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Gallic Acid (GA) is a polyphenolic compound widely found in plants and has shown potential as a natural antibacterial agent. This literature review aims to assess the effectiveness of gallic acid as an antibacterial based on available experimental studies. The reviewed articles include studies published between 2015 and 2025 that specifically investigated the antibacterial activity of gallic acid against pathogenic bacteria. Various studies have demonstrated that GA, either in its pure form or in combination with other materials such as hydrogels, gold nanoparticles (AuNP-GA), graphene oxide (GO-GA), and natural extracts, exhibits significant antibacterial activity against a wide range of bacteria, including Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, and other pathogenic bacteria. GA-based formulations also show additional benefits, such as promoting wound healing, supporting osteogenesis, and even exerting cytotoxic effects on certain cancer cells. Nevertheless, further research is needed to optimize the clinical application of gallic acid by considering both its safety and efficacy.

Acute respiratory infection (ARI) is a condition that occurs in one or more areas of the human respiratory tract and is associated with the environmental conditions in which the patient resides. The most frequent cause of ARI is infection with Streptococcus pneumonia or Haemophilus influenza. In order to diagnose ARI by identifying the infectious agent responsible for its development, laboratory tests can be conducted on throat swab samples from patient who exhibit symptoms of ARI.. One of the objectives of this investigation was to ascertain the bacterial profile of children with ARI. This study is a descriptive cross-sectional investigation that utilised specimens from throat swabs of ARI patients in elementary school-age children who visited the Tamalanrea Makassar Health Centre between October 10, 2022, and November 10, 2022. The biopsy results were subsequently subjected to gramme staining and identification tests to ascertain the species of causative bacteria. In the 57 children, which consisted of 38 boys and 19 girls, the percentage of monobacterial findings was 49 (85.96%) and 8 (14.04) polymicrobial. Gram-positive bacteria were found 50.8% and gram-negative bacteria 49.2%, with Staphylococcus aureus being the most common cause. 

in this study was preparation heterocyclic compounds of seven ring know Oxazepine compounds through reaction of schiff base compounds with cyclic anhydride (malic anhydride), schiff bases compounds synthesis by reaction between amins and different aldehyde compounds and the prepared compounds were identification by infrared (IR). The biological activity of the prepared compounds was studied and its effect on two bacteria (Escherichia coli)positive bacteria and (Staphylococcus aureus) negative bacteria.

This study examines the synthesis and characterization of new compounds produced from chalcone, confirming their favorable yield and excellent purity utilizing Using FT-IR and 1H and 13C NMR spectroscopy. The compounds showed efficacy comparable to that of conventional antibiotics, demonstrating substantial bactericidal activity against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli. Interestingly, molecule S10 had stronger antibacterial activity, possibly as a result of its efficient electronic pairings. Furthermore, the compounds demonstrated resilience for up to 45 seconds when tested for stability under helium-neon laser irradiation. Longer exposure (60 seconds), however, caused discernible color and melting point alterations, suggesting thermal or photochemical deterioration. These results point to the possibility of additional pharmacological uses for molecules produced from chalcone.

Milkwood bark (Alstonia scholaris (L.) R. Br.) is one of the medicinal plants of the genus Alstonia. This plant is traditionally used by the community as a medicine for diarrhea, diabetes, malaria, hemorrhoids, and antihypertensives. This plant contains secondary metabolites that have the potential as antibacterial such as alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins and tannins. The purpose of this study was to determine the inhibition of antibacterial activity and the most effective concentration in inhibiting Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli. The sample used in this study was milkwood bark, the sample was extracted by maceration method using 96% ethanol as solvent. The antibacterial testing method used in this study was disc diffusion. The study used a completely randomized design with 9 treatments, namely 1000 ppm, 750 ppm, 500 ppm, 250 ppm, 100 ppm, 50 ppm, 10 ppm, Ciprofloxacin (positive control), sterile distilled water (negative control). The results of the antibacterial activity test at a concentration of 500 ppm showed that milkwood bark extract could inhibit the growth of S. aureus by 8.22 mm and at a concentration of 250 ppm showed that milkwood bark extract could inhibit the growth of E. coli by 8.75 mm. From the test results, it can be concluded that milkwood bark (A. scholaris (L.) R. Br.) has antibacterial activity that has moderate potential in inhibiting S. aureus and E. coli.

The provision of in-flight catering services is a crucial component in ensuring a high-quality flying experience, guaranteeing food safety and nutritional balance to support passenger health during flights. PT. Aerofood Indonesia Denpasar is committed to being an internationally recognized catering company that provides a diverse range of meals, including Asian cuisine, Japanese/Korean cuisine, Western cuisine, Nusantara and local cuisine, pastry and bakery products for airline passengers. One of the most frequently produced main dishes is Woku Belanga Fish.This study aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the importance of food safety implementation and nutritional analysis in the in-flight catering industry. The research employs a qualitative approach through observations and interviews. Food safety assessment is conducted by determining Critical Control Points (CCPs) at each stage, from raw material reception to distribution to the aircraft. The majority of product descriptions align with the Indonesian National Standard (SNI) 01-4852-1998. Laboratory examination of the Ikan Woku Belanga dish revealed a total plate count (TPC) of 1.1 × 10⁴ CFU/g, with no detectable levels of Enterobacter, Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, or Bacillus cereus. In terms of its nutritional value, when served as a lunch option for midday flights, the Woku Belanga Fish dish meets 61.5% of the energy requirement, 85.5% of protein, 60.5% of fat, and 54.7% of carbohydrates, based on an adult daily energy requirement of 2,150 kcal.

In the fruit processing industry, peel is one of the main by-products. Non-edible portions of fruit are likewise seen as waste and are frequently thrown out into the environment. Nowadays, one of the main sources used by the pharmaceutical sector to isolate and extract secondary metabolites is fruit peels. Many applications known for lime peel, especially for antibacterial. This study focuses on the isolation, chemical composition characterization, and antibacterial activity on skin pathogenic bacteria of lime peel essential oil (LPEO). LPEO were isolated using steam distillation and characterized by GC/MS. A total of 24 components were identified. The major constituents of the LPEO were d-limonene (40.24%), β-terpinene (15.68%), sabinene (13.15%), citral (3.41%), α-Terpineol (3.40%), and terpinene-4-ol (2.94%). The antibacterial activity was determined using the Kirby-Baurer method against several bacteria that can cause skin infections. The antibacterial activity of LPEO against Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis dan Propionicbacterium acne is confirmed. LPEO showed varied levels of antibacteria activity against the gram positive and gram negative bacteria. Zone of inhibition (ZOI) in millimetres was used to measure the antibacterial activity, and amoxicillin was used as a control.  

Meniran Meniran (Phyllanthus niruri L.) contains bioactive compounds that are able to inhibit bacterial growth (antibacterial) and kill bacteria. This research aims to determine the effect of the concentration of extract Phyllanthus niruri L. and the effective concentration of Phyllanthus niruri L. which can inhibit the growth of Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli bacteria. The test bacteria used were Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli. This research was experimental using a completely randomized design (CRD) with 11 treatments consisting of extract concentrations of 0%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, 90% and 100% with 3 repetitions for each bacteria.  The data obtained in this study were analyzed using Single Anova and further  tests using BNT 5%. Based on the research results, it shows that there is an effect  of giving extract of Phyllanthus niruri L. on the growth of Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli bacteria and the concentration extract of Phyllanthus niruri L. that effectively inhibits the growth of Staphylococcus aureus bacteria is 80% while the effective concentration is able to inhibit the growth of Escherihcia coli bacteria is 90%.

The Miana Coleus atropurpereus plant is a unique plant because it has so many varieties. The differences in these varieties can be seen from the very diverse differences in leaf color. Several studies have known about the active antimicrobial compounds of Coleus atropurpereus miana leaves, namely in the form of flavonoids, saponins, steroids, tannins, essential oils, eugenol, polyphenolic compounds, alkaloids, ethyl salicylate, calcium oxalate, rosmarinic acid compounds. In this study, Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus bacteria were used using thick extracts that had been macerated using 96% alcohol. in this study it showed 8 mm at a concentration of 50%, at a concentration of 25% it showed a clear zone of 7 mm and at a concentration of 12.5% ​​it showed 6 mm. It can be concluded that the extract of Coleus atropurpereus miana leaves is weakly toxic to E. coli and not toxic to S. aureus bacteria..  

The Miana Coleus atropurpereus plant is a unique plant because it has so many varieties. The differences in these varieties can be seen from the very diverse differences in leaf color. Several studies have known about the active antimicrobial compounds of Coleus atropurpereus miana leaves, namely in the form of flavonoids, saponins, steroids, tannins, essential oils, eugenol, polyphenolic compounds, alkaloids, ethyl salicylate, calcium oxalate, rosmarinic acid compounds. In this study, Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus bacteria were used using thick extracts that had been macerated using 96% alcohol. in this study it showed 8 mm at a concentration of 50%, at a concentration of 25% it showed a clear zone of 7 mm and at a concentration of 12.5% ​​it showed 6 mm. It can be concluded that the extract of Coleus atropurpereus miana leaves is weakly toxic to E. coli and not toxic to S. aureus bacteria..  

This bacterial morphology observation training was conducted for grade X students at SMA Negeri 1 Parigi Tengah. The main problem faced was the lack of knowledge and skills of students in the field of microbiology, especially in identifying bacterial morphology. The purpose of this activity was to improve students' understanding of basic biological concepts and practical skills in bacterial observation. The methods used included delivering material on the principles and techniques of bacterial morphological characterization, as well as direct practice using microscopes and Gram staining techniques. The results showed that students successfully identified Staphylococcus aureus bacteria in the form of cocci with Gram positive and Bacillus sp. in the form of bacilli with Gram negative. This activity has proven effective in improving students' understanding and skills in microbiology, as well as encouraging their interest in studying biology further

Shina, mai., 2024, test of antibacterial activity of extract, water fraction, ethyl acetate fraction, and n-hexane fraction of chinese petai leaf (leuncaena leucocephala) against staphylococcus aureus atcc 25923, thesis, faculty of health sciences, duta bangsa university, surakarta one of the traditional medicines that currently has the potential to be developed is the chinese petai plant (leucaena leucocephala). Chinese petai leaves are used by the people of indonesia as a remedy for new and swollen wounds. Staphylococcus aureus is a gram-positive coccus bacterium that is the main pathogen in humans. Almost everyone has experienced a wide variety of staphylococcus aureus infections during their lifetime, from severe food poisoning to minor skin infections. The methods used in this study are diffusion and dilution. The purpose of this study was to determine the antibacterial activity of water extracts and fractions, ethyl acetate fractions, and n-hexane fractions of chinese petai leaves (leuncaena leucocephala), to find the most active extracts and fractions based on their inhibitory zones, and to determine the khm and kbm of the most active extracts against staphylococcus aureus atcc 25923. Based on research conducted on ethanol extract, water fraction, ethyl acetate fraction, and n-hexane fraction of chinese petai leaves have antibacterial activity against staphylococcus aureus atcc 25923. The most active extract in inhibiting staphylococcus aures atcc 25923 judging from its inhibition zone value is ethanol extract. Ethanol extract of chinese petai leaves has the same khm and kbm values, namely at a concentration of 25%.      

Pear skin contains flavonoids which have potential as antioxidants. Considering the existence of humans as social creatures, interacting with each other requires self-confidence to be well accepted. For this reason, humans need self-care to appear charming, attractive and full of self-confidence. Masks are a type of cosmetic treatment that is well known and widely used. The mask works deeply to remove dead horn cells on the skin. This research aimed to determine the potential antioxidant activity of the ethanol extract of pear peel (Pyrus bretschneideri) which was formulated as a sheet mask preparation. Extraction was carried out by maceration using 96% ethanol to obtain pear peel extract. The antioxidant activity test method was carried out using the DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) method. The results obtained from the concentration of the sheet mask preparation of pear peel extract (Phyrus bretschneideri) were homogeneous and stable. The pH results obtained from F0 (5,1), F1 (5,4), F2 (5,5), F3 (5,6), are still within the safe range of facial skin pH. The results of the antioxidant activity test showed that the IC50 value for F1 was 84.58 ppm with intensity (Strong), F2 69.96 ppm with intensity (Strong), and F3 63.79 ppm with intensity (Strong).

Plants have several ways to protect themselves from bacteria, one of which is by producing compounds that are toxic or repellent to bacteria. Compounds produced by plants are known as secondary metabolite compounds which originate from secondary metabolic processes. Several secondary metabolite compounds such as flavonoids, alkaloids, saponins, tannins, steroids and terpenoids are currently widely used as antibacterials. One of the plants that has the potential to be developed as a herbal medicine is kaffir lime leaves. Citrus hystrix is ​​the part of the plant most often used by the public. Both for cooking and traditional medicine purposes. In this research, it is hoped that lime peel extract can act as an antibacterial for Escherichia coli and staphylococcus aereus, so that it can be used as a herbal plant for diseases caused by these two bacteria. In the research, the concentrations used for each test bacteria were 50%; 25%; 12.5%. in observing S. aureus bacteria 1x24 hours with a concentration of 50%, the size of the inhibitory zone was 16 mm, the 25% concentration was 11 mm and the 12.5% ​​concentration was 9 mm. Meanwhile, E. Coli bacteria did not show any reaction to the heruk peel extract.

Plants have several ways to protect themselves from bacteria, one of which is by producing compounds that are toxic or repellent to bacteria. Compounds produced by plants are known as secondary metabolite compounds which originate from secondary metabolic processes. Several secondary metabolite compounds such as flavonoids, alkaloids, saponins, tannins, steroids and terpenoids are currently widely used as antibacterials. One of the plants that has the potential to be developed as a herbal medicine is kaffir lime leaves. Citrus hystrix is ​​the part of the plant most often used by the public. Both for cooking and traditional medicine purposes. In this research, it is hoped that lime peel extract can act as an antibacterial for Escherichia coli and staphylococcus aereus, so that it can be used as a herbal plant for diseases caused by these two bacteria. In the research, the concentrations used for each test bacteria were 50%; 25%; 12.5%. in observing S. aureus bacteria 1x24 hours with a concentration of 50%, the size of the inhibitory zone was 16 mm, the 25% concentration was 11 mm and the 12.5% ​​concentration was 9 mm. Meanwhile, E. Coli bacteria did not show any reaction to the heruk peel extract.

. Avocado seeds are one of the plants used as a medicine for diabetes mellitus with the Latin name (Persea americana Mill.). Avocado seeds contain compounds such as alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, tannins and triterpenoids which are beneficial for health. This study aims to determine the effect of avocado seed extract (Persea americana Mill.) on the growth of Staphylococcus aureus bacteria in diabetic wounds using the disc diffusion method. The extraction process is by maceration using 96% ethanol. The treatment was repeated 4 times with extract concentrations of 25%, 50%, 75%, 100%, as a positive control Ciprofloxacin and DMSO (Dimetyl Sulfoxide) as a negative control. The results of phytochemical screening show that avocado seeds contain alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, tannins and triterpenoids. Based on the results of research conducted, avocado seed extract can inhibit the growth of Staphylococcus aureus bacteria as an inhibition zone is formed. The most effective concentration in inhibiting the growth of Staphylococcus aureus bacteria is at 100% concentration of 10.14 mm.

Daun kunyit memiliki kandungan bahan aktif, seperti flavonoid, tanin dan senyawa fenolik. Zat-zat ini memiliki beragam manfaat bagi kesehatan. Daun kunyit juga mempunyai kandungan berupa minyak atsiri yang diketahui memiliki efek positif terhadap kesehatan tubuh. Studi ini mempunyai tujuan guna mengetahui adanya pengaruh ekstrak daun kunyit (Curcuma Longa Linn.) dalam menghambat pertumbuhan bakteri Staphylococcus aureus pada luka diabetes. Ekstraksi dengan cara maserasi menggunakan pelarut etanol 96%. Ekstrak daun kunyit diuji dalam perlakuan dengan konsentrasi bertingkat (20%, 40%, 60%, dan 80%) serta kontrol positif menggunakan Kloramphenikol dan kontrol negatif menggunakan DMSO (Dimethyl sulfoxide). Hasil analisis fitokimia menunjukkan keberadaan zat aktif seperti steroid, saponin, tanin, flavonoid, dan alkanoid dalam daun kunyit. Studi ini mengungkapkan ekstra daun kunyit mempunyai potensi untuk menghambat pertumbuhan bakteri Staphylococcus aureus, yang terbukti dengan pembentukan zona hambat yang signifikan. Hasil percobaan menunjukkan bahwa konsentrasi ekstrak 80% menunjukkan efek penghambatan yang paling efektif terhadap pertumbuhan bakteri Staphylococcus aureus, dengan ukuran zona hambat mencapai 5,52 mm.

Gangrenous wounds are wounds that occur due to diabetes complications caused by nerve damage and poor blood circulation which makes diabetic wounds unable to prevent infection. Infection is caused by the growth of microbes. High levels of sugar in the blood of DM sufferers provide food for microbes to reproduce. One of the bacteria that causes gangrene is Staphylococcus aureus. Plants that can be used as antibacterials are cherry leaves, also known as seri (Muntingia calabura L.), which contain tannins, terpenoids, saponins, flavonoids and polyphenols. This research aims to identify the antibacterial activity of cherry leaf extract against Staphylococcus aureus bacteria from DM wound wipes. This research was carried out in an experimental laboratory by applying the disc diffusion research method. The resistance is measured through the clear zone that extends around the paper disc. Kersen leaf extract was obtained through a maceration process with 96% ethanol solvent to obtain a thick extract of 0.074%. The test concentrations used were 12.5%, 25%, 50% and 75%. Positive control tetracycline 500 mg and negative control DMSO (dimethyl sulfoxide). The results of this research show that Kersen leaf extract inhibits the growth of Staphylococcus aureus bacteria in diabetic wounds. In concentrations of 12.5%, 25%, 50%, and 75%, the average diameter obtained was 2.70 mm, 4.67 mm, 6.30 mm, 7.89 mm. Conclusion: the effect of ethanol extract of cherry leaves on the growth of Staphylococcus aureus bacteria in diabetic wounds is antibacterial.

A novel compound called 3-chloro-4-(4-(dimethylamino)phenyl)-1-(6-methoxybenzo[d]thiazol-2-yl)azetidin-2-one (3-CDBA), derived from beta-lactams, was investigated for its effects on human leukemia (HL-60) cells, pancreatic cancer (TCP-1026) cells, and healthy cells (WRL68) for comparison. The compound showed an inhibitory concentration (IC50) of 91.55 µg/ml on the leukemia cells, 141.3 µg/ml on the pancreatic cancer cells, and 353.8 µg/ml on the healthy cells. This indicates that the compound selectively kills cancer cells while having minimal effect on healthy cells, as higher concentrations are required to kill half of the healthy cells. These findings suggest that the compound has the potential to inhibit the growth of cancer cells. In comparison to conventional antioxidants like ascorbic acid (vitamin C), the beta-lactam derivative (3-CDBA) exhibited a higher percentage of inhibition at the highest concentration, with a value of 72.95% and an IC50 of 42.67 µg/ml. Furthermore, the compound's effects were studied on two types of pathogenic bacteria, specifically Staphylococcus aureus (positive) and Escherichia coli (negative), as well as various Penicillium species. The compound showed the greatest inhibitory effect at a concentration of 1000 µg/ml. In a theoretical examination, molecular docking was employed to design and synthesize a drug using the beta-lactam derivative and a target associated with cancer cells from a protein database. The compound demonstrated a strong and close interaction with amino acids and different sites within the active pocket, resulting in a higher binding energy. This indicates that the compound has the potential to inhibit the growth of cancer cells by disrupting their metabolic processes.  To determine the lethal dose (LD50), the beta-lactam derivative (3-CDBA) was administered to half of the animals in the study.

Bacteria are microorganisms that require adequate media and nutrients to grow and develop. The media commonly used to grow bacteria is Nutrient agar media, but the price of Nutrient agar media is quite expensive. Corn cobs are lignocellulosic wastes that contain nutrients that can meet the nutritional requirements of bacterial growth media. This study aims to investigate the viability of corn cobs as a cost-effective alternative to Nutrient agar media. Specifically, we explore the variance in bacterial colony growth when utilizing corn cobs as a growth medium for Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus bacteria. Employing a true experimental design with a posttest-only control structure, we analyze the treatment's effects using the One Way ANOVA test and Independent Sample T-test. These statistical methods enable us to discern differences between groups utilizing corncob media with and without added sugar.Our findings reveal noteworthy insights into bacterial colony growth. For Escherichia coli, the average number of colonies on corncob media with sugar was 222 CFU/ml, on corncob media without sugar, it was 164 CFU/ml, and on Nutrient agar media, it reached 361 CFU/ml. In the case of Staphylococcus aureus, colonies on corncob media with sugar averaged 871 CFU/ml, on corncob media without sugar, they averaged 657 CFU/ml, and on Nutrient agar media, they reached 942 CFU/ml.Statistical analysis using the One Way ANOVA test for both Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus demonstrated p-values <0.05, signifying significant differences in their growth on corncob media with sugar, corncob media without sugar, and Nutrient agar media. Furthermore, the Independent Sample T-test results for both bacterial strains yielded p-values <0.05, indicating dissimilar growth patterns on corncob media with sugar compared to corncob media without sugar.In conclusion, our study underscores significant disparities in the growth of Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus bacteria among Nutrient agar media, corncob media with sugar, and corncob media without sugar. Notably, we observed a marked increase in bacterial colony counts on corncob media with sugar and corncob media without sugar.