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Childbirth is a natural physiological process, but it is often accompanied by intense pain, especially during the first stage, the cervical dilation phase. This pain arises from uterine contractions, cervical dilation, and fetal pressure on the pelvic structures. For primiparous mothers, this experience of childbirth is a first-time experience that can cause anxiety, tension, and even trauma if not managed properly. The research design used in this study was a quasi-experimental study with a two-group pretest-posttest. The sample size in this study was 38 participants: 19 in the intervention group and 19 in the control group, using a simple random sampling technique. The data analysis used was the t-dependent and t-independent tests. The results of the study obtained the characteristics of the intervention group respondents, most of the respondents were aged 30-35 years as many as 8 people (40.1%), parity of 2 children as many as 8 people (38.5%), and education level was high school as many as 14 people (73.7%). While in the control group most of the respondents were aged 30-35 years as many as 7 people (32.8%), parity of 2 children) as many as 9 people (40.5%), and education level was high school as many as 18 people (94.7%). The intensity of pain in the intervention group before effleurage massage was an average of 6.26 and after an average of 5.74 while in the control group before massage was an average of 6.97 and after an average of 5.83. The results of the dependent t-test of pain intensity before and after effleurage massage in the intervention group obtained a P value of 0.000 and in the control group before and after massage obtained a P value of 0.006. The results of the independent t-test can be concluded that there is a significant difference after the effleurage massage method was carried out in the intervention group, namely a P value of 0.001. From the results of this study, it is known that there is an effect of the effleurage massage method on reducing the intensity of labor pain in the active phase of the first stage of labor in mothers inpartu. Therefore, it is recommended that midwives apply the effleurage massage method as an intervention to reduce pain in the care of mothers in normal labor.   Keywords: ,   

Preeclampsia is a complex illness that can cause health issues and even death for both the mother and the fetus. The three signs of preeclampsia include elevated blood pressure (up to 140/90 mmHg), proteinuria (high protein in the urine), and edema. Preeclampsia is linked to a number of characteristics, including as parity, age, education, occupation, history of hypertension, multiple pregnancies, history of diabetes mellitus, and kidney disease. The purpose of this study is to identify the variables linked to the prevalence of preeclampsia in Tidore Regional Hospital patients who are pregnant or giving birth. This study employs a case control methodology and a descriptive analytical approach. Up to 132 respondents, comprising 66 case groups and 66 control groups, were sampled by accidental sampling. Medical records of moms who had preeclampsia were used as secondary data. A p-value of 0.001 (Sig. <0.05) indicated a relationship between parity and the incidence of preeclampsia; a p-value of 0.001 (Sig. <0.05) indicated a relationship between employment and the incidence of preeclampsia; a p-value of 0.000 (Sig. <0.05) indicated a relationship between the incidence of preeclampsia and a history of diabetes mellitus and kidney disease. preeclampsia at Tidore Regional Hospital with a p-value of 0.042 (Sig. <0.05).

The 2023 Indonesian Health Survey stated that the proportion of exclusive breastfeeding in Sumatera Utara Province was quite low, namely 43.9%. The low coverage of exclusive breastfeeding is closely related to the lack of knowledge of postpartum mothers, which is a predisposing factor that encourages mothers to only give breast milk for 6 months to their babies. The purpose of this study was to determine the factors related to postpartum mothers' knowledge of exclusive breastfeeding in the Tuntungan Health Center work area, Pancur Batu Subdistrict. This study was an observational analytic study with a cross-sectional design. The sample in the study were postpartum mothers in the Tuntungan Health Center work area who met the inclusion and exclusion criteria, namely 50 people. The data collected were primary data obtained through questionnaires distributed to postpartum mothers. Bivariate analysis was carried out using the chi-square test to determine the relationship between the independent and dependent variables. Based on the study conducted, it is known that there is a relationship between age (p-value = 0.015), education (p-value = 0.026), and parity (p-value = 0.008) with postpartum mothers' knowledge of exclusive breastfeeding. There is no relationship between occupation (p-value = 0.224) and postpartum mothers' knowledge of exclusive breastfeeding. It is recommended that health workers in the Tuntungan Health Center work area, Pancur Batu Subdistrict, to improve the knowledge of postpartum mothers, especially for young mothers (<20 years) and primigravida mothers. It is also recommended that postpartum mothers improve their knowledge through various media, especially social media.

Working mothers who have babies experience obstacles in breastfeeding due to low knowledge of ASI and how to store it properly. This study aimed to determine the effect of ASI health education on ASI knowledge of working mothers. The research used a quantitative experimental approach with a one-group pretest-posttest design. The population was working mothers who breastfed babies aged 0-6 months in the Kagok Semarang health centre work area. The number of samples was 30 people. The side technique used quota sampling. Data were obtained using a questionnaire and then analyzed using descriptive statistics and the Wilcoxon Test. The majority of the characteristics of working mothers in this study were aged 26- 30 years (53.6%), parity <3 Births (73.2%), high school education (35.7%), working outside the home (64.3%) and income > UMR (67.9%). Before health education, the knowledge of ASI in working mothers was quite good (16 people or 53.3%). The knowledge of ASI in working mothers after health education was good (20 people or 66.7%). There is an influence of ASI health education on the knowledge of ASI of working mothers (Z = -3.557 and p <0.05). The conclusion is that ASI health education can increase the knowledge of breastfeeding of a working mother.

Overview: Low Birth Weight (LBW) is a significant health problem in Indonesia because it is at risk of increasing neonatal mortality and morbidity. Objective: This study aims to analyze the risk factors associated with the incidence of LBW in newborns at Prof. Dr. Margono Soekarjo Purwokerto Hospital. Research Method: The method used is an analytical observational study with a cross-sectional design. A sample of 200 mothers and babies was obtained through purposive sampling techniques. Data were collected from medical records and analyzed using the chi-square test and logistic regression. Research Results: showed that prematurity had a partial effect on LBW with a sig value of 0.000 <0.05, and showed that if the incidence of prematurity increased by one percent, assuming the value of other variables remained constant, it would increase the incidence of LBW by 2.769 percent. Variables parity, maternal age, anemia, twin pregnancy, hydramnios, PEB, Placenta Previa, KPD, prematurity, fetal pregnancy simultaneously affected LBW. Conclusion: parity, maternal age, anemia, twin pregnancy, hydramnios, PEB, Placenta Previa, KPD, prematurity, fetal pregnancy simultaneously affect LBW.

The cases of maternal mortality Bogor city in 2022 caused anemia were found to be 30.77%. The purpose the study to determine the relationship between Knowledge, Age, Parity, and History Fe tablet consumption with the incidence of anemia in pregnant women PMB Muthia, Amd.keb Cilendek Barat Bogor Barat, Bogor City in 2024. Research with quantitative approach, cross-sectional design. The sample selected using  total sampling technique. Data collected through questionnaires and medical records consisting 42 respondents. variables of knowledge, parity, age, history Fe tablet consumption, and anemia. The research data were interpreted using Chi Square. Based on the calculation results, was found that among 42 respondents, those with poor knowledge more prevalent the non-anemic group, with 8 people (100.0%), compared anemic group, with 24 people (70.6%). Based on calculation results obtained from 42 respondents, those with age and parity were at greater risk anemia group with 12 people (35.3%) compared to the non-anemia group with 0 people (0.0%). Based calculation results obtained from 42 respondents, those with a history of Fe tablet consumption had higher risk in the anemia group, with 19 people (55.9%) compared non-anemia group, with 3 people (37.5%). There relationship between parity, maternal age, and incidence anemia.

The duration of the second stage of labor is a significant factor influencing maternal and neonatal outcomes. Maternal and neonatal mortality rates remain a major global health challenge, and various risk factors, including prolonged second stage of labor, contribute to this issue. Successful childbirth is influenced by risk factors such as maternal age, parity, and body mass index (BMI). This cross-sectional study aimed to analyze the relationship between maternal age, parity, and BMI on the duration of the second stage of labor among 224 postpartum women at TPMB M in 2023. The results showed that women with advanced maternal age (<20 years or >35 years), nulliparity or grand multiparity, and underweight or obese BMI were at significantly higher risk of prolonged second stage of labor. These findings highlight the need for special attention to pregnant women with these risk factors to prevent obstetric complications. Healthcare providers are encouraged to enhance risk factor monitoring through education, screening, and comprehensive management during pregnancy.

A Caesarean section, or C-section, is a surgical procedure where a baby is delivered through an incision made in the mother’s abdomen and uterus. To aid the healing of post-Caesarean wounds, mothers need not only antibiotics but also a diet that provides high-quality nutrition and adequate calories. The research question being investigated is: "Do Age, Parity, Education, and Occupation Affect the Healing Process of Post-Caesarean Wound Stitches?" This study uses a quasi-experimental design with a Post-test Only Control Group Design. The study population includes mothers who had a C-section at Pemalang Hospital. Participants were divided into two groups: 49 received catfish extract tablets (the experimental group), and 49 received standard wound care (the control group). Sampling was conducted using purposive sampling techniques. Data were analyzed through both univariate and bivariate methods. The results showed a p value of 0.000 for the experimental group and 0.046 for the control group (both p values < 0.05), indicating that catfish extract tablets significantly influence the healing process of post-Caesarean wound stitches..

Cervical cancer remains one of the leading causes of mortality among women, particularly in developing countries such as Indonesia, where prevalence is high and early detection is often delayed. This study aims to identify and synthesize the major risk factors for cervical cancer through a systematic review of both national and international literature. The core problem addressed is the lack of a comprehensive and context-relevant risk framework for Indonesian women, resulting in suboptimal preventive interventions. The proposed method is a qualitative descriptive literature review, analyzing 15 selected scientific articles based on defined inclusion criteria. Key findings indicate that age ≥35 years, high parity, early sexual activity, smoking habits, prolonged use of hormonal contraceptives, low educational attainment, and physically demanding occupations are significant determinants of increased cervical cancer risk. The synthesis of ideas shows that biological, behavioral, social, and environmental factors interact in complex ways to influence vulnerability to cervical cancer. This study concludes that cervical cancer prevention requires a multidimensional approach that integrates education, routine screening, and increased public awareness of modifiable risk factors. The findings are expected to inform more effective and context-sensitive health policy development in Indonesia.

Baby blues syndrome is a common condition experienced by mothers after childbirth and can negatively impact both the mother and her baby. Several contributing factors include lack of mental preparedness due to young maternal age and limited parenting experience, as well as the number of children a mother has. This study aimed to identify the factors associated with the occurrence of baby blues syndrome at the Teling Community Health Center in Manado. This was an observational analytic study using a cross-sectional design. The sampling technique applied was simple random sampling with a total of 59 respondents. Data collection was conducted using the Edinburgh Postpartum Depression Scale (EPDS) questionnaire. Data were analyzed using the SPSS program and the Chi-Square test at a significance level of α = 0.05. The results revealed a significant relationship between maternal age and the occurrence of baby blues syndrome (P-value = 0.000 < α 0.05), as well as between parity and baby blues syndrome (P-value = 0.008 < α 0.05). In conclusion, maternal age and parity are significantly correlated with the occurrence of baby blues syndrome at the Teling Health Center. It is recommended that nurses, as healthcare providers, address not only the physical needs of postpartum mothers but also their psychological well-being. Early identification of emotional disturbances and collaboration with other healthcare professionals in providing counseling and promoting bonding between mother and baby during the postpartum period are essential to ensure optimal maternal mental health and healthy infant development

Anemia in pregnant women is a public health problem that remains high in Indonesia and impacts maternal health and fetal development. This study aims to determine the prevalence of anemia and risk factors in pregnant women at the Saritani Community Health Center, Boalemo. The study used a cross-sectional design on 28 pregnant women selected by purposive sampling. Data were collected through interviews using a structured questionnaire and hemoglobin level examination (HemoCue). Descriptive and bivariate analyses using the Chi-Square test were performed, with p < 0.05 as the significance limit. The results showed a prevalence of anemia of 42.9 % . Factors significantly associated with anemia included education level (p = 0.041), adherence to Fe tablet consumption (p = 0.022), parity (p = 0.037), and pregnancy spacing (p = 0.049). Mothers with low education, non-adherence to Fe tablet consumption, high parity, or pregnancy spacing <2 years had a higher risk of developing anemia. Age and diet did not show a significant association.

Background: Tembuku Village has been recorded as having the highest number of non-contraceptive users in Bangli Regency, with a total of 815 individuals. Among them, 174 women (21.3%) are women of reproductive age (WRA) over 35 years old who do not use contraception. This age group falls under the “Four Too” category, which poses a high risk for maternal and infant mortality. Purpose: This study aims to describe the factors influencing the decision of WRA over 35 years old not to use contraception in the working area of Puskesmas Tembuku II. Method: A descriptive method was employed, with a population of 174 women. A total of 119 respondents were selected using stratified sampling. Data were collected through questionnaires and analyzed using univariate analysis. Result: The results showed that most respondents had a basic level of education, were multigravida, had household incomes below the regional minimum wage, and possessed moderate knowledge about family planning. However, more than half held unfavorable attitudes toward contraceptive use. The main factors influencing the decision not to use contraception were education level, parity, household income, and attitude. Conclusion: Unfavorable (negative) attitudes towards contraception are the main factor inhibiting the use of family planning,Therefore, health workers are expected to provide more communicative and easily understood education to increase awareness and participation in contraception use among women over 35 years old

Chronic Energy Deficiency (CED) is a manifestation of malnutrition characterized by an inadequate energy intake over a prolonged period in pregnant women, resulting in adverse health outcomes due to a relative or absolute deficiency of one or more essential nutrients. The 2023 SKI results indicate that malnutrition among pregnant women remains a problem, with nearly 3 out of 10 pregnant women experiencing anemia and 17% at risk of CED. According to data from the Jambi City Health Office, Putri Ayu Public Health Center (Puskesmas Putri Ayu) has the highest number of CED cases, with 67 affected pregnant women. The main objective of this study is to explain the underlying factors contributing to the high prevalence of Chronic Energy Deficiency (CED) and to inform the development of evidence-based health interventions aimed at reducing this condition. This study employed a quantitative research method with a case-control design. The sampling technique used was purposive total sampling, involving 78 pregnant women in the Putri Ayu Public Health Center area, Jambi City. Data collection was conducted in October 2024, using a questionnaire as the research instrument. Data were analyzed using the chi-square test. The results showed a significant relationship between CED and parity (p=0.034), anemia (p=0.013), attitude (p=0.000), and the role of health workers (p=0.000). No significant relationship was found between CED and age (p=1.000), pregnancy spacing (p=0.615), and knowledge (p=0.359) in pregnant women. The findings indicate that parity, anemia, attitude, and the role of health workers are significantly associated with the occurrence of CED in pregnant women, while age, pregnancy spacing, and knowledge are not significantly associated.

Background: According to data from the World Health Organization (WHO, 2023), antepartum hemorrhage, especially placenta previa, accounts for 15% to 20% of maternal deaths. Placenta In addition, previa accounts for 3% of all maternal deaths in Indonesia due to bleeding. Abnormal implantation of placental tissue above the endocervical os is a characteristic of placenta previa. Parity, age, endometrial hypoplasia, tumors, slow luteal response, endometrial abnormalities, history of cesarean section, curettage, multiple pregnancies, and history of placenta previa in previous pregnancies are some of the factors that can increase the risk of placenta previa. Research Objective: This is to determine the characteristics of pregnant women with the incidence of placenta previa in pregnant women at the HKBP Balige Hospital in 2024. Research Method: This is analytical with a cross-sectional design. The sampling technique uses total sampling with a sample size of 45 people. The entire data processing and analysis process uses the SPSS application. Research Results: The characteristics of pregnant women were obtained as follows: the majority of the age at risk (<20 and >35 years) as much as 55.6%; the majority of parity >3 as much as 53.3%, the majority of Ever CS as much as 60%. Results: statistical tests showed a significant correlation with the characteristics of pregnant women with age (p = 0.007), parity (p = 0.031) and history of CS (p = 0.001). Suggestion: It is expected to facilitate health workers in increasing knowledge and skills through training in maternal and neonatal emergency services as an effort to prevent complications in the mother and fetus.

Emesis gravidarum is a condition that is commonly experienced by pregnant women in the first trimester. This condition is characterized by complaints of nausea and vomiting which can cause discomfort, and even have the potential to cause serious complications if not handled properly. Based on data from the Sabatai Baru Health Center, Morotai Island, there were 5 cases of emesis gravidarum out of a total of 49 registered first-trimester pregnant women. Various factors, such as maternal age, parity, employment status, level of knowledge, family support, and environmental conditions, are known to play a role in the occurrence of emesis gravidarum. This study aims to examine the relationship between these factors and the incidence of emesis gravidarum in pregnant women in the first trimester at Harapan Bunda Hospital, Central Lampung. This study uses a quantitative approach with a cross-sectional design, involving 40 respondents who were selected using the total sampling technique. Data collection was carried out through questionnaires of respondent characteristics and PUQE-24 instruments, then analyzed using Chi-Square test and multivariate logistic regression. The results showed that as many as 23 respondents (57.5%) experienced mild to moderate emesis gravidarum, 17 respondents (42.5%) were in the high-risk age group, 22 respondents (55%) were primigravida, and 18 respondents (45%) had low levels of family support. Bivariate analysis showed a significant relationship between maternal age (p = 0.035), parity (p = 0.042), and family support (p = 0.001) and the incidence of emesis gravidarum. Furthermore, the results of the multivariate analysis revealed that family support was the most dominant factor influencing the occurrence of emesis gravidarum (p = 0.001; OR = 3.5). It is hoped that pregnant women will receive adequate education regarding the prevention and handling of emesis gravidarum.

The 2030 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) to end preventable newborn and under-five deaths with all countries striving to reduce the Neonatal Mortality Rate (NMR) to 12 per 1000 live births and reduce the Toddler Mortality Rate (IMR) to 25 per 1000 live births by 2030 (UNICEF, 2020). Based on the North Sumatra Central Bureau of Statistics, pregnant women who experienced SEZ in 2021 were 2,296 pregnant women, and in 2022 there was a decrease in the incidence of SEZ of 1,383 pregnant women, and in 2023 there was another increase of 1,765 pregnant women (BPS SUMUT, 2023). The type and design of quantitative analytical research through observational with case control study design is a study used to determine risk factors or health problems that are thought to have a close relationship with diseases that occur in the community. Age affects the occurrence of complications in third trimester pregnancy at Sungai Raya Health Center, East Aceh in 2024, where the results of the chi-square statistical test on maternal age are ρ = 0.006 <0.05. Parity affects the occurrence of complications in third trimester pregnancy at the Sungai Raya Health Center of East Aceh in 2024 where the results of the chi-square statistical test on parity are ρ = 0.020 <0.05. Gestational distance affects the occurrence of complications in third trimester pregnancy at the Sungai Raya East Aceh Health Center in 2024, where the results of data analysis using the chi-square test are ρ = 0.018 <0.05.    

Attachment is a form of mutually beneficial emotional relationship between mother and baby. There is poor attachment caused by inappropriate parenting patterns from parents. Good parenting patterns can stimulate spiritual, intellectual, emotional, moral, and social development, so that infant growth can run optimally. The purpose of this study was to determine the relationship between maternal attachment and infant growth and development in the work area of the Cabean Village Health Center. This study is quantitative, with a descriptive analysis approach and using a cross-sectional method. Data collection was carried out through questionnaires. There were 139 respondents taken using the total sampling method. The analysis used was the Gamma test. From the analysis of respondent data, it was found that there were an average of 85 male babies. The majority of mothers' ages were in the range of 26-35 years with a percentage of 56.8%, and multiparity parity reached 61.9%. Most of them had education up to junior high school level as much as 42.4%, and most worked as housewives with a percentage of 66.2%. The results of the gamma test showed that there was a relationship between maternal attachment and infant growth and development, where maternal attachment to infant growth had a p-value (BB = 0.000, PB = 0.001), while attachment to infant development showed a p-value (0.000) with (OR = 0.555 and 0.613 CI = 0.726). This means that there is a significant relationship between maternal attachment and infant growth and development in the work area of the Cabean Village Health Center (p-value <0.05).

Ovarian cysts are a type of reproductive disease that often attacks women. Ovarian cysts are collections of fluid in the ovaries or fallopian tubes that accumulate and are surrounded by a membrane formed from the outer layer of the ovaries. Many people, especially women of childbearing age, do not know the factors that cause ovarian cysts themselves. Cyst Factor Analysis aims to increase public knowledge for early prevention. This research is a type of quantitative research using a cross sectional approach. The sample used was 109 respondents and anticipated drop out was 121 respondents in the work area of the Tlogosari Kulon Semarang Health Center. The sample was taken using a probability sampling technique with a simple random sampling type. The comparative test used was the Chi-Square test. The results of research using the Chi-Square test proved that the p value of the ovarian cyst factors was <0.05. This shows that there is a significant and strengthening relationship between age, menstrual cycle, genetic history, parity, economic status, history of previous cysts, menarche, hypothyroidism. There is a relationship between age, menstrual cycle, genetic history, parity, economic status, history of previous cysts, menarche, hypothyroidism on the incidence of ovarian cysts in women of childbearing age at the Tlogosari Kulon Semarang Community Health Center, and factors that have a significant influence are genetic history with a p-value <0.050.

Globally, cervical cancer was the fourth most common cancer among women, with low screening coverage contributing to the high number of cases diagnosed at an advanced stage. This study aimed to identify the factors influencing women's compliance with cervical cancer screening through IVA or Pap smear examinations. The research employed a quantitative method with a cross-sectional design. The study sample consisted of 112 respondents, selected using a simple random sampling technique. Data were analyzed using descriptive frequency tests, chi-square tests, and multiple logistic regression analysis.The results showed a significant relationship between several factors and women's compliance with early cervical cancer detection, including age (p=0.000), occupation (p=0.002), the number of children born (parity) (p=0.000), general health condition (p=0.018), distance to healthcare facilities (p=0.006), level of knowledge (p=0.021), family support (p=0.011), and the role of healthcare workers (p=0.000). However, education (p=0.104) did not show a significant relationship. Based on the multiple logistic regression analysis, the most influential factor affecting women's compliance with early cervical cancer detection was age (p=0.045).

Asphyxia is a condition in which a baby has difficulty breathing spontaneously and regularly immediately after birth, so that it cannot obtain oxygen and remove carbon dioxide from its body. This condition occurs due to pathological changes caused by a lack of oxygen in the respiratory system, which can result in hypoxia and hypercapnia. Asphyxia can also be grouped into two types, namely primary asphyxia that occurs when a baby is born and secondary asphyxia that occurs some time after birth. This study aims to determine what factors influence the incidence of asphyxia at RSUD DR Tengku Mansyur Tanjungbalai City in 2023. The type of research is an analytical survey study with a cross-sectional design used to determine the relationship between maternal age, gestational age, parity, and amniotic fluid with the occurrence of neonatal asphyxia at RSUD DR Tengku Mansyur Tanjungbalai City in 2023. The research sample consisted of 25 people, who were selected using a sampling technique with the Total Sampling Technique. The results of the bivariate analysis using the Fisher's Exact Test showed a p-value of 0.344. Thus, it can be concluded that there is no statistically significant relationship between maternal age and the incidence of neonatal asphyxia at DR. Tengku Mansyur Regional Hospital, Tanjung Balai City, in 2023.