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Interpersonal communication is the main foundation in the process of communication and interaction in life, including in the context of caregivers and children with disabilities at orphanages, enabling the creation of emotional closeness, also known as bonding. This study uses a qualitative approach with data collection methods through interviews, participatory observation, and documentation studies. The results of this study illustrate that the interaction process between caregivers and children with disabilities occurs through interpersonal communication involving the use of verbal and nonverbal communication. In addition, emotional closeness through the communication process does not form immediately, but rather through stages leading to emotional closeness established in the interaction between caregivers and children with disabilities at the Bhakti Luhur Orphanage in Baumata Village. Nevertheless, in the interaction process, there are certainly obstacles that disrupt the effectiveness of communication and interaction, namely limitations in resources, learning challenges in interacting with children with special needs, and communication problems such as miscommunication. However, all of these can be overcome by caregivers who strive to become parental figures for children with disabilities through evaluation processes and intensive approaches with each child.

This study aims to analyze the role of the Protocol Division in supporting the activities and performance of regional leaders, particularly from the functional and interpersonal aspects in local government administration. The study employs a qualitative approach using Qualitative Secondary Analysis (QSA) through a review of literature, policy documents, and relevant previous research on protocol functions within government organizations. The analysis is grounded in organizational role theory and managerial role concepts. The results indicate that the Protocol Division plays a strategic role in supporting the effectiveness of regional leaders’ duties through two main dimensions. First, the functional role, which includes managing the regional leader’s activity agenda, organizing protocol-related events, arranging official ceremonies, and coordinating with regional apparatus and relevant institutions to ensure smooth implementation of government activities. Second, the interpersonal role, which encompasses acting as a communication liaison between the regional leader and various stakeholders, facilitating inter-agency working relationships, and supporting the representative function of the regional leader in official and community social events. The findings suggest that the successful execution of regional leaders’ activities is influenced not only by the leaders’ own leadership capacity but also by the effectiveness of organizational support from units that assist leadership, such as the Protocol Division. This role contributes to enhancing coordination effectiveness, ensuring smooth implementation of government activities, and strengthening the image and authority of regional leaders in performing their leadership functions. Therefore, strengthening institutional capacity, improving human resource competencies, and utilizing information technology in managing leadership activities are crucial factors in optimizing the role of the Protocol Division in local governance.

This study aimed to analyze the relationship between nurses’ interpersonal conflict and job satisfaction at Hospital X Depok in 2025. Interpersonal conflict in the workplace may negatively affect nurses’ psychological well-being, performance, and quality of healthcare services, thereby reducing job satisfaction. This research employed a correlational analytic design with a cross-sectional approach. The study population consisted of all nurses working at Hospital X Depok, totaling 151 individuals, with a final sample of 121 respondents selected using purposive sampling. Data were collected using three instruments: a demographic questionnaire, an interpersonal conflict questionnaire based on Wexley’s theory, and the Minnesota Satisfaction Questionnaire (MSQ) short form to measure job satisfaction. Data analysis was conducted using univariate statistics and the Chi-Square test with a significance level of 0.05. The results showed that 55.4% of respondents experienced low interpersonal conflict, while 44.6% experienced high interpersonal conflict. Job satisfaction levels were relatively balanced, with 50.4% of nurses reporting high satisfaction and 49.6% reporting low satisfaction. The Chi-Square test indicated a significant relationship between interpersonal conflict and job satisfaction (p = 0.000). Nurses experiencing low interpersonal conflict tended to have higher job satisfaction, whereas those experiencing high interpersonal conflict predominantly reported low satisfaction. These findings highlight the importance of effective conflict management strategies, supportive leadership, and strengthened interpersonal communication to enhance nurses’ job satisfaction and improve the quality of healthcare services.

This study aims to analyze the marketing strategies of maternal and child healthcare services in hospitals to enhance patient experience, emphasizing a shift from traditional promotional approaches toward the creation of a positive and empathetic patient experience. This research employs a systematic literature review of relevant studies published between 2021 and 2025, with analysis conducted through identification, selection, and thematic synthesis to determine key factors influencing patient satisfaction and loyalty. The findings indicate that the quality of interpersonal interactions and the efficiency of service processes are the primary determinants of patient experience, where factors such as staff empathy, clear communication, reduced waiting times, and well-structured service flows have a greater impact than the technical aspects of medical care. Hospitals should therefore prioritize people- and process-oriented strategies by implementing empathy training, enhancing communication effectiveness, and regularly measuring patient satisfaction, while also integrating digital services, ensuring cost transparency, and developing continuity of care programs to strengthen the patient experience holistically. This study proposes a holistic marketing framework that integrates empathy, efficiency, data-driven personalization, and environmental sustainability, highlighting a shift from a purely clinical orientation to an experiential marketing approach that places human values at the core of a hospital’s competitive advantage.

This study aims to analyze the cultural meaning of social drinking displayed in South Korean films on Netflix in 2024 through the perspective of Charles Sanders Peirce's semiotic theory. Social drinking, as a cultural phenomenon, is not only a social habit in South Korea but is also often used as a narrative element in films to convey cultural values, social dynamics, and interpersonal relationships. Qualitative research methods with a semiotic analysis approach are used to explore the meaning displayed on the representamen, object, and interpretant sides of social drinking in the films Badland Hunters, Officer Black Belt, Mission: Cross, Wonderland, and My Name is Loh Kiwan. The results of the study show that social drinking represents the culture of togetherness of South Korean society that is woven into various contexts, such as work relationships, family, and friendships. In terms of representamen, visual signs in the form of symbols of drinking culture such as soju, banquet tables, and the movement of pouring drinks to each other create a strong picture of togetherness. From the object side, social drinking becomes a medium to highlight solidarity and release social pressure, especially in a hierarchical and competitive work culture. The resulting interpretation shows a dualism of meaning: on the one hand, it strengthens harmony and the value of togetherness, while on the other hand it displays the dark side of this culture, such as excess consumption and its influence on social pressure. This study provides new insights into the role of South Korean films as a medium for conveying global cultural messages, which are able to influence local cultural interpretations outside their country of origin. In addition, this study is expected to enrich the literature on semiotics in visual communication studies with a focus on drinking culture as an element of representation.

This outreach program evaluates the efficacy of the Lingkari Aku cooperative learning model in enhancing conceptual mathematical grasp among elementary students. Carried out at SD Negeri 054945 Dogang during the 2023/2024 odd semester, this study employed a qualitative case study methodology. The target participants were students engaged in integer operation topics. Data acquisition involved systematic observation, assessment tests, and documentation. The findings demonstrate that the Lingkari Aku method markedly bolstered student engagement, stimulated proactive group dialogue, and refined their grasp of integer concepts. Beyond academic gains, the approach fostered essential social competencies, such as teamwork, interpersonal communication, and accountability. Although high student excitement necessitated rigorous classroom management, the method successfully established a dynamic and pleasurable mathematical learning atmosphere. Consequently, this model is endorsed as a viable pedagogical alternative for elementary mathematics, especially within the framework of educational community service initiatives.

This study is motivated by the importance of politeness strategies in film discourse as a reflection of social interaction and cultural values. It aims to identify the types of politeness strategies used in the film Dilan 1990 and to determine the most dominant strategy along with its contextual use in interpersonal interactions, based on Brown and Levinson’s framework. Employing a descriptive qualitative method, the data consist of 40 utterances containing potential face-threatening acts. The data were analyzed through identification, classification, and interpretation according to four politeness strategies: Bald on Record, Positive Politeness, Negative Politeness, and Off-Record. The findings reveal that all four strategies appear in the film dialogues, with Positive Politeness as the dominant strategy, indicating closeness, humor, and social solidarity, particularly between the main characters, Dilan and Milea. Bald on Record is mainly used in instructional and hierarchical relationships, while Negative Politeness and Off-Record occur in more sensitive situations or when indirect meanings are intended. These results imply that Dilan 1990 represents politeness values within Indonesia’s collectivistic culture, especially in youth communication that emphasizes harmony and social cohesion.

This community service program aimed to strengthen national insight and soft skills among ADik scholarship students through a participatory and reflective mentoring approach. Many students come from underdeveloped, frontier, and outermost regions with diverse socio-cultural backgrounds, requiring contextual guidance to internalize national values and develop essential interpersonal competencies. The program combined interactive socialization, group discussions, and value reflection activities to encourage active participation and personal engagement. The method emphasized dialogic learning rather than one-way lectures, allowing students to relate national values to their lived experiences. The findings revealed noticeable behavioral changes, including increased confidence in expressing opinions, stronger participation in discussions, improved communication skills, and heightened awareness of ethical conduct and financial responsibility as scholarship recipients. The emergence of several students as informal local leaders during discussions indicated early signs of social transformation at the individual level. This program demonstrates that reflective and participatory mentoring can effectively foster character building, leadership, and contextual national awareness among university students. The implications suggest that similar approaches can be adopted in student development programs to promote sustainable character formation, especially for students from diverse and remote regions.

The dynamics of the development of Madrasah Tsanawiyah (MTs) Al Hikmah cannot be separated from the role of the principal’s communication. Analogous to the human body, communication functions as blood that must flow to all parts. This constitutes one of the foundations for quality development. The communication strategy of the principal of MTs Al Hikmah in quality development exhibits distinctive characteristics. The principal is able to establish highly effective communication despite not having an educational background in communication studies. The principal employs prophetic-based communication strategy to enhance institutional quality. This study is qualitative research employing a phenomenological approach. Data were collected through interviews with the principal, foundation caretakers or administrators, teachers, parents or students, and stakeholders. In addition, interview data were systematically dialogued with documents and observations. After data collection, the data were analyzed using prophetic and quality-based approaches. The analytical process involved data condensation and triangulation to ensure the scientific accountability of the findings. The communication implemented operates effectively according to its roles as persuasive, informative, collective-regulative, and integrative, with a linear pattern through channels of direction, instruction, and task assignment aligned with institutional objectives. (b) The direction of the communication strategy is predominantly top-down rather than bottom-up within formal school contexts, guided by ethics of liberation, humanization, and decentralization. Diagonal communication is conducted with several informants, such as vice principals for curriculum, student affairs, and facilities and infrastructure, through various communication platforms. Interpersonal communication is also well established, with a strong emphasis on motivating subordinates from multiple perspectives.

This Community Service Activity (PKM) aims to strengthen interpersonal communication strategies in increasing donor trust in the Grandma Foundation as a social institution engaged in elderly services. The main problems identified include communication patterns that are not systematic, lack of personalization, and lack of transparency of information, so that it has an impact on the level of trust and loyalty of donors. Through a qualitative-educational-participatory approach, PKM activities are carried out through the delivery of effective communication materials, interpersonal communication simulations, the preparation of donor communication flow standards, and assistance in digital communication practices based on social media and instant messaging. The results of the activity showed a significant increase in the attitude and communication skills of the management, the formation of donor communication operational standards, the improvement of digital communication skills, and the positive response from donors which was reflected in the increase in interaction and trust. These findings confirm that interpersonal communication based on empathy, transparency, and consistency plays an important role in building long-term relationships with donors. Thus, a structured interpersonal communication strategy can be an effective model for philanthropic institutions in managing donor relationships and maintaining the sustainability of social programs.

This study aims to explore Generation Z's adaptation to traditional values, particularly the Balinese language sor singgih in Catur Wangsa, amid social changes driven by globalization and technological advancements, from the perspective of interpersonal communication. The phenomenological approach in qualitative research is the research method used, with three data collection techniques: participant observation, unstructured interviews, and documentation. This study also uses source and technique triangulation as a data validity technique. The research informants are members of Generation Z from the five castes in Bali: Brahmana, Ksatria, Weisya, and Sudra. Research conducted across eight districts and cities in Bali indicates that Generation Z is beginning to shift its interpersonal communication patterns. Although they still uphold traditional values of politeness and social norms, Generation Z emphasizes equality and openness in their daily interactions. The generation Z that continues to use the Balinese language is segmented by social context, emotional closeness, and communication situations, rather than solely by caste differences. Furthermore, this study's findings show that the caste system is seen more as a cultural identity than a social boundary. The implications of this research emphasize the importance of preserving the values of Balinese local wisdom in the form of adaptive, egalitarian communication that is relevant to the development of the younger generation in the digital age.

This study discusses the dynamics of interpersonal communication between mothers and children in dealing with family conflicts. Conflict is a natural part of interpersonal relationships, but the way it is managed determines the quality of long-term relationships. Interpersonal communication is an important element because through the process of exchanging messages, mothers and children can express their feelings, understand each other's perspectives, and find an agreement that can be accepted by both parties. This study uses a qualitative approach with a literature review method to examine communication patterns, barriers, and strategies used in the conflict resolution process. The results of the study showed that open communication, empathy, emotional presence, and active listening skills greatly influenced the success of conflict management. In addition, research has found that the alignment of verbal and nonverbal messages, the use of non-judgmental language, and mutual respect can create an atmosphere conducive to dialogue. This study makes a theoretical contribution to understanding modern family relations and practical implications for strengthening communication in dealing with mother-child conflicts.

This study aims to examine the application of heart-centered communication based on Nonviolent Communication (NVC) Theory in interactions between employees and guests at the Masainn Hotel, Kuta, Bali. NVC, developed by Marshall Rosenberg, stresses empathetic engagement built on four core components: observation, feelings, needs, and requests. Using a descriptive qualitative approach, data were collected through in-depth interviews with guests and direct field observations of daily service interactions. The findings indicate that employees consistently apply empathy-driven communication by offering warm greetings, attentive service, and genuine emotional presence. These behaviors help create a family-like environment that makes guests feel comfortable and emotionally connected to the hotel. Notably, one guest reported returning to the hotel for three consecutive years, having been introduced by a friend who has been a loyal customer for nine years. This demonstrates that NVC-based communication contributes significantly to guest satisfaction, trust, and long-term loyalty. Furthermore, the study highlights the strategic role of emotional intelligence and compassionate communication in shaping service quality within the hospitality industry. By integrating NVC principles into daily service practices, hotels can foster stronger interpersonal relationships, enhance guest experiences, and build sustainable customer retention.

This study explores the implementation of interpersonal communication between tutors and students in speaking class activities at the Kind English Course by applying DeVito’s Interpersonal Communication Theory. Interpersonal communication plays a vital role in English language learning, especially in speaking classes where real-time interaction directly shapes students’ engagement and learning outcomes. Using a qualitative literature review method, this research examines how the five key components of interpersonal communication—openness, empathy, supportiveness, positiveness, and equality—are applied within instructional practices. The analysis reveals that tutors who demonstrate openness and empathy foster stronger emotional connections with students, which encourages them to speak more confidently. Supportive and positive communication behaviors further create a safe and motivating learning environment where students feel valued and understood. Additionally, the principle of equality helps reduce hierarchical barriers, enabling more collaborative and interactive learning dynamics. Overall, the findings indicate that the consistent application of interpersonal communication principles significantly enhances students’ participation, confidence, and speaking proficiency. This study contributes to a deeper understanding of how communication quality influences language learning and underscores the importance of interpersonal competence among tutors in developing effective and engaging speaking class experiences.

Workplace microaggressions represent subtle and ambiguous forms of interpersonal mistreatment that are frequently normalized in organizational interactions, yet may generate significant psychological consequences for employees. While research in industrial and organizational psychology has extensively examined related constructs such as workplace incivility and ostracism, the linguistic mechanisms through which microaggressions operate remain underexplored. This study aims to systematically review Indonesian-language journal articles published between 2015 and 2025 that address workplace microaggressions and related phenomena, by conceptualizing microaggressions as speech acts. Using a systematic literature review approach guided by the PRISMA 2020 framework, relevant peer-reviewed articles were identified, screened, and analyzed through thematic synthesis. The review focuses on three main aspects: linguistic forms of microaggressions, contexts in which they emerge, and their psychological consequences in formal organizational settings, including companies and educational institutions. The findings indicate that workplace microaggressions are predominantly realized through indirect and ambiguous communicative practices, such as dismissive remarks, stereotypical humor, and interactional exclusion, often occurring within hierarchical relationships and formal work situations. These communicative acts are consistently associated with negative psychological outcomes, including stress, emotional exhaustion, reduced wellbeing, and withdrawal-related work attitudes. By integrating industrial-organizational psychology with linguistic-pragmatic perspectives, this review highlights language as a central mechanism through which microaggressions produce psychological harm at work. The study contributes a conceptual synthesis that underscores the importance of addressing everyday communicative practices in organizational interventions aimed at fostering psychological safety and employee wellbeing.

Background: The maternal mortality rate in Indonesia reaches 177 per 100,000 live births, with 75 percent of deaths occurring in the first week of the postpartum period. The partnership between midwives and village shamans is an adaptive strategy to optimize maternal health services, but its implementation still faces various systemic obstacles. Objective: To analyze factors related to the partnership of village midwives and shamans in caring for postpartum mothers in the BLUD area of the Tumpung Laung Health Center UPT. Methods: A quantitative study with a cross-sectional design involved 50 respondents using a total sampling technique. Data were collected through a structured questionnaire and analyzed using the Chi-square test with a significance level of p<0.05. Results: There was a significant relationship between age (p=0.032), work experience (p=0.048), education (p=0.000), knowledge (p=0.000), competence (p=0.000), quality of communication (p=0.000), frequency of interaction (p=0.000), policy support (p=0.000), and availability of facilities (p=0.000) with partnership effectiveness. Conclusions: Effective partnerships are influenced by a multiplicity of factors at the individual, interpersonal, and structural levels, requiring holistic interventions through capacity building, communication strengthening, and comprehensive policy support to accelerate maternal mortality reduction.

This study is motivated by the rapid advancement of digital marketing and the increasing influence of psychological factors in shaping consumer behaviour, particularly among Generation Z, who are highly exposed to social media and global trends in imported skincare products. This phenomenon suggests that purchase decisions are not solely driven by digital marketing strategies but are also significantly influenced by emotional drivers such as Fear of Missing Out (FoMO). Accordingly, this study aims to analyse the effects of affiliate marketing, WhatsApp status, celebrity advertising, and FoMO on the purchase intention of Generation Z consumers in Tangerang City. Specifically, the study pursues five objectives: (1) to examine the effect of affiliate marketing on purchase intention; (2) to analyse the influence of WhatsApp status on purchase intention; (3) to investigate the impact of celebrity advertising on purchase intention; (4) to evaluate the effect of FoMO on purchase intention; and (5) to assess the simultaneous effects of all independent variables on purchase intention. This study adopts a quantitative approach using a survey method, with data collected through structured questionnaires administered to 250 respondents selected via accidental sampling. Data were analysed using multiple linear regression with the aid of SPSS software to examine the relationships among variables. The findings reveal that all independent variables exert a positive and statistically significant influence on purchase intention, with FoMO emerging as the most dominant predictor. These results underscore the greater role of psychological factors relative to digital marketing strategies in driving purchase intention among Generation Z consumers.The contribution of this study lies in integrating digital marketing strategies and psychological factors into a single empirical model, while also highlighting the growing importance of interpersonal digital communication, such as WhatsApp, in contemporary marketing contexts. From a practical perspective, the findings provide managerial implications for businesses to design marketing strategies that are not only informative but also capable of creating urgency and fostering emotional engagement among consumers.    

The Digital Population Identity (IKD) constitutes a pivotal government innovation aimed at transforming public services, yet its widespread adoption is impeded by disparities in digital literacy and inherent technical constraints. This community engagement activity, integrated with a participatory internship scheme, concentrates on analyzing and supporting the innovation diffusion trajectory executed by the Population and Civil Registration Department (Disdukcapil) of Kendal City. The adopted methodology employs a Participatory Action approach, strategically combined with a mobile service paradigm (jemput bola) across three designated urban villages: Langenharjo, Kebondalem, and Karangsari. Core interventions involved intensive, interpersonal socialization sessions and customized technical support for account activation. The assessment findings robustly suggest that the "jemput bola" model effectively leveraged interpersonal communication channels, thereby mitigating public skepticism and substantially elevating community involvement in IKD activation. While persistent challenges related to network instability and device incompatibility were observed, this direct, hands-on approach is ascertained as fundamentally crucial for achieving effective and equitable digital transformation at the local level.

This study examines the role of communication in agency services to improve shipowner satisfaction at PT. Gemalindo Sukses Bahari in Dumai. As a company engaged in the field of ship agency, PT. Gemalindo Sukses Bahari has an important responsibility in establishing effective communication with shipowners to ensure smooth operations and satisfactory service. The purpose of this study is to analyze how the communication strategy implemented by the company can affect the level of satisfaction of shipowners, as well as to identify the communication factors that are most influential in building professional and trustworthy working relationships. The research method used is a qualitative approach with research data obtained through interviews, observations, and document reviews. The findings indicate that transparent, responsive, and informative communication between agents and shipowners has a significant influence on increasing customer satisfaction. In addition, the use of appropriate communication media, timeliness in delivering information, and the agent's interpersonal skills are key elements in maintaining harmonious working relationships. This study concludes that effective communication is the main foundation for the success of ship agency services and has a direct impact on shipowner satisfaction and loyalty.

Rapid global environmental changes, especially due to advances in technology and information, have had a significant impact on various sectors of life, including the health sector. In the context of modern health services, hospitals are no longer just places of healing, but also institutions that are required to provide high-quality services, based on patient safety, and are able to adapt to the dynamics of community needs. This change requires a transformation in human resource management, especially related to the interpersonal and psychosocial competencies of nurses as the spearhead of medical services.Purposes:​ to analyze the effect of effective communication and Assertive Attitude on Nurses' Work Productivity in hospitals, with Work Fatigue as a mediating variable.Methods: This type of research is quantitative, using statistical figures to measure the influence of independent variables on dependent variables. The research design is a cross-sectional study.Results: The results of this study indicate that effective communication, assertiveness, and job fatigue collectively significantly influence nurses' work productivity. Communication and assertiveness positively contribute to job fatigue, which in turn affects productivity. Job fatigue is also shown to be a significant mediator in the relationship between communication and assertiveness on work productivity .Conclusion : The importance of strengthening effective communication as a strategy to increase productivity. Organizations need to design communication systems that support openness, transparency, and clarity of information and culture-based assertiveness training, so that employees can express their opinions appropriately without causing resistance in the team.