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In social practice, land sale and purchase transactions are still frequently conducted through private agreements, mainly driven by mutual trust between the parties, cost considerations, and the perception that such procedures are simpler and faster. From the perspective of civil law, such sale and purchase agreements remain valid and legally binding as long as they fulfill the legal requirements of a valid contract as stipulated in Article 1320 of the Indonesian Civil Code. However, within the national land law system, land sale and purchase agreements executed under private deeds cannot serve as a legal basis for the transfer of land rights because they are not made before a Land Deed Official (Pejabat Pembuat Akta Tanah/PPAT) as required by statutory regulations. This divergence in legal regulation gives rise to legal uncertainty, particularly for buyers acting in good faith. On the one hand, the agreement creates rights and obligations under civil law; on the other hand, it fails to provide legal certainty over land rights due to its inability to be registered. This condition reflects a tension between the civil law regime and the land law regime, while also indicating the weak legal protection afforded to good-faith buyers. These issues constitute the basis and urgency of this research.

The provision of grants by local governments to vertical agencies of the central government often raises legal tensions over local fiscal autonomy. This study aims to examine the implications of such grant disbursements through the lens of the General Principles of Good Governance (AUPB) and the principles of good financial governance. Employing a normative legal research method, this study analyzes the coherence between the discretionary powers of regional heads and the standards of clean governance. The research findings indicate that grant policies for central government agencies often disregard the principles of prudence and utility, with local budget allocations instead used to fund matters constitutionally the responsibility of the central government (the State Budget). This practice has the potential to become a source of abuse of authority (detournement de pouvoir) if not grounded in objective parameters of local public needs. This study concludes that evaluating grant policies through the AUPB framework, particularly regarding transparency, accountability, and participation, is crucial to preventing local financial subordination. More restrictive regulatory reforms are needed to ensure that grant expenditures remain focused on improving the quality of public services and community welfare at the local level without compromising national fiscal stability.

The implementation of local democracy in Indonesia faces challenges when the electoral and procedural mechanisms regulated in modern village administration are not fully in line with the socio-cultural traditions of indigenous communities. Many villages still strongly uphold the values, norms, and authority of traditional institutions that have historically regulated communal life, including in terms of leadership legitimacy. Tension between formal democracy and customary values arises when the village political process is perceived as not reflecting the cultural identity of the community. This situation creates a need to understand how the integration of customary institutions can strengthen the legitimacy of village leaders in the local democratic system. This study uses a literature review method with a content analysis approach because the study focuses on the concept of the role of customary institutions in strengthening local democracy and the legitimacy of village leadership. This method allows researchers to explore theories and compare previous findings to form a systematic understanding. The research data comes from 19 secondary sources in the form of scientific books and journal articles published between 2016 and 2025 that are relevant to the themes of customs, village governance, community participation, and local leadership. The search was conducted using the Publish or Perish application with purposive sampling techniques to select sources directly related to the main research issue. This study concludes that the integration of traditional institutions into local democracy produces a model of village leadership that is legally strong and culturally rooted. This integration provides a basis for strengthening local democracy based on cultural wisdom, thereby supporting village development.

Abstract. The right to health is an integral part of human rights guaranteed by the Constitution and further reinforced by Law Number 17 of 2023 on Health, which places the state as the party responsible for ensuring the provision of safe, high-quality, and non-discriminatory health services for all citizens. However, in practice, the fulfillment of the right to health continues to face various challenges, particularly in the delivery of health services for participants of BPJS Kesehatan. This study aims to analyze the legal protection of the right to health in Indonesia and to examine the refusal of medical services to BPJS patients that resulted in death in Papua from a human rights perspective. The research employs a normative legal research method using statutory, conceptual, and case approaches. The findings indicate that although the national legal framework has clearly regulated the obligations of the state and health care facilities in providing emergency services, its implementation remains weak due to administrative barriers, unequal access to health services, and inconsistent law enforcement. The refusal of medical services to BPJS patients in Papua reflects a tension between hospitals’ administrative compliance and the professional obligation of medical personnel to save human lives. The implications of this study emphasize the need to strengthen supervision, ensure consistent law enforcement, and improve health service governance so that the right to health is truly protected as part of human dignity within the Indonesian rule of law. 

Introduction: Carpal Tunnel Syndrome (CTS) is the most common neuropathy caused by compression and tension of the median nerve in the carpal tunnel of the wrist. The most common symptoms of CTS include pain and paresthesia (tingling) with or without numbness in the me dian nerve area of ​​the wrist. Method: The method used was a case study on a 72-year-old male patient diagnosed with bilateral CTS who experienced pain (NRS 7/10), tingling, numbness, and limitations in hand movement and functional activity. Physiotherapy interventions provided included Ultrasound therapy (US), Transcutaneous Electrical Nerve Stimulation (TENS), nerve mobilization, and structured exercise therapy in the form of stretching and median nerve gliding. Evaluation was carried out using the Numeric Rating Scale (NRS) for pain and the Boston Carpal Tunnel Questionnaire (BCTQ) for functional activity. Result: The results showed a significant reduction in pain, with motion pain decreasing from a scale of 7 to 3 and pressure pain from 5 to 1 after three therapy sessions. Furthermore, there was an increase in functional activity, as indicated by a decrease in BCTQ scores, namely the Symptom Severity Scale (SSS) from 4 to 2 and the Functional Status Scale (FSS) from 4 to 2. This indicates a gradual improvement from the moderate-severe category to approaching mild. Conclusion: A multimodal physiotherapy approach is effective in reducing pain, reducing paresthesias, and improving hand function in CTS patients. Combining various therapeutic modalities has been shown to be more optimal than single therapies because it can address various pathological aspects simultaneously. Therefore, comprehensive, evidence-based physiotherapy interventions are highly recommended in the conservative management of CTS.

The dynamics of the global coffee industry during the 2024–2026 period were characterized by significant fluctuations that placed Starbucks in a vulnerable position due to multidimensional reputation crises, ranging from geopolitical sentiments to industrial relations tensions. This study aims to analyze the effectiveness of Public Relations (PR) management strategies and integrated media models in restoring brand equity post-crisis. The research method applied is descriptive qualitative with a conceptual analysis approach, relying on digital literature studies and the collection of secondary data from international reputation research firm reports and credible mass media documentation. The research results indicate that the drastic decline in the Brand Strength Index was successfully mitigated through a strategic narrative transition from service efficiency toward the reinforcement of the original "The Third Place" identity. The utilization of data-driven Owned Media channels through loyalty applications proved to be the most crucial instrument in maintaining consumer retention amidst the global boycott. The research conclusion emphasizes that brand resilience in the era of digital volatility depends not only on rhetoric but on the synchronization between adaptive leadership, operational transparency, and the integration of an agile PESO communication model. This study provides a theoretical contribution regarding the importance of managing "reputation capital" through consistent sustainability commitments to maintain a balance between profitability and corporate communication ethics in an increasingly polarized global market

This study is motivated by the escalation of mass protests in Pati Regency throughout 2025, triggered by significant increases in Land and Building Tax (PBB-P2) rates and prolonged agrarian disputes in the Kendeng Mountains region. These socio-political tensions indicate weaknesses in public communication governance between local government authorities and local communities. This conceptual article employs an integrative literature review combined with a descriptive-analytical approach to secondary data derived from media transcripts, fiscal policy documents, and legal studies on public order management. The findings reveal that the protests were fundamentally driven by a public communication crisis rather than merely fiscal or agrarian policy issues. The implementation of coercive one-way communication and confrontational rhetoric by government elites undermined relational trust and threatened the communal dignity of citizens. Furthermore, post-crisis apology strategies were perceived as insufficiently authentic when not accompanied by substantive corrective actions. The study concludes that the formal legal validity of local regulations does not guarantee successful implementation without obtaining a community's Social License to Operate (SLO). Therefore, this article proposes the Symmetrical Community Engagement (SCE) framework as a new paradigm for repositioning public sector public relations toward a proactive and participatory approach from the pre-legislative stage to support democratic governance

This study examines the dynamics of church music regulation implementation in the congregation of the Adventist Secondary School – Surya Nusantara Adventist University (SLA-UASN) Pematangsiantar (September 2022–December 2025). The goal is to describe the implementation of the regulation in worship practices, address challenges, reveal congregational responses, and align local practices with the views of Ellen G. White and official SDA documents. The research employed a qualitative descriptive approach with a case study method; data were collected through in-depth interviews with 16 informants, participant observation, and documentation studies, then analyzed thematically using source triangulation. The results indicate that the regulation originates from church regulations (SDA Church Guidelines) and local policies, but is disseminated orally, resulting in differing understandings. There is intergenerational tension between supporters of traditional music (hymnals) and contemporary music that has not been bridged dialogically. Resistance from music ministers arises from inconsistent implementation and minimal involvement in policy development. Communication between music leaders and ministers remains weak, with no regular evaluation forum, resulting in a continued decline in the quality of music worship. This study concludes that effective music regulation requires clear written documentation, structured intergenerational dialogue, ongoing music theology education, and inclusive and participatory pastoral leadership.

Agrarian conflict is a common issue in development processes, particularly when changes in land ownership or control involve various interests. This study aims to analyze the dynamics of agrarian conflict in the coastal area of ​​Atapupu Beach, Jenilu Village, Kakuluk Mesak District, Belu Regency, triggered by the land acquisition process by the Defense University (UNHAN). The study used a qualitative approach with a case study method to understand the social conditions developing in the community. Data were obtained through in-depth interviews, field observations, and documentation. The results indicate that the conflict arose due to changes in community access to coastal areas previously used for economic activity. The presence of UNHAN has restricted community activities in the Fish Auction Place (TPI) area, previously a center for fishing activities. This situation has given rise to social tensions between the community and the area management. This study emphasizes that coastal area management needs to consider local community interests through a dialogical and participatory approach to minimize agrarian conflict.

This study examines the theological tension between devotion to God and the influence of mammon within the context of church ministry, as reflected in Matius 6:24. The research aims to analyze how materialism shapes attitudes, motivations, and practices in ecclesiastical service, particularly in relation to financial and administrative responsibilities. The method employed is a literature analysis combined with a phenomenological approach, allowing for an integration of biblical teachings and lived ministry experiences. The findings reveal that mammon is not merely a material entity but a competing spiritual force that demands human loyalty, often subtly influencing the orientation of ministry. Materialism, therefore, emerges as a critical challenge to ministerial integrity, especially in contexts involving financial management. The novelty of this study lies in its integration of theological reflection with empirical ministry experience, emphasizing that integrity in church service is not only tested in spiritual expressions but also in the handling of material resources. This study contributes to practical theology by offering a contextual understanding of how faithfulness to God must be maintained amidst the persistent tension between spiritual calling and material demands.

This research aims to analyze the strategic role of management psychology in enhancing the performance and effectiveness of educational organizations through a systematic literature review. The development of modern educational organizations demands human resource management that is not only oriented toward administrative aspects but also considers the psychological dynamics of individuals, including behavior, motivation, and interpersonal relationships. The research method used is qualitative with a literature review approach, analyzing relevant scientific articles from the Google Scholar database. The results of the study indicate that management psychology contributes significantly to organizational productivity through three main aspects: effective organizational communication to build trust, psychology-based leadership that increases work motivation and satisfaction through recognition and fairness, and constructive conflict management that transforms tension into opportunities for innovation. The conclusion of this study emphasizes that the integration of various psychological dimensions, such as organizational citizenship behavior (OCB) and self-efficacy, is a key element in creating a conducive work environment. Therefore, leaders of educational institutions are advised to adopt a humanistic leadership style to optimize the potential of human resources and achieve superior educational quality in a sustainable and effective manner within the modern era.

This study aims to examine the message of repentance in Jonah 3:1-10 through an interpretive analysis focusing on the manifestation of God's mercy toward non-Israelite nations. The background of this study is rooted in the theological tension between Israel's exclusivism and the universality of God's love reaching Nineveh, a nation notorious for its cruelty. The method used is qualitative with a historical-grammatical exegesis approach to uncover the meaning of the text in its original context. The research results show that Nineveh's repentance was a radical response to the warning of judgment, involving all elements of society from the common people to political authorities. This phenomenon proves that the primary purpose of God's prophecy of judgment is not destruction, but the transformation of human behavior. This analysis confirms that God's mercy is sovereign and transcends ethnic or geographical boundaries. The implications of this research emphasize the importance for modern faith communities to adopt an inclusive attitude and understand that the sovereignty of God's love cannot be limited by human prejudice against groups perceived as strangers or enemies

High dependence on the United States Dollar (USD) in international transactions has long been a challenge for economic stability in the Southeast Asian region, especially amidst global exchange rate fluctuations and geopolitical tensions. This study aims to analyze the effectiveness of Local Currency Settlement (LCS) cooperation in supporting intra-ASEAN trade stability. The main focus of this study is how local currency mechanisms can mitigate exchange rate risks and strengthen regional economic integration as part of a de-dollarization strategy. The research method used is descriptive qualitative with a literature review approach, relying on secondary data from central bank reports, ASEAN policy documents, and relevant academic literature. The results show that the implementation of the LCS framework, particularly in countries such as Indonesia, Malaysia, and Thailand, has provided more efficient transaction alternatives by reducing double conversion costs. However, its effectiveness still faces challenges such as low awareness among business actors, limited local currency liquidity compared to the USD, and the need for broader cross-border digital payment system integration. These findings imply the need for strengthened synergy between central banks in the ASEAN region and increased literacy for the private sector so that the economic stability benefits of LCS can be optimally achieved. This strategy not only strengthens monetary sovereignty but also encourages a more resilient ASEAN economic integration against external shocks.

This study examines visual distortion, the use of emotional color, and expressive composition in Affandi's painting Self-Portrait Smoking a Pipe (1977), focusing on a systematic and contextual visual hermeneutic reading. The research background stems from the need to update the study of Indonesian expressionism through the integration of contemporary theories on visual perception, color psychology, and gestural analysis. This study aims to reveal how anatomical distortion, color dynamics, and non-linear compositional structures function as expressive strategies that reflect the artist's psychological condition and existential reflections in the final period of his life. The research method uses a descriptive qualitative approach and visual hermeneutic analysis through observation of digital documentation and a review of recent literature (2020–2025). The findings indicate that the distortion of shapes in the facial area and the finger-swiping gesture represent emotional tension, while the dominance of red, yellow, and green colors forms an affective spectrum that strengthens the psychological atmosphere in the work. The asymmetrical composition with diagonal lines creates a dynamic visual rhythm and directs the viewer's focus to the center of expression. The implications of the research emphasize that Affandi's works need to be read through a multidimensional approach that combines psychological, aesthetic, and hermeneutic aspects in order to obtain a more comprehensive understanding of his expressionist character.

This study examines the relationship between suffering in Job 1–21 and God's sovereignty in the Old Testament. The problem arises from the tension between the theology of retribution that links suffering to sin and the reality that the righteous can also suffer. Job is a key figure in understanding this theological dilemma. This study uses a qualitative method with a biblical exegetical approach through analysis of historical context, literary structure, and theological meaning. The primary data comes from the text of Job 1–21, supported by relevant theological literature. The analysis is conducted descriptively and analytically to find the relationship between suffering and God's sovereignty. The results show that Job's suffering is not a direct result of sin, but rather occurs within the scope of God's sovereignty that transcends human understanding. This text also critiques the rigid understanding of the theology of retribution and emphasizes that faith is rooted in trust, not merely rational understanding. Job's perseverance demonstrates that suffering can be a means of faith growth as well as a test that deepens humanity's relationship with God. This study emphasizes that suffering is part of God's sovereign plan and encourages believers to remain faithful and persevere amidst the uncertainties and struggles of life.

Cohabitation—defined as the practice of two unmarried individuals living together in an intimate relationship—presents a growing normative challenge in Indonesian society, which maintains a theistic constitutional foundation while navigating rapid social change. This article examines cohabitation through three juridical lenses: first, the regulatory architecture through which Indonesian law prohibits cohabitation; second, the criminalization framework established under Law Number 1 of 2023 on the National Criminal Code; and third, the practical and theoretical problems that emerge in law enforcement. Employing a normative legal research methodology that integrates statutory, conceptual, and comparative approaches, this study finds that prohibitions against cohabitation are embedded across multiple regulatory layers—spanning marriage law, customary law, codified Islamic law, and regional legislation. The National Criminal Code, through Articles 412 and 413, introduces for the first time an explicit criminalization of cohabitation within Indonesia's post-independence penal codification. Nevertheless, the complaint-based offense structure, evidentiary challenges, and persistent tension between formal norms and social realities produce a substantial implementation gap. The study concludes that legal effectiveness in addressing cohabitation requires coordinated action across criminal enforcement, family institution strengthening, and sustained legal literacy programs.

This article examines Numbers 22:21–35 through narrative analysis and theological irony. The pericope of Balaam's talking donkey is one of the most unique narratives in the Hebrew Bible, combining supernatural elements with a profound theological critique of a mercenary prophet. This study aims to reveal how the author employs narrative irony as a vehicle for divine rebuke: God uses a mute animal to reprimand a prophet who should have been sensitive to His word. Using the narrative exegesis method that attends to plot, characterization, point of view, and dramatic tension, this article traces the theological meaning behind the irony. Findings indicate that this narrative is not merely miraculous but contains a critique of Balaam's ambiguous motivations between loyalty to God and temptation by material reward. The donkey, ordinarily silent, becomes an instrument of divine correction more obedient than the prophet himself. The theological implication is that God sovereignly uses any means to convey His will, including what is weak and despised by human standards.

This study aimed to form late and evaluate a natural massage oil preparation using a combination of lavender, citronella, and chamomile essential oils with olive oil as the carrier oil. The background of this research was based on the increasing public demand for natural body care products that are safe, non-irritating to the skin, and provide relaxation effects. The three essential oils used possess therapeutic activities, including relaxation, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory effects, as well as the ability to relieve stress and muscle tension. The study employed three formulation variations (F1, F2, and F3) with different compositions of essential oils. The evaluation of the preparations included organoleptic tests, pH measurement, viscosity, specific gravity, physical stability testing, hedonic testing, and irritation testing. The organoleptic test results showed that all formulations had a liquid form, a deep light-yellow color, and a characteristic aroma corresponding to the dominant essential oil in each formulation. The pH values of all formulations were stable at 5, indicating safety for skin application. Viscosity values were within the ideal range for massage oil, between 4.124–4.735 cPs, and specific gravity values were within the standard range. Stability testing over 28 days revealed no significant changes in color, aroma, pH, or viscosity. The irritation test indicated that none of the formulations caused skin irritation in panelists. Hedonic testing showed that formulation 2 was the most preferred in terms of aroma, while formulation 3 was preferred for texture. Overall, all three formulations were considered stable, safe, and well accepted by consumers, indicating their potential use as natural massage oil products.

The rapid development of digital technology has transformed patterns of communication and social interaction, particularly through the widespread use of social media platforms. This study examines how language practices on social media shape youth identity formation and social relations through the philosophical perspective of Ludwig Wittgenstein’s concept of language games. Using a qualitative method with a literature review approach, the study analyzes various academic sources to interpret digital linguistic practices among young people. The findings indicate that language on social media functions not merely as a medium for transmitting information but as a social practice governed by specific rules, conventions, and contexts of use. Expressions such as emojis, memes, slang, hashtags, and other symbolic forms operate as elements of language games that enable young users to construct and display their identities, build group solidarity, and negotiate social meanings within digital communities. At the same time, these linguistic practices also reveal tensions between honesty and manipulation, as reflected in phenomena such as false self-presentation, hoaxes, and persuasive language strategies. Therefore, social media language both reflects and actively shapes contemporary social realities, influencing how individuals understand themselves, others, and the dynamics of meaning and power in digital communication.

Surgery is a medical procedure performed by opening a part of the body and ending with the closure or suturing of the wound. This procedure often causes anxiety in preoperative patients. One non-pharmacological intervention that can be used to reduce anxiety is classical music therapy, which helps promote relaxation and supports the healing process. This study aims to determine the effect of classical music therapy on reducing anxiety levels in preoperative patients in the implementation of nursing care. The method used was a case study design with a nursing care approach involving three preoperative patients experiencing anxiety. The intervention consisted of classical music therapy delivered through headphones for 5 minutes and administered twice to each respondent. The results showed that after receiving classical music therapy, the anxiety levels of all three patients decreased from severe anxiety with an average score of 19 to moderate to mild anxiety with scores ranging from 7–13. In addition, symptoms such as worry, restlessness, and tension also appeared to decrease after the intervention. It can be concluded that classical music therapy is effective in reducing anxiety levels in preoperative patients during the nursing care process. Therefore, nurses are expected to apply classical music therapy as one of the interventions for patients experiencing anxiety.