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As an agricultural country, farmers in Indonesia have a crucial role, their existence must be safeguarded within the agricultural sector. Encouraging farmers to engage in breeding or develop new superior plant varieties is essential for fostering independent and advanced Indonesian farmers. These breeding activities are governed by Law Number 22 of 2019 on Sustainable Agricultural Cultivation System, and Law Number 29 of 2000 Plant Variety Protection. However, these laws have led to challenges for farmers involved in breeding, as the Plant Variety Protection Law adopts liberal approach that prioritizes individual economic benefits and specifically protects breeders who have registered their new varieties. As a result, farmers who use traditional knowledge in their breeding practices are vulnerable to criminalization due to the registration system. This paper will examine the rights of farmers in breeding activities under Indonesian law and compare with regulations in Malaysia, which shares geographical proximity, customs, and membership in the World Trade Organization. The research method is normative legal research, utilizing both conceptual and comparative approach. The objective to explore the legal protection of farmers’ rights in breeding activities in both Indonesia and Malaysia, and provide recommendations for improving the protection of farmers' rights in the future.

Cayenne pepper is one of the horticultural commodities that has high and stable demand in the Indonesian market. However, the productivity of cayenne pepper at the farmer level is still relatively low due to limited land, suboptimal cultivation techniques, and lack of access to modern agricultural technology. This study aims to analyze strategies that can be applied to expand production and increase the productivity of cayenne pepper plants. The method used in this study is a qualitative descriptive method with a field study approach in several cayenne pepper production centers. Data collection techniques were carried out through observation, interviews with farmers, and literature studies. The results of the study showed that land expansion strategies through the utilization of idle land and intercropping systems, as well as the application of technologies such as the use of superior varieties, drip irrigation, and balanced fertilization can significantly increase crop yields.  

Language plays a crucial role in human daily activities. In using language, people cannot avoid using various language varieties that reflect the context and social background of the speakers. Therefore, the importance of sociolinguistic studies has a major influence in recognizing language variations that emerge in communication, especially in the digital space. This study aims to examine the language variations used in comments on the Instagram account of Nur Rofiah, a public figure who is known to be active in voicing gender justice issues from an Islamic perspective. This study uses a sociolinguistic approach to identify forms of language variation and the social factors that influence them. Data were collected through documentation methods on comments on a number of Nur Rofiah's uploads that were considered representative. The results of the study show that there are various language variations, including variations based on dialect, level of formality, use of mixed language (code-mixing), and emotive varieties that reflect the identity and social background of the user. In addition, it was found that factors such as age, gender, educational background, and ideological orientation also influence language choices in digital interactions. These findings indicate that social media is not only a communication space, but also an arena for expressing people's social and ideological identities.

Language is a means of communication used by humans to interact, express ideas, and build social relationships. Indonesian, as both the national and official language, plays a significant role in the lives of the Indonesian people. In addition to serving as a national identity, it functions as a unifying tool for the country's diverse ethnicities, cultures, and regional languages. This study aims to explain the functions of Indonesian as the national and official language, as well as to examine its language varieties based on usage situations, communication media, and fields of application. The research uses a library research method by exploring and analyzing various relevant literature, including academic books, journal articles, conference proceedings, and official documents. The findings indicate that Indonesian has various forms depending on the context and communication situation. These include formal and informal language, spoken and written forms, and variations based on specific fields such as science, law, journalism, and literature. This diversity reflects the flexibility of Indonesian in meeting the communication needs of society. Beyond being a communication tool, Indonesian also plays important social and cultural roles by strengthening social bonds and serving as a medium for preserving and developing national culture.  

Traditional markets are characterized by fast-paced and diverse transactions, necessitating a reliable product monitoring system to enhance the efficiency of stock management and transactions. This study develops a monitoring system based on a loadcell sensor and a TCS230 color sensor to automatically classify product weight and type. The loadcell is used to measure product weight with high accuracy, while the TCS230 detects the color characteristics of products to distinguish between different types of commodities, such as various varieties of chili peppers. The development process includes sensor calibration, dataset collection, and the training and evaluation of a classification model. Experimental results show that the classification accuracy exceeds 90%, demonstrating the effectiveness of combining weight and color data for market product recognition.

Sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) is an essential commodity with various benefits in food, health, and industry and has a high economic value. The national sunflower plants' productivity is low, so to fulfill the market demands, creating sunflower varieties with high yields has been challenge for plant breeders. This study analyzed the relationship between yield components and sunflower yield, identifying characteristics affecting productivity. Plant selection was carried out by understanding the relationship between yield components and seed yield using statistical methods: correlation, multiple regression, and path analysis. The research was conducted in Ampeldento Village, Karangploso District, Malang Regency, East Java, from March to August 2024, using 13 genotypes of F5 open pollinated generation sunflower. Plant traits observed were plant height, number, leaf length and width of leaves, stem diameter, flowering time, harvesting time, disc flower diameter, number of seeds per plant, 100 seed weight, and seed yield. The results showed that seven yield component characters closely related to seed yield, with positive and negative correlation patterns. The number of seeds per plant had the highest direct effect, while the highest indirect effect occurred in the number of seeds per plant, which was influenced by plant height, number of leaves, stem diameter, flowering time, harvest time, and 100 seed weight. These findings provided important insights for breeding strategies in selecting superior sunflower genotypes.

Origanum majorana demonstrates a broad spectrum of effectiveness against various diseases, exerting antimicrobial effects against different pathogenic microorganisms. The goals of this research are to provide light on how Origanum majorana extract inhibits human pathogenic bacteria, how it may prevent biofilm development, and how it affects bacterial adhesion. The antibacterial activity of the water-based Origanum majorana extract was assessed in this research using two different methodologies. "Antibiotics were compared to its effectiveness using an agar-well diffusion assay and disc diffusion method," the first step. Additionally, the extract's ability to inhibit biofilm formation and bacterial adherence was assessed through specialized tests. All bacterial isolates of Gram negative, Gram-positive bacterial types were sensitive to Origanum majorana extract and the range of inhibition zone (30 to 24) mm. Although floxacin was effective against some of these isolates, the majority of them were resistant. Most bacterial Gram negative types were exhibit moderate adherence and biofilm activity to this extracts and some bacterial isolated of bacteria were exhibit high adherence and biofilm activity to the watery extracts of Origanum majorana. This research confirms previous findings that Origanum majorana extracts are very effective against a wide variety of clinical isolates of bacteria, including Gram-negative as well as Gram-positive varieties. Notably, the extracts were found to be more effective than commercially available antibiotics. Furthermore, the extracts displayed significant inhibition of bacterial adherence and biofilm formation. Based on these findings, Origanum majorana extracts have great promise as an effective antibacterial and anti-biofilm agent.

Indonesia's democracy, despite over two decades of progress since the fall of the New Order regime, has faced stagnation and democratic backsliding in recent years. Indicators from institutions such as the Economist Intelligence Unit (EIU), Freedom House, and Varieties of Democracy (V-Dem) consistently highlight a decline in democratic quality. Contributing factors include identity politics, declining electoral integrity, political dynasties, and weak institutional capacities, described as "Low-Capacity Democracy." This study employs a qualitative approach to explore these challenges, including literature reviews, document analysis, and interviews. The findings reveal systemic issues at both institutional and societal levels, including weakened oversight bodies like the Corruption Eradication Commission (KPK), the dominance of executive power, and the rise of transactional politics and political dynasties. Digital challenges, such as disinformation and low digital literacy, also exacerbate these issues. This study recommends comprehensive reforms, such as strengthening independent institutions, enhancing transparency in public fund management, and improving political education to reduce transactional practices. Digital media regulations and technology-based electoral monitoring are also proposed to increase transparency. By addressing these issues, Indonesia can reinforce democratic resilience and foster an inclusive, accountable political system.

Agrotechnology plays a crucial role in increasing agricultural productivity through the implementation of modern innovations and technologies. Challenges such as land degradation, climate change, and limited natural resources can be addressed through precision technology, smart irrigation, biotechnology, and agricultural mechanization. This study employs a literature review method by analyzing various studies from 2019 to 2024 that discuss the impact of agrotechnology on agricultural yields. The findings indicate that the application of precision irrigation systems can enhance water use efficiency by up to 40%, while the use of genetically engineered superior crop varieties can increase yields and improve plant resistance to pests and diseases. Additionally, the utilization of digital technology, such as the Internet of Things (IoT), enables more efficient and data-driven land management. However, major challenges in implementing these technologies include limited farmer access, high investment costs, and low digital literacy among farmers. Therefore, policy support, financial incentives, and farmer training are necessary to ensure the widespread and sustainable adoption of technology. Thus, agrotechnology can serve as a primary solution for increasing agricultural productivity while maintaining environmental sustainability.

This research is to describe the types of language variations in comments on Fuji_an's Instagram account. This research approach is a qualitative approach. This research type is descriptive. The data collection techniques for this research are reading techniques, note-taking techniques, and documentation techniques. The results of the research show that the use of various languages ​​in the comments column of Fuji_an's Instagram account consists of four types of language varieties, namely language varieties in terms of the speaker, language varieties in terms of how to communicate, language varieties in terms of the topic of conversation, and language varieties based on the level of formality. Data from research results found in Fuji_an's Instagram account as many as 50 data consisting of 2 data in terms of the speaker, namely 2 data of official variety and 6 data of unofficial variety 50 data in terms of communication methods, namely written variety data consisting of 2 data of standard written variety and 48 non-standard written variety data 4 data in terms of topic of discussion, namely literary variety 1 data, functional variety 1 data, political and legal variety 1 data, and social variety 1 data 21 data in terms of level of formality, namely intimate variety 7 data, and consultative variety of 2 data.

Batik Banten Mukarnas is a company that produces stamped batik designs with various patterns and varieties of batik. Problems frequently arise in the company due to increased stamped batik production capacity to meet the demand for stamped batik design products, which continues to rise from stamped batik suppliers. Another impact of growing demand capacity is the high number of defects in stamped batik cloth products, because overall, the company's management, including human resources, tools, and methods, is not prepared for the increase in production capacity to meet the surge in consumer demand, resulting in an impact on the quality of the products produced—consequently, the organization endeavors to regulate the quality of stamped batik cloth at PT. Batik Banten Mukarnas establishes objectives that employ Six Sigma with the DMAIC method (Define, Measure, Analyze, Improve, and Control) in the production of batik stamp designs to meet production objectives. The results of the data processing that has been done obtained a sigma value before improvement for 3 CTQ of 3.54. After improvement, the sigma value increased to 3.86. While for the sigma value before improvement for 1 CTQ of 3.04, the sigma value increased to 3.42 after improvement. The factors contributing to defective products, as illustrated by the fishbone diagram, include methods, personnel, materials, machinery, and environmental conditions. The division leader consistently oversees and regulates operations, enhances the number of brushes, and trains operators to ensure proficient adherence to standard operating procedures (SOP).

This study aims to determine the use of language variations in terms of speakers (sociolect) in Semester VII B Students of the Indonesian Language and Literature Education Study Program, Faculty of Teacher Training and Education, Muhammadiyah University of Bengkulu, Academic Year 2022/2023. Based on these objectives, the method used in this study uses descriptive qualitative research. Data was collected through data obtained from student chat screenshots. The data collection technique in this thesis is a documentation technique in the form of screenshots. Data analysis techniques in this thesis are Data Identification, Data Classification, Data Analysis, Data Interpretation. Based on the results of the study, it can be concluded that theoretically there are 8 language variations based on the speaker's aspect (sociolect), namely 1. Acrolek, 2. Basilek, 3. Vulgar, 4. Slang, 5. Colloquial, 6. Jargon, 7. Argot, and 8. Ken. But based on research data, the type of use of language variations based on the speaker's point of view (siolect) used by WhatsApp Group members of students VII B of Indonesian Language and Literature Education Study Program Batch 2019 Muhammadiyah University of Bengkulu, obtained 114 data on 5 types of use of language variations, namely: 1. Acrolect found 7 data, 2. Basilek found 53 data 3. Slang found 28 data 4. Colloquial found 5 data and 5. Jargon found 21 data. Language variations that are often used by semester VII B students are basilek or regional language variations, because the group members come from different regions and many varieties of regional languages ​​are used.

The National Strategic Program stipulated in Presidential Regulation (Perpres) Number 109 of 2020 concerning the Acceleration of Implementation of the National Food Estate Strategic Project, which was implemented in Gadabung Village, Pandih District, Pulang Pisau Regency was implemented well, so that the community felt the direct impact in the form of a harvest area of 1,205 Ha in a bumper harvest with New Superior Varieties of Inbred and Hybrid rice. The success of Gadabung Village as part of the development of the national strategic food estate project has had a positive impact on making the area charming in the form of vast expanses of rice fields, so that the village can be developed into a tourist village. Based on this, the aim of this research is that the Regional Government of Pulang Pisau Regency makes public policies that can be directly operational, by developing the potential resources owned by the government of Gadabung Village, Pandih Batu District. This research uses a qualitative approach, the data displayed is generally in the form of actual and accurate sentence descriptions and connects the problems studied with a qualitative approach. Researchers go out into the field to research the object of study and hold direct interactions with the community with the aim of obtaining in-depth information about this matter, conducting in-depth interviews and observations. Research Results Based on documentation data, Central Kalimantan Food Estate Development activities, especially in Gadabung Village, were carried out through programs and activities, namely area planning and development of facilities and infrastructure, human resource development and farmer corporations experiencing increased capacity and business diversification. This is a form of sustainability effort for upstream-downstream agricultural businesses based on areas and agro-ecosystem suitability clusters. Increasing the welfare of the people in Gadabung Village will be better by becoming a tourist destination, because the scenery in the area is very beautiful with the support of available natural resources, traditional arts and culture of local people and immigrants (transmigration), both ethnic Dayak, Banjar, Javanese, Sunda, where people live in harmony, safety and peace. The conclusion from the results of this research is that Gadabung Village is a village where the National Strategic Program has been implemented which has succeeded in meeting its objectives, namely making Gadabung Village one of the rice barns in Central Kalimantan, with rice fields stretching across thousands of hectares, and the community feels the direct impact on improving welfare. infrastructure becomes better, the village's potential can become a support for becoming a tourist destination or tourist village.  

Vegetative propagation is a crucial technique in horticultural cultivation aimed at improving plant quality and productivity. This study explores budding in citrus (Citrus spp.) and grafting in avocado (Persea americana Mill.) as methods of plant propagation. Budding involves attaching buds from superior varieties to compatible rootstocks, whereas grafting unites scions and rootstocks to obtain desirable traits. The research was conducted at the Horticulture Seed Center, observing the growth and success of plant unions. The results demonstrate that both techniques effectively enhance plant quality, with budding showing faster results in citrus and grafting improving avocado resilience to environmental conditions. This study provides guidance for farmers to select optimal propagation methods tailored to their plants' specific needs.

Cireundeu Traditional Village, which is known for its rich traditions and natural resources, has great potential in utilizing campoleh fruit and local spices. However, local communities have not fully utilized this potential in developing products that can increase their income. Mocktail drinks, as an increasingly popular non-alcoholic alternative, offer opportunities for product innovation that can increase market appeal and boost local economies. The aim of this activity is to develop mocktail drinks based on campoleh fruit and innovative local spices. The method for this activity is through identifying campoleh fruit varieties available in the Cireundeu Traditional Village and local spices that can be used in mocktail drinks, then holding training for the local community regarding mocktail making techniques, hygiene and marketing aspects by helping the community in designing marketing strategies and packaging. products, and distribution to increase market reach. This project is expected to not only improve the economy of the Cireundeu Traditional Village community through product innovation but also preserve and promote cultural riches and local resources. By utilizing the potential of campoleh fruit and local spices, communities can create products that are attractive and highly competitive in the market, while strengthening the identity and economic independence of their community. The output of this PM is Pres Release, IPR and PM Journal.

Traditional markets are central to community economic activities and play a significant role in the distribution of local food products. Therefore, markets reflect the diversity of food crop commodities available in a region. This diversity holds vital importance in supporting human health balance. The more diverse the plant species available in a region, the greater the variety of nutrients that can be obtained, such as minerals, vitamins, fiber, and other essential nutrients. Furthermore, the diversity of food crops is also valuable from cultural and environmental conservation perspectives. This study aims to identify and document the diversity of food crops traded in Grogol Market and Telukan Market, Sukoharjo Regency, Central Java. The research employs a qualitative descriptive method. Data were collected through observations and semi-structured interviews using an ethnobotanical with 55 respondents who are traders in both markets. The data were then classified based on family, edible plant parts, and commodity categories. The study's findings revealed that 124 species or varieties of plants from 39 families are traded in Grogol Market and Telukan Market. The Zingiberaceae family has the highest number of species found in both markets. Vegetables are the largest commodity group traded, followed by fruits, spices, and staple foods. The parts of plants traded include fruits, leaves, tubers, seeds, rhizomes, stems, and flowers. Based on the results, the diversity of food crops traded in Grogol Market and Telukan Market is relatively high, reflecting local potential that supports community health, cultural heritage, and environmental sustainability.

Purple corn is one of the corn varieties that is being developed by Indonesia as a form of food diversification. The purple color of corn is produced by the high presence of anthocyanins so it can provide health benefits such as antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, mutagenic, anti-cancer and anti-angiogenesis. To ensure that the bioactive components are not damaged, extraction is carried out in stages by applying the maceration method using a polar solvent with the correct ethanol content of 96%. Apart from using the appropriate solvent, the length of maceration time will determine the results of the extract obtained. This research aims to find out how long maceration affects the content of bioactive compounds found in purple corn. The research used a completely randomized design with one treatment, namely maceration times of 12, 24 and 48 hours. The tests carried out included color intensity, total phenol and anthocyanin content and antioxidant activity. The research findings explain that the length of maceration has a significant effect on color intensity, total phenols and antioxidant activity of purple corn extract. 2 hour maceration was the best treatment in extracting bioactive compounds, namely total phenols of 206.29 g/100 g, total anthocyanins of 0.19 g/100 g and antioxidant activity of 58.80%.

The Miana Coleus atropurpereus plant is a unique plant because it has so many varieties. The differences in these varieties can be seen from the very diverse differences in leaf color. Several studies have known about the active antimicrobial compounds of Coleus atropurpereus miana leaves, namely in the form of flavonoids, saponins, steroids, tannins, essential oils, eugenol, polyphenolic compounds, alkaloids, ethyl salicylate, calcium oxalate, rosmarinic acid compounds. In this study, Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus bacteria were used using thick extracts that had been macerated using 96% alcohol. in this study it showed 8 mm at a concentration of 50%, at a concentration of 25% it showed a clear zone of 7 mm and at a concentration of 12.5% ​​it showed 6 mm. It can be concluded that the extract of Coleus atropurpereus miana leaves is weakly toxic to E. coli and not toxic to S. aureus bacteria..  

The Miana Coleus atropurpereus plant is a unique plant because it has so many varieties. The differences in these varieties can be seen from the very diverse differences in leaf color. Several studies have known about the active antimicrobial compounds of Coleus atropurpereus miana leaves, namely in the form of flavonoids, saponins, steroids, tannins, essential oils, eugenol, polyphenolic compounds, alkaloids, ethyl salicylate, calcium oxalate, rosmarinic acid compounds. In this study, Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus bacteria were used using thick extracts that had been macerated using 96% alcohol. in this study it showed 8 mm at a concentration of 50%, at a concentration of 25% it showed a clear zone of 7 mm and at a concentration of 12.5% ​​it showed 6 mm. It can be concluded that the extract of Coleus atropurpereus miana leaves is weakly toxic to E. coli and not toxic to S. aureus bacteria..  

Previously, germination was reported in many studies that could improve the nutritional status and bioactive compounds in brown rice. However, the change of those functional properties was randomly different in diverse varieties. This study aimed to evaluate the change in chemical composition and functional properties of germinated brown rice from the Mentikwangi variety, one of the local paddy rice in Indonesia. Brown rice was germinated using the soaked and aeration method for 48 h. After that, the proximate compositions were analyzed including the change of total phenolic compounds and radical scavenging activity. We observed that germination in Mentikwangi brown rice significantly increased the crude protein content, but reduced the lipid and total carbohydrate contents. Moreover, the antioxidant activity was improved in germinated Mentikwangi brown rice sample due to the improvement of total phenolic compounds. These results affirm the previous studies which concluded that germination attenuated the functional properties of brown rice, so that has the potential to be developed as a future functional food.