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This research aims to examine the values contained in Dalihan Na Tolu through the perspective of Christian eschatology and examine its relevance to the mission of the Catholic Church in society. Dalihan Na Tolu as a socio-cultural system of the Batak community contains the values of respect, solidarity, responsibility, and brotherhood which play an important role in building social harmony. This research uses a qualitative method with a library research approach through the collection of data from various books, journals, Church documents, and scientific sources relevant to the research theme. The results of the study show that the values in Dalihan Na Tolu are related to eschatological expectations in the Christian faith, especially in building a life that reflects the love, brotherhood, and fellowship that God wills. In addition, Dalihan Na Tolu also has relevance in the Church's mission as a means of inculturation in the proclamation of the Gospel that is more contextual in the Batak community. Thus, local culture is not seen as an obstacle to faith, but rather as a means that can support the realization of the values of God's Kingdom in common life.

This article examines pneumatological methods and spiritual practices across three Pentecostal seasons: Classical Pentecostalism, Charismatic, and Neo-Charismatic. It highlights the importance of these three movements within the framework of the development of the Pentecostal-Charismatic Church in Indonesia. This research begins with the observation that scholars continue to use the terms Pentecostal, Charismatic, and Neo-Charismatic overlappingly, despite their unique theological and practical emphases. This article presents a critical-comparative literature review on baptism in the Holy Spirit, speaking in tongues and spiritual gifts, forms of spirituality, interdenominational relations, theological risks, and ecclesiological implications. The research finds that Classical Pentecostalism emphasizes baptism in the Holy Spirit and speaking in tongues as the primary evidence, Charismatics extend Spirit-led activities toward cross-denominational renewal, while Neo-Charismatics place additional emphasis on power, miracles, healing, spiritual warfare, and success in life. The contribution proposed in this article is a theological typology that can be used for critical reading of Pentecostal-Charismatic practices in Indonesia while still appreciating the richness of the experience of the Spirit. This typology can help churches consider experience, Scripture, Christian character, and ecclesiastical institutional accountability in a more balanced way.

This study examines the use of YouTube Streaming in large-class Sunday School as a medium for children’s faith education at Gereja Kalimantan Evangelis (GKE) Nazaret Palangka Raya. The background of this research is the growing integration of digital media into church education, which brings both opportunities and challenges for children’s spiritual formation. The objective of this study is to describe the implementation of YouTube-based Sunday School and to analyze its benefits and challenges related to children’s participation, understanding of faith, and learning concentration. This research employs a descriptive qualitative approach, with data collected through observation, in-depth interviews, and documentation involving Sunday School teachers and parents. The findings indicate that YouTube Streaming helps maintain continuity of faith education and enhances children’s interest through audio-visual content. However, children’s participation tends to be passive, their understanding of faith often remains at a cognitive level, and their learning concentration is relatively limited. The study concludes that YouTube Streaming functions effectively as a supportive medium but cannot replace direct interaction and relational aspects essential in children’s faith education

This theological research explores Mary’s essential role in the narrative of salvation and her deep connection with the Church, as outlined in key Catholic documents like Lumen Gentium and Redemptoris Mater. Using a qualitative approach that combines descriptive and analytical methods, the study reviews Church teachings, Scripture, and theological literature. It highlights Mary’s pivotal status as Mother of God (Theotokos) a title affirmed by the Council of Ephesus in 431 CE, which underscores both Christ’s divinity and Mary’s unique participation in God’s redemptive plan. The study traces the theological roots of this title through biblical texts, portraying Mary as the chosen vessel through whom the Word became incarnate. It examines how Old Testament prophecies about Mary are fulfilled in New Testament events, especially in the Annunciation and Elizabeth’s greeting of Mary as “the mother of my Lord.” The research also delves into Mary’s bond with the Church, focusing on her recognition as Mother of the Church by Pope Paul VI during the Second Vatican Council. Mary is presented as the ideal disciple, embodying unwavering faith, obedience, and humility in her acceptance of God’s will. Her presence at key moments, from the Incarnation to Pentecost, positions her as both a member and a model of the Church. Ultimately, the study concludes that Mary’s unity with the Church is reflected in her dual role as Mother of Christ and spiritual mother to all believers, offering a profound example of Christian virtues and guiding the faithful in their collective journey toward salvation.

Catholic marriage in Indonesia occupies a unique legal position because it is governed simultaneously by state law and canon law. Indonesian positive law recognizes marriage based on religious law and regulates its civil consequences, including divorce. However, Catholic canon law does not recognize divorce as the dissolution a valid and sacramental marriage. This dual legal framework has led widespread misunderstandings among Catholic faithful and legal practitioners, particularly regarding the legal consequences of civil divorce. This study aims to analyze the legal status of Catholic marriage within Indonesia’s dual legal system and examine the juridical implications of civil divorce Catholic marital status under canon law. This research employs normative legal research using statutory, conceptual, and comparative normative approaches. The findings demonstrate that civil divorce functions solely as the termination of civil legal relations under state law and does not dissolve the marital bond according to canon law. The study further reveals that prevailing misconceptions stem from reductive understanding Catholic marriage merely an administrative legal event. This article contributes to legal scholarship by clarifying the normative boundaries between state law and canon law and emphasizes the need for comprehensive legal understanding to prevent recurring juridical misunderstandings in Catholic marriage practices in Indonesia.

Seni dan estetika visual sangat penting bagi gereja modern yang menghadapi sekularisasi dan perubahan budaya visual digital yang memengaruhi pengalaman rohani jemaat. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode kualitatif dengan pendekatan studi kepustakaan untuk menganalisis pemikiran teologi seni Paul Tillich serta relevansinya bagi estetika gereja. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah menjelaskan bagaimana seni abstrak dapat berfungsi sebagai medium simbolik yang membuka pengalaman transendensi dalam ibadah. Kebaruan penelitian ini terletak pada integrasi konsep simbol dan kritik idolatri Tillichian dengan praktik estetika visual gereja mainstream di Indonesia yang selama ini jarang dibahas secara aplikatif. Hasil pembahasan menunjukkan bahwa seni abstrak mampu menjalankan fungsi simbolik yang lebih murni melalui prinsip via negativa, sehingga tidak terjebak dalam representasi literal yang berpotensi idolatris. Integrasi estetika abstrak dalam ruang liturgi membuka kemungkinan baru bagi jemaat untuk mengalami dimensi kedalaman iman secara kontemplatif dalam praktik ibadah gereja masa kini.

Artikel ini mengenai analisis tugas panggilan gereja terhadap kinerja dalam komisi pemuda jemaat. Tujuan penulisan artikel ini adalah untuk mendeskripsikan pelaksanaan pendampingan pastoral di jemaat terlebih khusus pada komisi pemuda lewat pendampingan pastoral oleh Aart Van Beek. Metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah kualitatif dengan jenis penelitian deskriptif. Teknik pengumpulan data, melalui teknik wawancara dan studi pustaka. Sumber data adalah Pelayan khusus, komisi pemuda dan anggota pemuda jemaat. Hasil dari penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa ada beberapa faktor yang muncul yang mengakibatkan komisi pemuda menjadi kurang aktif dalam tugas tanggungjawabnya/ kinerjanya dan kurang berkontribusi dalam pelayanan. Faktor-faktor tersebut ialah  masalah pribadi dengan sesama komisi pemuda, komisi pemuda yang merasa tidak di pedulikan, kekecewaan terhadap sesama komisi pemuda, dan sibuk bekerja daripada melakukan pelayanan. Meskipun demikian rupanya hal yang cukup berpengaruh adalah karena pelaksanaan pendampingan pastoral yang harus dilakukan oleh pelayan khusus terhadap masalah yang dihadapi oleh komisi pemuda jemaat. Dari hasil penelitian tersebut disarankan sebaiknya gereja harus lebih memperhatikan kebutuhan jemaat yaitu seperti di ibadah-ibadah dan juga perkunjungan secara langsung dirumah jemaat. Karena gereja dipanggil untuk mendampingi dan membina komisi pemuda agar kinerja pelayanannya lebih efektif.

Misi gereja tidak hanya terbatas pada penginjilan dan pelayanan sosial, tetapi juga mencakup pendidikan. Pendidikan Agama Kristen menjadi alat penting dalam mewujudkan misi tersebut. Tujuan dari Pendidikan Agama Kristen bukan sekadar menanamkan nilai keimanan, tetapi juga sebagai manifestasi nyata dari misi gereja di dunia. Artikel ini memahami misi gereja sebagai pemberitaan Injil, pemuridan, dan pelayanan kasih yang dapat direalisasikan melalui pendidikan, terutama melalui karakter dan spiritualitas peserta didik. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengkaji dan memahami misi gereja dalam konteks pendidikan agama Kristen dengan metode studi pustaka dan analisis data deskriptif. Hasil studi pustaka menunjukkan bahwa makna misi gereja dalam konteks pendidikan agama Kristen dipengaruhi oleh peranan pendidikan agama Kristen dalam mendukung misi tersebut.

This study examines the relationship between Dayak cosmology and Christian spirituality through the inculturation of the Munjong tradition within Catholic Dayak Tobak communities in Dusun Batu Besi, Desa Sejotang, West Kalimantan. As a post-harvest thanksgiving ritual, Munjong embodies a symbolic framework reflecting the interconnectedness of humans, nature, ancestors, and Jebata within the Dayak worldview. The tradition functions not only as a religious expression but also as a means of preserving cultural identity and fostering social cohesion. Within a predominantly Catholic context, Munjong has undergone reinterpretation, aligning with Eucharistic spirituality as the Church’s central expression of gratitude. Using a descriptive-qualitative approach combined with symbolic interaction analysis, this study shows that the religious values embedded in Munjong, including: gratitude, petitions for protection, and veneration of ancestors as spiritual mediators, correspond with Catholic teachings on divine providence, the communion of saints, and the sacredness of creation. The local Church recognizes Munjong as a cultural practice suitable for inculturation, provided it aligns with Christian doctrine, thereby offering opportunities for contextual liturgy and catechesis. The findings suggest that Munjong can serve as a bridge between faith and local culture while simultaneously reinforcing cultural identity and deepening the spiritual life of the community. The result of this study contributes to the discourse on inculturation, contextual pastoral practice, and strategies for sustaining indigenous traditions amid social change.

Realitas Imago Dei atau Citra Allah memiliki suatu hal yang merujuk Adanya stigma sosial dan marginalisasi teologis yang sering kali menempatkan kaum disabilitas sebagai individu yang “kurang” dalam merefleksikan citra Allah akibat keterbatasan fisik maupun kognitif. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode kualitatif deskriptif dengan pendekatan studi kepustakaan untuk mengeksplorasi pemikiran teologis Yohanes Calvin. Tujuan utama penelitian adalah untuk merekonstruksi pemahaman Imago Dei agar tidak terjebak pada definisi intelektualisme sempit, melainkan pada martabat inheren yang dianugerahkan Tuhan. Penelitian ini terletak pada integrasi antropologi teologis Calvinis yang kaku dengan isu disabilitas modern, yang membuktikan bahwa retakan citra Allah pasca-kejatuhan tidak mengurangi derajat kemanusiaan penyandang disabilitas. Hasil dari semua ini menunjukkan bahwa dalam lensa Calvin, Imago Dei adalah pemberian kedaulatan Allah yang harus dihormati tanpa memandang fungsi biologis. Gereja dan masyarakat dipanggil untuk melakukan implementasi inklusivitas yang radikal, memperlakukan kaum disabilitas sebagai subjek yang setara dalam persekutuan tubuh Kristus, serta mengakui bahwa kemuliaan Allah terpancar secara utuh di tengah kerapuhan manusia yang sedang dipulihkan.

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menelaah kritik profetis nabi Yeremia terhadap kepemimpinan korup dalam Yeremia 23:1–6 serta menggali implikasinya bagi teologi kepemimpinan Kristen masa kini. Permasalahan utama yang dikaji adalah bagaimana teks ini merefleksikan bentuk penyimpangan kepemimpinan di Yehuda dan bagaimana pesan profetis Yeremia tetap relevan bagi gereja modern yang menghadapi krisis integritas pemimpin rohani. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode analisis eksegetis dan teologi biblika dengan pendekatan kualitatif deskriptif. Data diperoleh melalui studi literatur terhadap teks Alkitab, tafsiran akademik, serta tulisan-tulisan teologi kepemimpinan kontemporer. Temuan utama penelitian ini terletak pada penekanan bahwa kritik profetis Yeremia tidak hanya bersifat destruktif (menghukum penyimpangan), tetapi juga konstruktif, yaitu menghadirkan harapan eskatologis melalui figur “Tunas Adil” yang menggenap dalam diri Kristus sebagai model kepemimpinan yang adil, setia, dan penuh belas kasih. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa pesan Yeremia 23:1–6 menegaskan panggilan kepemimpinan yang berakar pada keadilan, kesetiaan, dan tanggung jawab moral di hadapan Allah. Dengan demikian, teks ini memberikan koreksi teologis sekaligus arah pembaruan bagi gereja dalam membangun kepemimpinan yang profetis, etis, dan Kristosentris.

Penelitian ini dilatarbelakangi oleh realitas krisis ekologis yang menyingkap keretakan relasi antara manusia, budaya, dan alam. Walaupun gereja dan umat Kristen pada umumnya memahami tanggung jawab iman terhadap ciptaan, pemahaman tersebut belum diwujudkan secara konsisten dalam praktik hidup sehari-hari. Penelitian ini bertujuan menganalisis solidaritas ekologis sebagai dimensi esensial iman Kristen serta mengkaji peran kearifan lokal dalam memperkuat etika ekologis umat. Metode yang digunakan adalah kualitatif dengan pendekatan etnografi teologis melalui observasi partisipatif, wawancara mendalam, dan refleksi teologis atas pengalaman hidup jemaat. Kebaruan penelitian ini terletak pada perumusan kerangka integratif yang menghubungkan teologi penciptaan, etika solidaritas, dan kearifan lokal dalam membangun solidaritas ekologis yang kontekstual. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa pemahaman teologis tentang pelestarian lingkungan cukup memadai, tetapi belum diterapkan secara berkelanjutan. Nilai mapalus terbukti selaras dengan prinsip tanggung jawab terhadap ciptaan, namun mulai terkikis oleh arus modernisasi. Penelitian ini menyimpulkan bahwa integrasi teologi, etika solidaritas, dan kearifan lokal merupakan pendekatan efektif dalam kerangka Missio Dei untuk memulihkan relasi manusia dan alam melalui peran gereja sebagai agen transformasi.

Pertumbuhan rohani jemaat lansia menghadapi tantangan berupa keterbatasan fisik, penurunan peran sosial, dan risiko kesepian, sehingga diperlukan pendekatan pembinaan yang kontekstual dan berbasis komunitas. Metode penelitian menggunakan pendekatan kuantitatif asosiatif dengan analisis regresi linier berganda terhadap 38 responden lansia yang dipilih melalui teknik sampling jenuh. Penelitian ini bertujuan menganalisis pengaruh nilai kesatuan hati, tumbuh bersama, dan memenangkan jiwa terhadap pertumbuhan rohani jemaat lansia di Family Altar Kerajaan Allah Gereja Bethany Salatiga. Kebaruan penelitian ini terletak pada fokus spesifik pada jemaat lansia dalam konteks Family Altar, yang masih jarang dikaji secara empiris. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa kesatuan hati, tumbuh bersama, dan memenangkan jiwa berpengaruh positif dan signifikan baik secara parsial maupun simultan terhadap pertumbuhan rohani, dengan variabel tumbuh bersama sebagai faktor paling dominan. Penelitian ini menyimpulkan bahwa pembinaan rohani lansia yang efektif perlu menekankan kebersamaan, relasi yang saling membangun, serta pemberdayaan lansia dalam pelayanan misioner agar tetap bertumbuh dan berdampak di usia lanjut.

Penelitian ini mengkaji simbol air dalam Injil Yohanes sebagai bahasa wahyu yang mengungkapkan identitas ilahi Yesus dalam kerangka pneumatologi. Latar belakang penelitian ini adalah adanya kecenderungan studi sebelumnya yang menafsirkan simbol air secara parsial, baik sebagai simbol sakramental maupun metafora spiritual, tanpa melihat keterkaitannya secara menyeluruh dalam struktur naratif Injil Yohanes dan tradisi Yahudi. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk menunjukkan bahwa simbol air merupakan struktur teologis yang mengintegrasikan kristologi, dan pneumatologi  Yohanes. Metode yang digunakan adalah pendekatan kualitatif dengan jenis studi kepustakaan, melalui analisis teologis-intertekstual terhadap teks-teks Yohanes yang berkaitan dengan simbol air serta hubungannya dengan Perjanjian Lama dan tradisi Yahudi. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa simbol air berkembang secara progresif dari makna literal menuju simbol kehidupan ilahi dan Roh Kudus, serta mencapai klimaks dalam peristiwa penyaliban sebagai pencurahan Roh dan kelahiran Gereja. Dengan demikian, air berfungsi sebagai medium pewahyuan yang tidak hanya menjelaskan karya keselamatan, tetapi juga mengungkapkan identitas Yesus sebagai sumber kehidupan ilahi. Implikasi penelitian ini menegaskan bahwa pneumatologi Yohanes pada dasarnya merupakan ekspresi kristologi dalam bahasa simbolik.

Penelitian ini berangkat dari realitas kepemimpinan gereja yang masih cenderung hierarkis, kurang membuka ruang partisipasi, serta belum peka terhadap persoalan sosial, sehingga hubungan antara pemimpin dan jemaat sering kehilangan kedalaman etis dan spiritual. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah merumuskan etika solidaritas sebagai dasar teologis dan praksis bagi pembaruan kepemimpinan gereja yang bersifat transformatif. Penelitian dilakukan dengan metode kualitatif melalui pendekatan fenomenologi, untuk menelusuri pengalaman, makna, dan praktik kepemimpinan gerejawi dalam konteks tertentu. Kebaruan penelitian ini terletak pada penempatan etika solidaritas sebagai paradigma utama kepemimpinan gereja dengan mengintegrasikan empati, partisipasi, keadilan relasional, dan kenosis Kristus ke dalam kerangka kepemimpinan transformatif. Temuan penelitian menunjukkan bahwa etika solidaritas mampu menggeser kepemimpinan dari pola dominatif menuju model yang relasional, partisipatif, dan kontekstual. Kepemimpinan yang berlandaskan solidaritas memungkinkan pemimpin hadir bukan sebagai pusat kuasa, melainkan sebagai pelayan, rekan seperjalanan dan penggerak iman. Dengan demikian, gereja dapat berkembang sebagai komunitas yang inklusif, dialogis dan profetik serta relevan dalam menjawab tantangan sosial dan kemanusiaan di tengah dunia modern.

Sexual harassment is a criminal act carried out by two people by force with the intention of satisfying lust or an act of revenge. Sexual harassment in the church community is an act that violates Christian teachings where it is carried out outside the basis of marriage. Sexual harassment is carried out by force between men and women outside the husband and wife couple, namely between parents and children or between father and child. The Church has an important role in this. The Church seeks to heal, support, treat, and even accompany victims of sexual abuse through pastoral actions. Sexuality is no longer something taboo to talk about, therefore it is important for the church, government, and even families to discuss sexuality from an early age as an effort to prevent criminal acts or sexual violence. Society must have a sense of empathy and sympathy for victims of sexual violence, as an effort to heal and accept the reality experienced by victims. The church must really act in a real way in spiritual and psychological and social healing of victims.

This study examines the Ka’Bawakng dance as a cultural–religious expression of the Dayak Kanayatn community that has undergone a deepening of meaning through inculturation within Catholic liturgy. Originating in the Baliatn ritual, Ka’Bawakng dance initially functioned as a medium of healing and cosmological communication that affirmed the interconnectedness of human beings, nature, and Jubata. In its encounter with the Catholic faith, the dance was incorporated into the Eucharistic celebration as an offertory dance through symbolic reinterpretation grounded in the principles of inculturation articulated by the Second Vatican Council. This research employs a hermeneutical approach using participant observation, in-depth interviews, and documentary study, analyzed through thematic analysis. The findings indicate that Ka’Bawakng dance is not treated as a merely decorative liturgical element, but is understood as a language of prayer engaging the body, cultural memory, and the spirituality of the faithful. This integration deepens liturgical participation, strengthens the religious–cultural identity of the Dayak Kanayatn community, and creates a constructive space for dialogue between ancestral traditions and Christian faith. Nevertheless, sustaining the inculturation of Ka’Bawakng dance requires ongoing pastoral accompaniment to ensure fidelity to Church liturgical norms while respecting local cultural values.

The formation of Christian character in church-based education often faces challenges when disciplinary approaches rely heavily on punishment and external compliance. This article examines the relevance of behaviorism in shaping Christian character through the lens of positive discipline an approach that emphasizes reinforcement of desirable behavior, nurturing relationships, and the development of intrinsic moral awareness. Using a literature review and a small scale case analysis of contemporary church educational practices, this study evaluates how the principles of reinforcement, modeling, and behavioral consistency can be integrated with Christian values such as love, repentance, and the cultivation of conscience. The findings indicate that behaviorism remains useful when applied selectively within a holistic Christian educational theology. Positive discipline aligns more closely with biblical values because it promotes responsible character growth rather than mere obedience. This article contributes to the pedagogical discourse of church education by proposing an integrative framework that combines behavioristic principles with positive discipline to enhance effective and sustainable Christian character formation.

Many churches face significant challenges in effectively carrying out their Gospel mission amidst limited resources, and one such challenge is the Kalimantan Evangelical Church (GKE), particularly in the Calon Resort (Cares) of GKE Bulik Timur. The author used a qualitative approach to examine the natural conditions of the object. The researcher served as the key instrument, and purposive sampling was used. The results of this study are: Limited funds due to the spiritual health of congregation members hinders ministry, particularly in PKB mission activities and congregational development; Low financial support from congregation members for improving church services is caused by: weak theological understanding and limited income; The church's efforts and strategies to improve finances theologically and responsibly include: instilling a sense of giving through sermons, spiritual development, and investing in oil palm plantations. Oil palm plantations in several congregations in Cares GKE Bulik Timur have become a solution to financial constraints, ensuring adequate funding for services.

The postmodern era has significantly reshaped the way truth is understood, shifting it from an absolute and binding concept to one that is perceived as relative, personal, and context-dependent. This shift has had a profound impact on Generation Z, who have grown up in a digital, pluralistic, and rapidly changing cultural environment. Within this context of increasing truth relativism, the church faces a critical challenge: how to faithfully uphold and teach the absolute truth of the Gospel while remaining relevant to Generation Z, whose worldview is shaped by postmodern patterns of thought. This article examines the concrete challenges encountered by the church amid truth relativism, explores the role and strategies of the church in communicating absolute truth in ways that are meaningful to Generation Z, and proposes practical approaches that can be implemented by local churches today. Employing a literature review methodology, this study engages a range of academic and theological sources related to postmodernism, truth relativism, and faith formation among Generation Z. The findings suggest that the church’s relevance is not achieved through compromising truth, but through presenting the truth of Christ in a contextual, dialogical, and loving manner grounded in authentic relationships. Consequently, the church is called to be a community that not only proclaims truth but also lives it out in tangible ways within the lives of Generation Z.