent premarital sexual behavior based on the Health Belief Model (HBM). A systematic literature review was conducted on eight studies published between 2019 and 2025, including journal articles, undergraduate theses, and a doctoral dissertation. The findings were analyzed by categorizing the results into six HBM components: perceived susceptibility, perceived severity, perceived benefits, perceived barriers, cues to action, and self-efficacy. The results indicate that perceived susceptibility is the most consistently associated component with adolescent premarital sexual behavior. Perceived severity, perceived barriers, cues to action, and self-efficacy also show significant associations in several studies, whereas perceived benefits demonstrate the weakest and most inconsistent relationship. Overall, adolescent premarital sexual behavior is shaped by the interaction between risk perception, environmental support, and individual confidence in behavioral control. These findings confirm that the Health Belief Model remains a relevant framework for designing adolescent health promotion and preventive interventions.

Cervical cancer remains a major public health problem and is one of the leading causes of cancer-related mortality among women in Indonesia. Early detection through Visual Inspection with Acetic Acid (VIA) is an effective and feasible screening method at the primary health care level. However, the coverage of VIA screening among women of reproductive age (WRA) remains low. Knowledge is considered an important predisposing factor that may influence women’s motivation to undergo VIA screening. This study aimed to analyze the association between cervical cancer knowledge and motivation to undergo VIA screening among women of reproductive age. This study employed a quantitative analytic design with a cross-sectional approach. A total of 105 women of reproductive age were recruited using consecutive sampling at the Payangan Community Health Center, Gianyar Regency, Indonesia. Data were collected using validated and reliable structured questionnaires measuring cervical cancer knowledge and motivation to undergo VIA screening. Univariate analysis was performed to describe respondent characteristics, while bivariate analysis using the chi-square test was applied to examine the association between knowledge and motivation at a significance level of 5%. The results showed that 61.9% of respondents had good knowledge of cervical cancer, while 52.4% demonstrated low motivation to undergo VIA screening. A statistically significant association was found between cervical cancer knowledge and motivation to undergo VIA screening (p = 0.043). Women with higher levels of knowledge tended to have greater motivation to participate in VIA screening. In conclusion, cervical cancer knowledge is significantly associated with motivation to undergo VIA screening among women of reproductive age. These findings suggest that strengthening health education interventions at primary health care facilities is essential to enhance motivation and increase participation in early cervical cancer detection programs.

The prevalence of chronic diseases in Jambi City has tended to increase in the last three years, especially hypertension and diabetes mellitus. Chronic diseases that are high risk, high volume and high cost have an impact on the household economy of sufferers who tend to incur health costs that exceed the family's financial capacity (catastrophic). The existence of the Chronic Disease Management Program (Prolanis) from BPJS Health should contribute to reducing the number of chronic diseases, reducing the burden of disease and improving the social relations of chronic disease sufferers, however the coverage of Prolanis activity is still low and several responses from community experience indicate there are problems with the acceptability of the program. This research aims to measure the level of community acceptability of health interventions and social relations in the Prolanis practice as assessed by analyzing affective attitudes, burden, ethics, intervention coherence, costs, perceived effectiveness and self-confidence of chronic disease sufferers in Jambi City in 2023. The research was conducted with Quantitative research methods use a cross-sectional design. Respondents were selected based on a purposive sampling technique totaling 180 respondents spread across five Puskesmas work areas in Jambi City. The research instrument is a questionnaire. The research results show that the indicators of burden, ethics and effectiveness are the most dominant factors in influencing the acceptability of Prolanis participants. As a recommendation, it is suggested to the government and BPJS Health to increase public understanding of the importance of using Prolanis in an effort to reduce the number of chronic diseases in Jambi City.

Handwashing with Soap (CTPS) is the activity of cleaning hands using clean, running water and soap to remove dirt, oil, and various germs such as viruses, bacteria, and parasites that may cling to the skin. As one of the most effective, simplest, and most affordable methods of preventing infectious diseases, CTPS is highly important to practice consistently, especially among students at Public Elementary School 283 located in Waitomu Hamlet, Leihitu District, Central Maluku Regency. However, observations indicate that after school activities or playtime, several students still show reluctance to wash their hands, which may be influenced by low awareness, limited understanding of hygiene, insufficient supervision, or the absence of strong daily habits related to cleanliness. This issue reflects the need for more structured hygiene education, continuous reminders, and interactive learning methods to instill good handwashing habits. In addition, improving supporting facilities—such as accessible handwashing stations, adequate soap supply, and visual posters—can motivate students to practice CTPS more regularly. Strengthening CTPS awareness and habits is expected to reduce the risk of disease transmission, foster a healthier school environment, and encourage students to adopt lifelong hygiene practices that benefit both their personal well-being and the wider community.

Smoking behavior among adolescents in Indonesia remains a serious public health challenge with increasing prevalence. Adolescence is a vulnerable period where psychological factors and the social environment significantly influence the decision to smoke. This study aims to review the factors influencing smoking behavior among adolescents based on the Health Belief Model (HBM) theoretical framework. This study is a literature review that analyzes various research findings related to the determinants of smoking behavior using HBM components. The analysis shows that all dimensions of HBM play a role in shaping smoking behavior. Self-efficacy and perceived susceptibility were found to be the strongest predictors. Although adolescents have a good perceived severity of the dangers of smoking, they are often hindered by high perceived barriers, such as peer pressure and psychological dependence. Consistent cues to action and perceived benefits are proven to encourage prevention and smoking cessation efforts. Adolescent smoking behavior is strongly influenced by individual beliefs in self-ability and health risks. Health interventions should focus on strengthening self-control and managing social influences to reduce the number of adolescent smokers.

This study examines the legal issues of single candidates in the 2024 Samarinda City Regional Elections, focusing on the reasons political parties support single candidates and their impact on the quality of democracy and public participation. The phenomenon of single candidates is viewed as a democratic anomaly because it weakens the essence of political competition. The study uses a non-doctrinal method with primary materials in the form of interviews and legislation, as well as secondary materials from articles and scientific literature. The research results indicate three main factors driving political parties' support for a sole candidate: (1) the high electability of the incumbent, which creates psychological effects and political pragmatism; (2) the nomination threshold provisions that limit the number of potential candidates; and (3) the alignment of party vision and mission with the candidate, making political coalitions easier to form. The implications of this phenomenon affect two aspects. First, the substance of democracy is reduced because the people's choices become limited. Second, public participation may decrease due to the lack of competition, which results in low voter enthusiasm. This study emphasizes the need for more inclusive regulations to ensure healthy local election competition and to support the strengthening of legal and political systems to ensure that the nomination process reflects fairness and the people's aspirations broadly.