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Yellowfin tuna (Thunnus albacares) is a type of large pelagic fish that is spread in tropical and subtropical oceans throughout the world and is a leading export commodity of Indonesia. This field work practice aims to increase insightknowledge, skills, and experience in the tuna canning process. PT. XYZ is a company engaged in the export of fishery products in the form of tuna in cans. The processing process carried out begins with receiving raw materials, washing and thawing, cutting, then cooking, showering. Furthermore, pre-cleaning and cleaning, metal detecting, filling meat, filling medium, closing cans, sterilization, incubation, labeling and packing, and the stuffing process are carried out. The quality control method used is sig sixma, where the resulting DPMO value is 6.41 and sigma 440.382. Meanwhile, the control chart calculations obtained central line (CL) results, namely points 3,4, and 5. Meanwhile, points 6, 7, and 10 were above the central line (CL) and points 1, 2, 8, and 9 were below the center line (CL). Then the Paretto diagram shows that 31%, 45% of can lid scratch damage, and 60% of can body scratch damage.

The purpose of the research was to boost tax revenues and enhance the accuracy of accounting information by implementing the SIX SIGMA technique. In order to gather primary data from the study sample, which consisted of (148) personnel in the quality and internal audit departments or the representatives of them in the Iraqi General Tax Authority, a questionnaire with (148) items was created. The study came to several conclusions, chief among them being that Six Sigma standards—which include senior leadership commitment and support, feedback and measurement, continuous improvement, processes and systems, and human resources—have a major influence on enhancing the degree of accounting information quality and collecting tax revenue (internal audit activities management, risk management evaluation, planning and carrying out the audit procedure, and sharing the findings) at a significant level (0.05). The report advised focusing on the Six Sigma idea and showcasing its potential for reducing mistakes, enhancing the caliber of accounting data, and boosting tax revenues.

Pan Brothers Tbk is one of the garment companies that adopted garment production in the form of 3D VR (Virtual Reality) as a garment prototype in Indonesia. In the process of making 3D VR products, many defective products must be revised. The study aims to implement the Six Sigma method and suggest improvements to reduce defects in 3D VR garment products using the Six Sigma method with the stages of defining, measuring, analyzing, improving, and controlling. In the define stage, the identification of the production process using the SIPOC diagram and identifying the type of defect. In the measure stage, the DPMO and sigma value calculations are carried out. The most defects are fitting not balanced and properly with a DPMO value of 269619.2 and a sigma value of 2.11. In the analysis stage with a fishbone diagram shows the factors that cause defects, namely man, machine, material, method, and environment. In the improvement stage, suggestions for improvements are given to reduce defects in 3D VR garment products. In the control stage, quality control is carried out by conducting internal training, upskilling, creating inspection report forms, adding teams to the QC division, and adding SOPs for the 3D VR producing process.

Quality Management has been known since four thousand years ago, when the ancient Egyptians measured the dimensions of the stones used to build the pyramids. In modern times, quality management activities have developed through several activities, namely inspection, quality control, quality assurance, quality management and integrated quality management. The problem currently occurring at Bir Pletok Bang Udin UMKM in quality management is that they do not know the right composition to increase quality and do not know the standard level of factors used, so the author has carried out quality improvements in product manufacture. This research uses the DMAIC cycle (Define, Measure, Analyze, Improve and Control) with the Taguchi method for quality improvement. The aim of this research is to combine the DMAIC cycle with the Taguchi method to improve the taste quality of beer pletok drinks. The results of this research are that there is a significant change in the DPMO value and sigma value, before the DPMO improvement was 614.092 and the sigma value was 1.21, this value was relatively low, after the improvement the DPMO value became 32, this proves that the number of defects has decreased and the sigma value has increased to 5.50 This proves that there has been a large increase in process capability, so that the improve phase has proven to be very effective in improving quality and process capability.

Azhari Bakar Bread Factory is an MSME domiciled in Rejowinangun, Kotagede, Yogyakarta. In the production process, this factory can produce 7807 pieces of bread in a month, of the total production that month 57 pieces of bread are defective. To reduce defects, quality control is needed. Quality control aims to produce products in the form of goods or services that comply with the desired and planned standards, as well as improve the quality of products that do not comply with predetermined standards and possibly maintain appropriate quality. This research uses the Six Sigma and Kaizen methods by showing factual data and comparing it with existing theories to find things that need to be added, improved, or maintained. This research found that the sigma process capability calculated for 1 month was 2.97 with a possible damage of 3661.21 for one million production. From these results, it can be said that the company has not implemented quality control completely properly and correctly because it is still far from the target level of 6 sigma, therefore the company needs to carry out quality control on defective products. The factor that causes production defects is the human factor. machines, methods, materials, and environment.

Azhari Bakar Bread Factory is an MSME domiciled in Rejowinangun, Kotagede, Yogyakarta. In the production process, this factory can produce 7807 pieces of bread in a month, of the total production that month 57 pieces of bread are defective. To reduce defects, quality control is needed. Quality control aims to produce products in the form of goods or services that comply with the desired and planned standards, as well as improve the quality of products that do not comply with predetermined standards and possibly maintain appropriate quality. This research uses the Six Sigma and Kaizen methods by showing factual data and comparing it with existing theories to find things that need to be added, improved, or maintained. This research found that the sigma process capability calculated for 1 month was 2.97 with a possible damage of 3661.21 for one million production. From these results, it can be said that the company has not implemented quality control completely properly and correctly because it is still far from the target level of 6 sigma, therefore the company needs to carry out quality control on defective products. The factor that causes production defects is the human factor. machines, methods, materials, and environment.

XYZ is a company operating in the textile industry and producing rayon fabric. In the production process, defects were still found in the period October 2023 – March 2024. Rayon fabric production was 286973m, consisting of defects in final weft 11643m, wavy 8391m, unwoven 7569m, double weft 6173m, stretch weft 8126m. Based on the problem, it can be solved using the six sigma method and FMEA with the DMAIC stage used to control quality from the initial process until a proposal for improvement is found. Obtained from the calculation results, the average sigma is 3.39 with an average DPMO of 29046.87 in production approval. The Pareto diagram of the most dominant defect percentages is final weft defects 27.8%, wavy 20.0%, loose weft 19.4%, non-woven 18.1%, double weft 14.7%. The highest RPN value was 280 for final feed defects and waves caused by workers' lack of accuracy regarding machine settings. Intensive training, process standardization, performance monitoring, use of checklists, increased communication, routine maintenance, use of technology..

XYZ is a company operating in the textile industry and producing rayon fabric. In the production process, defects were still found in the period October 2023 – March 2024. Rayon fabric production was 286973m, consisting of defects in final weft 11643m, wavy 8391m, unwoven 7569m, double weft 6173m, stretch weft 8126m. Based on the problem, it can be solved using the six sigma method and FMEA with the DMAIC stage used to control quality from the initial process until a proposal for improvement is found. Obtained from the calculation results, the average sigma is 3.39 with an average DPMO of 29046.87 in production approval. The Pareto diagram of the most dominant defect percentages is final weft defects 27.8%, wavy 20.0%, loose weft 19.4%, non-woven 18.1%, double weft 14.7%. The highest RPN value was 280 for final feed defects and waves caused by workers' lack of accuracy regarding machine settings. Intensive training, process standardization, performance monitoring, use of checklists, increased communication, routine maintenance, use of technology..

This systematic literature review examines the evolving role of Quality Engineering (QE) in optimizing production processes within Industry 4.0 contexts. By analyzing 78 peer-reviewed studies (2010–2025), the research identifies critical shifts in QE methodologies, emphasizing integration with artificial intelligence (AI), machine learning (ML), and real-time digital twin technologies. Key findings reveal enhanced robustness through adaptive optimization algorithms (e.g., Bayesian optimization, NSGA-II), improved defect prediction via AI-driven quality control systems, and streamlined process interoperability through Manufacturing Execution Systems (MES) and Quality 4.0 frameworks. The study underscores digital integration as a catalyst for reducing variability, accelerating decision-making, and aligning quality management with Industry 4.0’s demands for agility and interconnected systems. Recommendations include adopting hybrid methodologies combining classical Six Sigma with ML-driven analytics and investing in workforce training for digital QMS adoption.

This study analyzes and optimizes production systems in the Industry 4.0 context, examining the fundamental shift from centralized, push-based production models to decentralized, adaptive, pull-based approaches. The research employs a mixed-method approach combining comprehensive literature review and multiple case studies across manufacturing sectors. Findings reveal that integration of Internet of Things (IoT), cyber-physical systems, artificial intelligence, and big data analytics enables real-time communication between production components, product personalization, and faster decision-making. Despite significant benefits in efficiency, flexibility, and competitiveness, implementation challenges persist, including high initial investment, employee resistance, technical expertise limitations, and integration complexity. Optimization approaches such as mixed-integer linear programming, digitally-integrated Lean Six Sigma, and digital twin simulations effectively enhance performance indicators including flexibility, reliability, and energy efficiency. The study concludes that successful production system transformation requires an integrated strategy encompassing process engineering, digital competency development, change management, and continuous evaluation to ensure sustainable optimization in the digital era

Tofu Prapto MSMEs are tofu producers who often experience quality problems in the tofu they produce. Based on the data obtained, it shows that the amount of tofu production is 8,400 pcs (100%) and product defects of 1,009 pcs (12%) that occur in Tofu Prapto MSMEs during September 2023.This research will be carried out an analysis of quality control of Tofu defective products in Tofu Prapto MSMEs using the Six Sigma method and Re-Layout Design. By implementing the six sigma method and Re-Layout Design, it is expected to identify defects and provide recommendations for improvement to MSMEs Tahu Prapto.The factor causing the highest defect in the type of dirty tofu defect is caused by there are stations that are too close together such as boiling stations too close to the filtering and printing station in the production process so that dust and dirt from burning wood fuel when The boiling process can stick to the filtering and printing process so that there needs to be a distance between work stations from each other. From the sigma calculation, the average DPMO value is 120119,048 with a sigma value of 2.68 from the sigma calculation results, it can be said that the sigma value is still far from the desired sigma value, which is 6.

CV Harico is a manufacturing company that produces briquetted charcoal final products. In this research, the company had problems with the quality of charcoal briquettes which did not meet standards, amounting to 12% of the production process, including slanted shapes, holes and cracks. In this research, problem solving is done by combining the Six Sigma and TRIZ methods to get suggestions for improvement. The Six Sigma method is an organized and systematic method, Six Sgma has 5 stages, which can be known as the DMAIC phase. Based on the calculation of the DPMO value and the calculation of the sigma value at the measurement stage, the average DPMO value for October 2023-November 2023 was 27219 with a sigma value of 3.43. Based on the identification results using the Fishbone Diagram method and the FMEA method, the largest defects were found in the slanted shape of the charcoal briquettes, these results were obtained from the factor with the highest RPN value that caused defects. Proposed improvements based on the TRIZ method analysis include providing training, carrying out periodic actions, making maintenance schedules, evaluating work processes, changing tools to reduce the occurrence of defects. The aim of this research is to analyze the problems that occur as well as efforts to control quality and reduce product defects in briquetted charcoal products.

PT. Diamondfit Garment Indonesia is a company operating in the apparel industry, especially intimates and swimware. One of the products is the Intimates fused bra. In the production process, many defects are still found. This research aims to propose quality improvements using the six sigma method starting from the define, measure, analyze, improve and control stages. At the define stage, the production process is identified using the SIPOC diagram and identification of the type of defect. At the Measure stage, the calculation stage is carried out: fusing delamination DPMO value 366405.6 with a sigma value 1.84, Wavy At Neckline & Armhole DPMO value 65274.15 with a sigma value 3.01, Molding Yellowish DPMO value 350739.8 with a sigma value 1, 88, Dirty Glue has a DPMO value of 26109.66 with a sigma value of 3.44, and Heat Seal Not Sticking has a DPMO value of 191470.8 with a sigma value of 2.37. As a result of the analysis, it was found that factors causing defects occurred using FMEA tools and fishbone diagrams, namely machine, manpower, material and method factors. In the improvement stage, improvements are made to the factors causing defects and in the control stage, supervision is carried out over the proposed improvements that have been made by creating SOPs.

Quality and Quality in the manufacturing industry in addition to emphasizing the products produced, it is also necessary to pay attention to the quality and quality of the production process. Thus, the final product produced is a product that is free from defects and there is no more waste that must be paid dearly because the product must be discarded or reworked. To maintain and improve the quality of the products produced, it is necessary to have quality control for the company. With quality control, it is expected that the products produced are in accordance with the standards set and deviations that occur can be immediately overcome. The Six Sigma method is a statistical concept that measures a process related to defects or defects. This method is considered as a method that is able to take a comprehensive approach, which will dramatically improve the quality of the resulting product. With the implementation of the Six Sigma method, CV. Bintang Terang Medan is expected to minimize the number of defective products to zero defects.

This study aims to determine the number of rejected products (products that do not meet consumer and company standards) for 220 mL cup products using the six sigma method with 5 stages (define, measure, analyze, improve, and control) which will then be given improvement recommendations using failure mode effect analyze (FMEA). After going through the calculation process, it is known that the company's Deffect Per Million Opportunity (DPMO) value is 3.67 which indicates that the percentage of production without deffects is 96.32%. There are four critical to process (CTQ) in the 220 mL cup defect and the largest is the skewed seal with a percentage of 70%. The results of calculations using risk priority number (RPN) found recommendations in the form of corrective actions in 80% of the group of causes of oblique seal deffects so that it is hoped that the company will review and make improvements to the proposal so as to reduce deffects per million opportunity (DPMO) in the 220 mL cup production unit.                                                                                                      

PT. PG X is part of ID FOOD which focuses on the sugar cane agro-industry sector. SHS sugar is the main product. To ensure production meets consumer standards and expectations, it is necessary to implement quality control during the production process. This involves quality control, improvement and improvement of systems so that the products produced are superior and competitive. In writing this article, the author is interested in exploring the problem of product defects and deviations in the production process, including defective products, as well as efforts to improve and improve product quality. The problem solving method used is the six sigma method. From the research results, it was found that the total production produced during October was 48,611 and 3,283 defective products were found. In the sugar production section, PT X Sugar Factory has a sigma level of 3.7 with a possible damage of 24,635 for one million production (DPMO).

Abstract. UD Cantenan is an industrial company engaged in metal casting, especially made from Aluminum. This company is known to have quality control problems in the manufacture of lip handle products and canal parts. The result of this problem is defective products in the lip handle and canal parts. In this case, of course, the company will spend more to repair the product so that the company experiences losses. Companies need to find ways to reduce the number of defective products. In this study, the Six Sigma method was used with DMAIC (Define, Measure, Analyze, Improve Control) and TRIZ stages to analyze and provide solutions to improve problems that occurred in the company. Based on the research conducted, at the define stage there are 3 types of defects in the lip handle product and canal parts, namely small scratches, small pinholes, and asymmetrical patterns. Then the measure stage obtained the percentage of small scratch defects of 54.47%, small pinholes of 17.3% and asymmetrical patterns of 28.2%. The average DPMO score obtained is 25,720 with a sigma level of 3.45 which shows that UD Cantenan can be categorized as good for industry in Indonesia. Furthermore, at the analysis stage Based on the identification of causal factors using FMEA analysis, it is known that the biggest contributing factor to failure is operator error in the operation of the milling machine. Then at the improve stage, make improvement proposals based on obtaining the highest RPN value from the factors causing disability using the TRIZ method. And the last stage, namely control, is the result of proposed improvements that can be made by the company to solve problems to reduce the number of product defects that occur during the production process.

Quality control is crucial for the company to minimize the existence of defective products. The research focuses on the quality control section. The purpose of this study is to find out how the implementation of quality control occurs at PT Andalan Mandiri Busana, identify the factors that cause defects in garment products, and determine proposed improvements as an effort to suppress defective products. The results showed that there were factors that caused production defects and the biggest cause was broken stitches, and the sigma value obtained was 4.15, which means that the company has carried out pretty good quality control. Based on this research, the recommendations that can be given are in the improve stage, in the form of a table of proposed improvements using the Five M-checklist approach and Kaizen based on fishbone diagrams. The results of this study are expected to be one of the inputs for companies in implementing quality control and can increase the company's sigma level.

Nowadays, in health care facilities, whether in hospitals, health centres, or clinics, there is often a large number of patient visits that can cause delays in operational activities. Delays are caused by a lot of waste in patient flow activities in health facilities. Therefore, the application of Lean six sigma in improving patient flow is needed to overcome this. This research uses the Literature Review method where data collection and processing by referring to previously existing research in the last 5 years, namely 2019-2023. The literature was obtained through Google Scholar and journal databases using the keywords Lean Six Sigma, patient flow, and health service facilities. The number of journals used as a reference for previous related research in compiling this research is 6 journals. The results obtained from the six articles state that the application of lean six sigma in healthcare facilities has proven effective in improving patient flow. And this way is very effective of course to do.

Lean is a concept and technique for systems that optimizes patient benefit by decreasing waste and waiting time. The literature review approach is used in this study to acquire research data, with internet searches serving as a supplementary tool while looking for relevant papers. According to the study findings, mean hospital length of stay (LOS) fell by 24% throughout the intervention period in 259 patients with PMV (131 pre-intervention; 128 post-intervention) (29 vs. 22 days, p 0.001). This demonstrates that clinical redesign based on Lean Six Sigma decreases LOS in intensive care units. Other studies show that utilizing Lean Six Sigma has resulted in a 57% reduction in length of stay and an 88% reduction in the identification of non-value added tasks. Lean management in hospitals is a step toward greater service efficiency that has been shown to outperform Total Quality Management (TQM) and Plan, Do, Check, Action (PDCA) improvements. Customers and their families gain from shorter wait times, as do healthcare employees (medical, emergency, and non-medical) and hospital administration. The use of the lean six sigma approach in conjunction with the DMAIC cycle effects LOS reduction, indicating that lean six sigma can reduce LOS in hospitals.